scholarly journals Flower Development and Its Implication for Seed Production on Amorphophallus muelleri Blume (Araceae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edi Santosa ◽  
Adolf Pieter Lontoh ◽  
Ani Kurniawati ◽  
Maryarti Sari ◽  
Nobuo Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Flower Morphology ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Artificial Shading

<p><em>ABSTRACT</em></p><p><em>There are many studies on agronomic and economic advantages of iles-iles (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Amorphophallus</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">muelleri</span> Blume), leading to high demand on seed to support the rapid production expansion in many Asian countries. By contrast, there are few studies on flowering phenology and flower morphology although they affect the seed production. Therefore, we evaluated flowering phenology and flower morphology of 80 plants of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">A.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">muelleri</span> grown in a field under 65% artificial shading net </em><em>at Leuwikopo Experimental Farm IPB Darmaga, Bogor</em><em>,</em><em> Indonesia </em><em>from May 2015 to July 2016 in order to improve seed production. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">A.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">muelleri</span> produced solitary spadix, with female flowers at the lower part and male flowers at the upper part. Spadix grew slowly for 56-71 days after bud break, and then grew rapidly thereafter for 30-35 days until anthesis. Seed was harvested 9.6 to 10.2 months after anthesis. We devided the development of spadix into seven phases, bud break as stage I and berry maturity as stage VII. Stage VI to VII determined seed production. Seed production was also affected by roots<del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:49"></del> formation and spadix size. There were strong positive correlations between lengths <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></del>of the female zones with berry production. Some morphological characteristics of spadix were dependent on corm size, thus, it was <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></ins>likely that agronomic improvement to enhance </em><em>female </em><em>flower and corm sizes was<ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></ins>important in seed production.</em></p><p align="left"><em>Keywords: developmental s<del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-25T11:44"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-25T11:44"></ins>tage, female flower, iles-iles, male flower, seed production</em><em></em></p><p> </p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Telah banyak kajian keunggulan agronomi dan ekonomi iles-iles (<em>Amorphophallus muelleri</em> Blume), sehingga mendorong peningkatan permintaan benih untuk mendukung perluasan areal produksi di banyak negara Asia. Namun demikian, kajian fenologi dan morfologi bunga khususnya terkait produksi benih masih terbatas. Oleh karena itu, kami mengkaji perkembangan dan morfologi 80 bunga iles-iles yang ditanam di bawah paranet 65% di Kebun Percobaan <ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></ins><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></ins>Leuwikopo IPB, Bogor, Indonesia dari Mei 2015 sampai Juli 2016 dalam rangka perbaikan produksi benih. Iles-iles menghasilkan sebuah tongkol bunga dengan bunga betina pada bagian bawah dan bunga jantan pada bagian atas. Tongkol bunga tumbuh lambat 58-71 hari setelah pecah tunas, diikuti tumbuh cepat 30-35 hari hingga antesis, dan biji dipanen 9.6 sampai 10.2 bulan setelahnya. Perkembangan bunga dari pecah tunas hingga buah matang dapat dibagi menjadi tujuh tahap. Tahap VI ke tahap VII menentukan keberhasilan produksi biji iles-iles. Selain itu, keberhasilan produksi biji juga dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan akar dan ukuran tongkol khususnya panjang bagian bunga betina. Beberapa karakter morfologi bunga iles-iles<em> </em>dipengaruhi oleh ukuran umbi saat tanam. Oleh karena itu, perlu perbaikan agronomis untuk meningkatkan ukuran umbi dan ukuran bunga betina guna mendukung produksi benih.</p><p>Kata kunci: bunga <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-25T11:44"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-25T11:44"></ins>betina, bunga jantan, iles-iles, produksi benih, tahap pertumbuhan</p>

Differential nectar production between male and female flowers in a wild cucurbit: Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana (Cucurbitaceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Ashworth ◽  
Leonardo Galetto
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Nectar Sugar Composition ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers

In dioecious and monoecious plants that depend on animal vectors for reproduction, pollinators have to be attracted to male and female flowers for pollination to be effective. In the monoecious Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, male flowers are produced in greater quantity, are spatially more exposed to pollinators and offer pollen in addition to nectar as floral rewards. Nectar traits were compared between male and female flowers to determine any differences in the characteristics of the main reward offered to pollinators. Nectar chemical composition and sugar proportions were similar between flower types. Total nectar sugar production per female flower was threefold higher than per male flower, and nectar removal did not have any effect on total nectar production in both flower morphs. Pollinators reduced nectar standing crops to similar and very scarce amounts in both flower types. Results indicate indirectly that pollinators are consuming more nectar from female flowers, suggesting that the higher nectar production in female flowers may be a reward-based strategy to achieve the high female reproductive output observed in this species.Key words: Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, nectar production, nectar sugar composition, removal effects, standing crop.

scholarly journals Environmental and physiological effects on cross-ability and seed production of greenhouse cucumber

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-143
Author(s):  
Maryam Golabadi ◽  
Sezai Ercisli ◽  
Forough Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Flower Age ◽  
Greenhouse Cucumber ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Empty Seeds

Abstract: Seed production depends on many factors. In this study, two independent experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of pollination time, crossed node spacing, male flower age, number of crossings on each plant and deletion/non-deletion of other fruits in the crossed nodes on the cross-ability and seed production in greenhouse cucumber. In every experiment, three mentioned factors were assayed based on factorial experiment as a randomized complete block design. Crosses were done on 10 plants in every replication of treatments. The results showed that pollination at 8:00‒9:45 AM, led to higher amount of full seed weight in contrast to other times of pollination. Increasing crossed node spacing from 2‒3 to 4‒5 nodes led to an increase in the number of empty seeds, which was ascribed to the reduced seed production. The highest amount of number of seeds per fruit, seed weigh and number of full seeds were obtained when young male flowers were used. Moreover, higher seed production was obtained from five, instead three crossings on each plant, and the non-deletion of fruits on the crossed nodes. Overall, higher percentage of seed production per fruit was obtained when crossing was done with young male flower in early morning and high number of crossing in every plant.

scholarly journals VviPLATZ1 is a major factor that controls female flower morphology determination in grapevine

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Iocco-Corena ◽  
Jamila Chaïb ◽  
Laurent Torregrosa ◽  
Don Mackenzie ◽  
Mark R. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Flower Morphology ◽  
Phenotype Analysis ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers ◽  
Morphological Phenotype

AbstractPlant genetic sex determinants that mediate the transition to dioecy are predicted to be diverse, as this type of mating system independently evolved multiple times in angiosperms. Wild Vitis species are dioecious with individuals producing morphologically distinct female or male flowers; whereas, modern domesticated Vitis vinifera cultivars form hermaphrodite flowers capable of self-pollination. Here, we identify the VviPLATZ1 transcription factor as a key candidate female flower morphology factor that localizes to the Vitis SEX-DETERMINING REGION. The expression pattern of this gene correlates with the formation reflex stamens, a prominent morphological phenotype of female flowers. After generating CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited alleles in a hermaphrodite genotype, phenotype analysis shows that individual homozygous lines produce flowers with reflex stamens. Taken together, our results demonstrate that loss of VviPLATZ1 function is a major factor that controls female flower morphology in Vitis.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISASI MORFOLOGI TANAMAN ENAU DI KENAGARIAN SUNGAI NANIANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisia Wulantika
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Qualitative Characters ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Oval Shape ◽  
Number Of Seeds

ABSTRACT Enau plant (Arenga pinnata Merr) is a type of palma plant that the entire plant can be utilized and potential to be developed. Sungai Naniang is the highest sugar producer in Bukik Barisan Sub-District, with an area of 20 ha. This research aims to find out the morphological characteristics of germplasm enau in Kenagarian Sungai Naniang.This research has been carried out in May to June 2018 with purposive sampling method. The results of the study found 4 variations of the stem color of the entire accession namely dark brown, light brown, grayish brown and grayish brown. The leaves of the enau plant are complete and compound leaves.Based on observations that have been made, there are not many variations in qualitative characters, otherwise many variations are found in quantitative characters. on the entire accession is black with a rough surface. Male flowers are like bullets, they sit in pairs and are purple. Round Female Flower, stand alone, green. Seeds are round in oval shape The number of seeds 3 per fruit and white. Keywords : Enau, Characterization, Morphology, Plant Breeding ABSTRAK Tanaman enau (Arenga pinnata Merr) adalah salah satu jenis tumbuhan palma yang Keseluruhan bagian tanamannya dapat dimanfaatkan dan potensial untuk dikembangkan. Kenagarian Sungai Naniang merupakan penghasil gula enau tertinggi di Kecamatan Bukik Barisan, dengan luasan mencapai 20 Ha. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik morfologi plasma nutfah enau di Kenagarian Sungai Naniang.Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan  pada bulan Mei sampai Juni 2018 dengan metode purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 4 variasi warna batang dari keseluruhan aksesi yaitu  berwarna cokelat gelap, cokelat terang, coklat keabu-abuan dan abu-abu.Daun tanaman enau merupakan daun lengkap dan majemuk.Berdasarkan pengamatan yang telah dilakukan, tidak banyak ditemukan variasi  pada  karakter  kualitatif,  sebaliknya  banyak  ditemukan  variasi  pada karakter kuantitatif. ijuk  pada  keseluruhan  aksesi  berwarna  hitam  dengan permukaan yang kasar. Bunga Jantan       Seperti peluru, duduknya berpasangan dan berwarna ungu. Bunga Betina           Bulat, berdiri sendiri, berwarna hijau. Biji  berbentuk  bulat  lonjong Jumlah biji 3 perbuah dan berwarna putih.Kata Kunci : Enau, Karakterisasi, Morfologi, Pemuliaan Tanaman

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BORON DAN WAKTU PEMANENAN POLEN TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI DAN VIABILITAS POLEN TETUA JANTAN SEMANGKA (Citrullus lanatus Thunberg.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
Aris Susanto ◽  
Sri Hartatik ◽  
Muh. Burhan Rosyidi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Random Group ◽  
High Viability ◽  
Hybrid Seeds ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Factorial Design Of Experiments

Pollen management is one of the important factors in the production of hybrid seeds. The main obstacle in the seed production of hybrid watermelon are the appearance of the flowers do not coincide, and limited the availability of pollen with high viability. This research aims to the of dosage of boron and pollen harvesting time the pollen production and viability of pollen watermelon male parent. The research was done on a farm Seed Production Research Land of PT. Benih Citra Asia, sub-district Ajung, districts Jember and done with a random group of factorial design of experiments, with the first factor: 4 level doses of boron, and the second factor: 3 time harvesting the pollen, with each combination treatment is repeated as many as three times. The research result of which demonstrate of application of boron 1,0 kg ha-1 and time of harvesting the pollen pre-anthesis produces the successs of pollination to 100%. The boron dosage 1 kg ha-1 is able to give the age of male flowers faster which is 25,89 DAP, and the age of female flowers is faster which is 31,67 DAP, and produces a higher fruit set that is 94,44%. The time for harvesting pollen in anthesis phase produces the highest pollen germination, which 63,81%.Keywords: male flower, media Brewbaker and Kwack, germination pollen, fruit set

scholarly journals Anatomical and Phytochemical Studies on Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-111
Author(s):  
Chimezie EKEKE ◽  
Chinedum A. OGAZIE ◽  
Ikechukwu O. AGBAGWA
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Benincasa Hispida ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Phytochemical Studies ◽  
First Time

The morphological and anatomical studies of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. from Nigeria was carried out with the view to reporting morphological and anatomical characteristics for the first time. Physical and microscopic (microtomy) observations were used. B. hispida is a monoecious climbing or trailing herb, stem hairy, 5-angled, with suborbicular stipuliform bract at the petiole-base; leaves simple, very hairy on both surface, alternate, blade palmately or ovate in young plant, base cordate. Flowering occurs between April and May. Female flowers solitary, male flowers solitary or in a slender-pedunculate racemes, petals-5, cream, yellow or pale yellow, ovary ellipsoid, ovules many, stigma 3-lobed and stamen 3. Fruits are large, weighs 8.5 - 9.0 kg, succulent, densely hairy when young, with a thick waxy deposit when mature, cylindrical to oblong with hairy stalk. Seeds are ovate-obovate, cream. Leaves and petals of male flower are amphistomatic with anomocytic, tetracytic and anisocytic stomata while petals of the female flower are hypostomatic with anomocytic stomata only on the abaxial surface. It has glandular and non-glandular trichomes with uniseriate stalk, clavate and multicellular gland heads. The midrib, petiole, stem, tendril, male and female flower stalks and tendril have hollow pith with 3, 9, 6-7, 16, 14 and 10 bicollateral vascular bundles respectively. The percentage crude protein, ash, carbohydrate, lipid, crude fibre, alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and phytate could account for the numerous medicinal properties.

scholarly journals Respon Tanaman Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) Terhadap Lima Jenis Zat Pengatur Tumbuh (ZPT)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elda Nurnasari ◽  
. Djumali
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Physic Nut ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Control ◽  
Number Of Branches

<p>Pengembangan tanaman jarak pagar mengalami beberapa kendala, di antaranya produksi biji yang rendah. Hal ini terkait dengan rendahnya jumlah bunga betina yang dihasilkan dalam satu malai. Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) terhadap pertumbuhan, pem-bungaan, dan produksi jarak pagar, dilakukan di KP Asembagus pada bulan Januari−Desember 2010. Lima jenis bahan aktif ZPT meliputi paclobutrazol, asam geberelin (GA3), asam naptalin asetik (NAA), mepiquat klorida, dan 2,4-D, serta perlakuan kontrol (tanpa bahan aktif ZPT), diaplikasikan pada tanaman jarak pagar berumur 1 tahun dan disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok dengan tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian me-nunjukkan bahwa aplikasi ZPT mempengaruhi jumlah cabang, jumlah bunga jantan, jumlah bunga betina, dan jumlah buah, namun tidak mempengaruhi tinggi tanaman dan lebar kanopi. NAA menghasilkan jumlah buah yang paling banyak (121,4 buah per tanaman) sedangkan GA3 mempercepat pemunculan bunga (8,33 hari setelah aplikasi).</p><p> </p><p>Development of physic nut is facing some problems, one of them is low seed production. This is related to the low number of female flowers which are produced in a panicle. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of plant growth regulator (PGR) on growth, flowering, and seed production, it was conducted at Asembagus Experimental Station, Situbondo from January to December 2010. Five kinds of plant growth re-gulator i.e. paclobutrazol, geberelline acid (GA3), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), mepiquat chloride, and 2,4-D, and control (without PGR) were applied on one-year-old of J. curcas and arranged in a randomized block de-sign with three replications. The results showed that PGR application affects the number of branches, male flower, female flower, and fruit, but not affected plant height and canopy width. NAA gave the highest number of fruit, i.e. 121.4 capsules per plant, and GA3 triggered the earliest flowering, i.e. at 8.33 days after application.</p>

scholarly journals The Effects of Silver Nitrate Applications on the Flower Quantity of Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deniz KARAKAYA ◽  
Hüseyin PADEM
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of silver nitrate (AgNO3) on the flower quantity of cucumbers. The seeds used in this study, which was carried out in a plastic greenhouse, in the Gazi village of Antalya Province (Turkey) the during spring and autumn 2005 breeding periods, were ‘Mostar F1’ (designated as ‘GND1’) and ‘Vesco Seeds Beith Alpha F1 (26.50 F1)’, designated as ‘GND2’ and those are the types having common production. The silver nitrate application was performed by the method of spraying on the growth tips of plants and 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm silver nitrate doses were administered. The research was conducted with 4 repetitions having 5 plants in each repetition according to the Random Parcel Trial Pattern. In order to determine the effects of the applications, the effects of a number of female flowers and male flowers on generative characteristics of planting periods (spring and fall) were identified and the results were statistically evaluated. According to the results obtained in this research, AgNO3 has led to the formation of male flowers (no male flower formation in control), has increased the number of male flowers, and has led to a decrease in the number of female flowers. The increase in the number of male flowers varied according to the periods (in ‘GND2’).

Phenology and seed production in Chenopodium rubrum, Rumex maritimus, and Rumex palustris as related to photoperiod in river forelands

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. M. Van der Sman ◽  
C. W. P. M. Blom ◽  
H. M. Van de Steeg
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Chenopodium Rubrum ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Rumex Maritimus ◽  
Flooded Areas

Reproductive development in three species from irregularly flooded areas of river forelands was studied in relation to time of emergence. In Chenopodium rubrum, flowering was induced earlier in plants germinated in April–May than in later cohorts. However, the period of vegetative growth diminished and the life cycle was completed in a shorter time in later germinated plants. Seed number was reduced, but seed size as well as reproductive effort per plant increased in later cohorts. Plants of both Rumex species flowered after a certain number of leaves had developed and before a critical photoperiod had passed. In earlier cohorts, the main shoot and several axillary shoots elongated and flowered. Fewer axillary shoots flowered closer to the critical photoperiod, and this resulted in a reduced seed output in later cohorts. The critical photoperiod as well as the time needed for completion of the life cycle was longer in Rumex palustris than in Rumex maritimus. It is argued that in the riparian habitat, plants of both Rumex species are only occasionally able to complete their life cycle in one growing season. Survival of these species on the population level will rely more upon adaptations towards flooding during the established phase than is the case for C. rubrum. Key words: flowering phenology, photoperiod, seed production, Chenopodium rubrum, Rumex maritimus, Rumex palustris.

scholarly journals Growth Analysis of Watermelon Plants Grown with Mulches and Rowcovers

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
J. LaMar Anderson ◽  
Alvin R. Hamson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Area Index

`Crimson Sweet' watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] plants were grown with various mulches and rowcovers and analyzed for relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area index (LAI), and crop growth rate (CGR). Spunbonded polyester fabric (SB-PF) and perforated polyethylene film (PCP) rowcovers generally showed greater mean RGR, SLA and CGR than spunbonded polypropylene polyamide net (SB-PP), black plus clear combination plastic mulch and black plastic mulch alone. Plants on mulches and under rowcovers showed significant increases in RGR, NAR, and SLA over plants grown in bare soil. Carbon dioxide concentration inside the transplanting mulch holes was nearly twice the ambient CO, concentration. Growth analysis of sampled watermelon plants during early stages of development under various treatments was predictive of crop yield. Plants under SB-PF and PCP rowcovers produced the earliest fruit and the greatest total yield. An asymmetrical curvilinear model for watermelon growth and development based on cardinal temperatures was developed. The model uses hourly averaged temperatures to predict growth and phenological development of `Crimson Sweet' watermelon plants grown with and without rowcovers. Early vegetative growth correlated well with accumulated heat units. Results indicate a consistent heat unit requirement for the `Crimson Sweet' watermelon plants to reach first male flower, first female flower and first harvest in uncovered plants and plants under rowcovers. Greater variability was observed in predicting date of first harvest than first bloom.

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