scholarly journals Abvernebenstelle «Minsk» in the nazi-occupied territory of Belarus: a review of historiography

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
V. N. Nadtachayeu
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Study ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Party Committee ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Head Unit ◽  
White Spots ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
The Subject

Most scientific works on the subject of the occupied territories are devoted to the heroic struggle of partisans and underground fighters, and punitive practices of the Nazis to destroy the civilian population. The problem of Hitler’s security services, whose activity led to large losses on the part of the underground movement, remained out of sight of researchers.One of the white spots remains the problem of Abwehrnebenstelle (ANST) “Minsk” – the head unit of military counterintelligence (Abwehr) in the General District of White Ruthenia. During the occupation, employees of the Minsk branch of Abwehr participated in operations against the Minsk city party Committee; they also identified underground groups in Stalag­352 and others.In the postwar years, for ideological reasons, the work of Hitler’s security services was not discussed in the open press. References to them served as a background for showing the heroic struggle of the underground and partisans. The situation has changed since the early 1990s.The article presents a historiographical analysis of publications on this problem for the period from the year 1952 to the present. As a result, a number of errors were identified, discussion and other issues were highlighted, which allow to conclude that the activities of ANST “Minsk” did not become the subject of a separate scientific study. Hence, the issues to further investigation are outlined.

Geragogy - the Third Pillar of Education Science

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-91
Author(s):  
Ctibor Határ
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Methodical Basis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Education Science

The present scientific study, mostly of theoretical and methodological nature, is intended to penetrate into the near past (and present) of geragogy as a discipline and analyze briefly the process of creating the constitution and methodology in the area of Europe (with emphasis on the Czech and Slovak and German provenance). Emphasis is also placed on theoretical and methodological basis of the current geragogy, covering the subject of investigation, content, objectives and tasks, science-systemic geragogy anchor being a methodological and methodical basis of senior education in various spheres of their individual and social life.

Transfer of Property in Enemy Occupied Territory

1945 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Robinson
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Hague Convention ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Total War ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Aerial Warfare ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
The Hague

International law was no more prepared for the dynamics of the present war than was the Maginot school of military strategy. International lawyers had given little serious thought to the legal problems which total war would bring. Consequently, while international arrangements were concluded on special questions (e.g. on aerial warfare), the main body of the 1907 Hague Convention, including the section dealing with military occupation,remained unchanged. Military occupation was still conceived of as a temporary phenomenon with limited objectives. But totalitarian warfare as waged by the Axis powers has had unlimited objectives, aimed at nothing less than the complete political and economic subjugation of the occupied territory. In practice the enemy has recognized no restraints of either law or custom save the threat of immediate retaliation. Far from “respecting, unless absolutely prevented, the laws in force in the country,” as the Hague regulations require, the Axis has systematically destroyed the political and legal order in the occupied territories. It has substituted quislings in the place of duly constituted local authorities, and has employed them for economic as well as political ends.

scholarly journals Tragedy of the civilian population in the encirclement of the 2nd Shock Army: the experience of pilot work as the evidence of Nazi crimes in the occupied territories

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-85
Author(s):  
Tat'yana Aleksandrovna Smirnova ◽  
Sergei Aleksandrovich Machinskii
Keyword(s):  
Military Personnel ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Novgorod Oblast ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Pilot Work ◽  
Senior Population ◽  
Mass Shooting ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Village

The object of this research is the destruction of civilian population that fell into the encirclement of the 2nd Shock Army during the Lyuban offensive operation of aimed at relieving the siege of Leningrad. The relevance of the topic of the tragedy of civilian population is substantiated by the the need to recognize extermination and genocide of USSR population during the Great Patriotic War on the international level, due to initiation by the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation of a criminal case on the genocide of USSR population by the Nazi and their accomplices.. This requires the search community to be directly involved and document the results of pilot work and discovered information on the destroyed civilians. The authors indicate insufficient coverage of the tragedy of civilian population in comparison with the study of the fate of army and military personnel. The facts of the genocide of civilians – children, women, and senior population – were established in the course of pilot work. The article describes the experience of finding a previously unknown place of mass shooting of the dwellers of the Village of Vditsko of Novgorod Oblast, during search operations; as well as discloses the information about the factors and circumstances of destruction of the civilians based on pilot work, exhumation, reminiscences of the locals, and archival materials.

Grensgevallen

Lampas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-270
Author(s):  
Jasper de Bruin
Keyword(s):  
Roman Army ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Transition Points ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military

Summary The subject of this article is the interaction between the military and civilian communities in the Dutch Limes zone. Central questions are what influence the Roman army had on the civilian population, how the contacts between both groups were shaped, and how the individual soldiers interacted with civilians. The influence of the army was most prominent at the forts, but was also present outside the areas where the military was stationed. Civilians enlisted in the army, creating intermediaries. The Roman cities also functioned as transition points between the army and the civilian population, but they may have had other, more primary military functions as well. Contacts between the two groups were generally peaceful and provided benefits for both. As military and civilian communities became increasingly intertwined, it is likely that individual contacts between the two also contributed to this process.

9 Occupation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dörmann Knut ◽  
Vité Sylvain
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Exceptional Case ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
International Court ◽  
Occupied Territories

This chapter addresses the present state of the law of occupation, highlighting also the increasing importance of human rights for the protection of civilians in occupied territories. International law on belligerent occupation determines the rights and obligations of a party to an armed conflict which occupies territory of the adverse party. It also codifies the rights and duties of the residents of such occupied territory. The treatment of the population of an occupied territory is measured against standards set by international humanitarian law and human rights law concurrently. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) left no doubt that as a rule, the specific provisions of GC IV and relevant rules of customary law relating to belligerent occupation take precedence over human rights law, as law specifically drawn up for issues arising out of belligerent occupation (lex specialis). In an exceptional case, it may be determined that a human rights rule offers greater protection to the inhabitants of an occupied territory. When assessing the interplay between international humanitarian law and human rights law, this must be done on a right-by-right or case-by-case basis, respecting the special situation of occupation, rather than in a wholesale manner.

scholarly journals Making the smart city: technologies, experiences, and future perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 04017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Osipov ◽  
Aleksei Zeldner ◽  
Tatiana Skryl
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Integration Management ◽  
Services Integration ◽  
The Subject

The authors consider the problem of the conceptual the development of “smart cities” in the scholarly literature of foreign and Russian scientists. Based on published literature, the authors classify the concepts of “smart cities” in order to achieve greater clarity of the subject under consideration. Key characteristics of “smart cities” are also considered in the main areas of urban life: energy, water supply, transport, security, services, integration, management.

Synopsis VI: Relief

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (254) ◽  
pp. 268-278
Author(s):  
Jean de Preux
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Occupied Territory

In case of armed conflict, the following groups are entitled to relief:— the civilian population of an occupied territory (Fourth Conv., Art. 59; Prot. I, Art. 69);— the civilian population of a territory under the control of a party to the conflict, other than an occupied territory (Fourth Conv., Art. 23, 38; Prot. I, Art. 70);— prisoners of war and civilian internees in the territory of a Party to the conflict or in an occupied territory (Third Conv., Art. 72; Fourth Conv., Art. 108).

The Scholia on Strabo

Traditio ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubrey Diller
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Study ◽  
Medieval Manuscripts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Strabo's Geography was not well known in ancient and medieval times. It was never the subject of literary or scientific study. There was no need to write commentaries on it as on the poets, orators, and philosophers. Nevertheless the medieval manuscripts of Strabo do contain meagre scholia, and for one reason or another some of them are valuable. Moreover as a whole they throw light on the history of Greek scholarship in an important but obscure period. It seems desirable therefore to edit them entire, to examine their relationships, and point out their significance.

Some Problems of Military Government

1944 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-474
Author(s):  
A. C. Davidonis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
United States Army ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Complex Organization ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
Peace Settlement

The United States Army officially defines military government as “that form of government which is established and maintained by a belligerent by force of arms over occupied territory of the enemy and over the inhabitants thereof.” “It is a government imposed by force and the legality of its acts is determined by the laws of war.” An application of this definition in the formulation of an adequate and enlightened civil affairs policy brings many difficult problems in its train, and particularly is this true in the modern, complex organization of society and warfare.Thrown into prominence by the war, such problems of military government at present occupy the attention not only of American political and military authorities, but also of numerous scholars and publicists. That the latter should display so keen an interest in what is apparently a strictly military matter is a sign of the growing realization that solution of the problems of military government is vital for the successful prosecution of the war and for establishing the conditions which will make possible an equitable peace settlement. American public opinion, to some extent led and moulded by scholars and publicists, is unmistakably concerned with civil affairs administration of allied occupied territories across the sea and with plans for those yet to be occupied.

Analytical approaches in maritime archaeology: a Mediterranean perspective

Antiquity ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (243) ◽  
pp. 376-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gibbins
Keyword(s):  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Site Formation ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Similar Development ◽  
Conditions Of Work

IntroductionIf maritime archaeology, ‘the scientific study of the material remains of man and his activities on the sea’ (Muckelroy 1978: 4), is to be regarded usefully as a subdiscipline, then a major unifying factor must be the existence of common methodologies applicable to the study of shipwrecks irrespective of their date and location. The special conditions of work underwater are by themselves inadequate grounds for distinction, as has now long been recognized (Bass 1966). Instead it is in aspects of analysis and explanation of wreck data that the subject may be set apart.Consideration of the nature of ships and shipwrecks suggests the groundwork for a unitary methodology. Ships as structures, or as ‘self-regulating machines’ (Muckelroy 1978: 216–19), present universal features of construction and design; common environmental and technological parameters explain the closely similar development of nautical technologies in disparate societies and seas. The usual reasons for seafaring, for trade, travel, warfare, and fishing, can be seen to create standardized assemblages of shipboard material, of comparrable forms and lading arrangement. And fundamental regularities occur in the event of shipwreck and the underwater process of site formation. As the basis for analytical tools, the models allowed by these characteristics should clearly be open to more refinement as one concentrates on the data of particular maritime activities and regions.

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