Anatomical and Phytochemical Studies on Benincasa hispida  (Thunb.) Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae)

The morphological and anatomical studies of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. from Nigeria was carried out with the view to reporting morphological and anatomical characteristics for the first time. Physical and microscopic (microtomy) observations were used. B. hispida is a monoecious climbing or trailing herb, stem hairy, 5-angled, with suborbicular stipuliform bract at the petiole-base; leaves simple, very hairy on both surface, alternate, blade palmately or ovate in young plant, base cordate. Flowering occurs between April and May. Female flowers solitary, male flowers solitary or in a slender-pedunculate racemes, petals-5, cream, yellow or pale yellow, ovary ellipsoid, ovules many, stigma 3-lobed and stamen 3. Fruits are large, weighs 8.5 - 9.0 kg, succulent, densely hairy when young, with a thick waxy deposit when mature, cylindrical to oblong with hairy stalk. Seeds are ovate-obovate, cream. Leaves and petals of male flower are amphistomatic with anomocytic, tetracytic and anisocytic stomata while petals of the female flower are hypostomatic with anomocytic stomata only on the abaxial surface. It has glandular and non-glandular trichomes with uniseriate stalk, clavate and multicellular gland heads. The midrib, petiole, stem, tendril, male and female flower stalks and tendril have hollow pith with 3, 9, 6-7, 16, 14 and 10 bicollateral vascular bundles respectively. The percentage crude protein, ash, carbohydrate, lipid, crude fibre, alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and phytate could account for the numerous medicinal properties.

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Differential nectar production between male and female flowers in a wild cucurbit: Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana (Cucurbitaceae)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b02-110 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 80 (11) ◽

pp. 1203-1208 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Lorena Ashworth ◽

Leonardo Galetto

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Output ◽

Male Flower ◽

Female Flower ◽

Cucurbita Maxima ◽

Nectar Production ◽

Male And Female ◽

Nectar Sugar Composition ◽

Nectar Sugar ◽

Male Flowers ◽

Female Flowers

In dioecious and monoecious plants that depend on animal vectors for reproduction, pollinators have to be attracted to male and female flowers for pollination to be effective. In the monoecious Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, male flowers are produced in greater quantity, are spatially more exposed to pollinators and offer pollen in addition to nectar as floral rewards. Nectar traits were compared between male and female flowers to determine any differences in the characteristics of the main reward offered to pollinators. Nectar chemical composition and sugar proportions were similar between flower types. Total nectar sugar production per female flower was threefold higher than per male flower, and nectar removal did not have any effect on total nectar production in both flower morphs. Pollinators reduced nectar standing crops to similar and very scarce amounts in both flower types. Results indicate indirectly that pollinators are consuming more nectar from female flowers, suggesting that the higher nectar production in female flowers may be a reward-based strategy to achieve the high female reproductive output observed in this species.Key words: Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, nectar production, nectar sugar composition, removal effects, standing crop.

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Micromorphology of endemic Centaurea glaberrima subsp. divergens (Asteraceae)

Acta Botanica Croatica ◽

10.37427/botcro-2021-028 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Milan Gavrilović ◽

Pedja Janaćković

Keyword(s):

Cell Walls ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Involucral Bract ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Leaf Epidermis ◽

Abaxial Surface ◽

Reproductive Structures ◽

Anomocytic Stomata ◽

First Time

In this study, the micromorphology of the vegetative and reproductive structures of the endemic Centaurea glaberrima Tausch subsp. divergens (Vis.) Hayek (Asteraceae), using scanning electron microscope (SEM), is presented for the first time. Uniseriate whip-like non-glandular and biseriate glandular trichomes are found on the surface of all aboveground parts (stem, leaves, peduncles, involucral bract). On the adaxial leaf epidermis ribbed thickenings (striation pattern) of outer periclinal cell walls, slightly curved anticlinal cell walls and anomocytic stomata are noticed. Rugose abaxial surface with thorny protuberances of the involucral bract is documented. Corolla is glabrous with longitudinally parallel epidermal cells with distinct straight outline. Isopolar, radially symmetric and tricolporate microechinate pollen grains are seen. Short stylar hairs, without cuticular striations, are present along the outer sides of the style, while the inner sides (abaxial surface) constitute the papillate stigmatic surface. Microcharacters found in cypsela are as follows: slightly ribbed body; rotund base; lateral and concave insertion; short, unicellular curly acute trichomes; smooth epidermis; fine-sulcate ornamentation; rod shaped epidermal cells with short, obtuse end walls and straight anticlinal walls; poorly developed minutely dentate pericarp rim; and dimorphic pappus with bristles of different length and morphology, with pinnules restricted to the margins of the bristles. The results obtained contribute to knowledge about the micromorphology of the studied endemic species and provide features for its better identification. The taxonomic significance of the analyzed characters is discussed. Some well defined microcharacters of the studied species might have taxonomic value

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Foliar anatomy of Rhynchosia spp. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) from Roraima state, northern Brazilian Amazon

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/1809-4392201801691 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 28-35

Author(s):

Andréia Silva FLORES ◽

Eduardo de Souza COSTA ◽

Germana Bueno DIAS

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Brazilian Amazon ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Middle Portion ◽

Foliar Anatomy ◽

Anatomical Characters ◽

Definition Of ◽

First Time

ABSTRACT Comparative studies on the structure of foliar anatomy in four species of Rhynchosia from Roraima state (northern Brazilian Amazon) were carried out to identify additional morphological characters to support the definition of the systematic boundaries among the species. Fully expanded leaves, including the petioles, were collected from the upper nodes of a plant’s stem. Anatomical characters were observed in cross-sections of the middle portion of leaflets and petiole segments. Presence and distribution of glandular trichomes, continuity of sclerenchyma around the vascular bundles in leaflet blades and the conformation of the area between the two ridges of petioles were important characters to distinguish among the species of Rhynchosia. For the first time we report a distinct multicellular gland-like structure which we found in the petioles of three species.

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Anatomical characters of the medicinal leaf and stem of Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae)

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502013000400011 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 719-727 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Márcia do Rocio Duarte ◽

Ariane Gonçalves Silva

Keyword(s):

Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Bioactive Metabolites ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Medicinal Species ◽

Convex Shape ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

Anomocytic Stomata ◽

Histochemical Tests

Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae), better known by its former name Vernonia amygdalina Delile, is a small shrub used in folk medicine as an antipyretic, laxative, antimalarial and anthelmintic. Studies have demonstrated that different vegetal extracts possess antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities. Among the bioactive metabolites, there are sesquiterpene lactones, saponins, polyphenols and flavonoids. This study investigated the leaf and stem microscopic characters of G. amygdalinum, aiming to expand the knowledge on this medicinal species and indicate anatomical structures. Plant material was fixed and sectioned by freehand and using a microtome. The sections were either stained or underwent standard histochemical tests. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to investigate epidermal relief. The leaf is amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata. There are striate cuticle, glandular and non-glandular trichomes and dorsiventral mesophyll. In transverse section, the midrib and the petiole have a plano-convex shape. Both show several collateral vascular bundles and few crystals of calcium oxalate. In the stem, the epidermis persists and the phellogen has a peripheral origin. It presents typical endodermis and sclerenchymatic caps adjoining the phloem. The aspects that contribute to characterizing the species are stomata on both leaf surfaces, midrib and petiole features, the endodermis and sclerenchymatic caps in the stem, as well as the different types of trichome on both aerial organs.

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Flower Development and Its Implication for Seed Production on Amorphophallus muelleri Blume (Araceae)

Jurnal Hortikultura Indonesia ◽

10.29244/jhi.7.2.65-74 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 65 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Edi Santosa ◽

Adolf Pieter Lontoh ◽

Ani Kurniawati ◽

Maryarti Sari ◽

Nobuo Sugiyama

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Male Flower ◽

Female Flower ◽

Flowering Phenology ◽

Flower Morphology ◽

Bud Break ◽

Male Flowers ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Artificial Shading

ABSTRACTThere are many studies on agronomic and economic advantages of iles-iles (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume), leading to high demand on seed to support the rapid production expansion in many Asian countries. By contrast, there are few studies on flowering phenology and flower morphology although they affect the seed production. Therefore, we evaluated flowering phenology and flower morphology of 80 plants of A. muelleri grown in a field under 65% artificial shading net at Leuwikopo Experimental Farm IPB Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia from May 2015 to July 2016 in order to improve seed production. A. muelleri produced solitary spadix, with female flowers at the lower part and male flowers at the upper part. Spadix grew slowly for 56-71 days after bud break, and then grew rapidly thereafter for 30-35 days until anthesis. Seed was harvested 9.6 to 10.2 months after anthesis. We devided the development of spadix into seven phases, bud break as stage I and berry maturity as stage VII. Stage VI to VII determined seed production. Seed production was also affected by roots<del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:49"></del> formation and spadix size. There were strong positive correlations between lengths <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></del>of the female zones with berry production. Some morphological characteristics of spadix were dependent on corm size, thus, it was <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></ins>likely that agronomic improvement to enhance female flower and corm sizes was<ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></ins>important in seed production.Keywords: developmental s<del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-25T11:44"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-25T11:44"></ins>tage, female flower, iles-iles, male flower, seed production ABSTRAKTelah banyak kajian keunggulan agronomi dan ekonomi iles-iles (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume), sehingga mendorong peningkatan permintaan benih untuk mendukung perluasan areal produksi di banyak negara Asia. Namun demikian, kajian fenologi dan morfologi bunga khususnya terkait produksi benih masih terbatas. Oleh karena itu, kami mengkaji perkembangan dan morfologi 80 bunga iles-iles yang ditanam di bawah paranet 65% di Kebun Percobaan <ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></ins><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T14:50"></ins>Leuwikopo IPB, Bogor, Indonesia dari Mei 2015 sampai Juli 2016 dalam rangka perbaikan produksi benih. Iles-iles menghasilkan sebuah tongkol bunga dengan bunga betina pada bagian bawah dan bunga jantan pada bagian atas. Tongkol bunga tumbuh lambat 58-71 hari setelah pecah tunas, diikuti tumbuh cepat 30-35 hari hingga antesis, dan biji dipanen 9.6 sampai 10.2 bulan setelahnya. Perkembangan bunga dari pecah tunas hingga buah matang dapat dibagi menjadi tujuh tahap. Tahap VI ke tahap VII menentukan keberhasilan produksi biji iles-iles. Selain itu, keberhasilan produksi biji juga dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan akar dan ukuran tongkol khususnya panjang bagian bunga betina. Beberapa karakter morfologi bunga iles-iles dipengaruhi oleh ukuran umbi saat tanam. Oleh karena itu, perlu perbaikan agronomis untuk meningkatkan ukuran umbi dan ukuran bunga betina guna mendukung produksi benih.Kata kunci: bunga <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-25T11:44"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-25T11:44"></ins>betina, bunga jantan, iles-iles, produksi benih, tahap pertumbuhan

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Aspectos da estrutura foliar de Stevia cinerascens Sch. - Bip. (Compositae)

Ciência e Natura ◽

10.5902/2179460x25475 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 129

Author(s):

Amélia Moema Veiga Lopes ◽

Maria Helena Cechella Achutti ◽

Thereza Grassiolli ◽

Sérgio Augusto de Loreto Bordignon

Keyword(s):

Structural Variation ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Stereological Method ◽

Anomocytic Stomata ◽

Secretory Canals ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Shade Leaves

Leaves of odorous plants (sample A) and no odorous ones (sample B), showing diverse habits and growing in different habitats were studied. Clarified leaves were used for the blade architecture study and sections of alive and fixed leaves for the anatomical study. The determination of occupied area by epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes according to the stereological method was done. The structure of leaves is dorsiventral. They are amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata. The trichomes are simples conical, simple filiforme and biseriate vesicular glandular types. The venation is acrodromous. The vascular bundles have a collateral arrangement. The bundle sheath of the small vascular bundles located in the mesophyll is parenchymatic. The vessel members have simple perforation plates. Schizogenous secretory canals accompany the primary veins and sometimes the secondary veins. The collenchyma is present beneath the epidermis of the larger veins. The biseriate vesicular glandular trichomes differentiation, subtype α (sample A) and subtype β (sample B) and features frequent in sun (sample A) and shade leaves (sample B) are structural variation showed by these leaves.

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Morphological and Histo-Anatomical Study of Bryonia alba L. (Cucurbitaceae)

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha4319713 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 47-52

Author(s):

Lavinia M. RUS ◽

Irina I. IELCIU ◽

Ramona PĂLTINEAN ◽

Laurian VLASE ◽

Cristina ŞTEFĂNESCU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Male Flower ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Reproductive Organs ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Anatomical Structure ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Additional Information ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

First Time

The purpose of this study consisted in the identification of the macroscopic and microscopic characters of the vegetative and reproductive organs of Bryonia alba L., by the analysis of vegetal material, both integral and as powder. Optical microscopy was used to reveal the anatomical structure of the vegetative (root, stem, tendrils, leaves) and reproductive (ovary, male flower petals) organs. Histo-anatomical details were highlighted by coloration with an original combination of reagents for the double coloration of cellulose and lignin. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and stereomicroscopy led to the elucidation of the structure of tector and secretory trichomes on the inferior epidermis of the leaf. Micrographic analysis of the powder obtained from aerial parts revealed segments of each organ (e.g. stomata, trichomes) and confirmed furthermore the results obtained by the histo-anatomical studies. Sections achieved through vegetative organs reveal typical anatomical structures: a transition to the secondary structure for the root, a typical dicotyledonsâ€™ structure with bicollateral vascular bundles for the stem, a bifacial structure of the leaf and stem-like structures for the tendrils and petioles, which prove they are metamorphosis of the stem. Anatomical structure of reproductive organs was performed hereby for the first time and revealed a typical anatomical structure for the 3-lodged ovary and a leaf-like structure of the male flower petal. Some of the results obtained confirm existing data from the scientific literature and additional information have been provided, outlining features that were not previously reported, such as SEM analysis of the leaf trichomes and histo-anatomical structure of the reproductive organs.

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ESTUDO MORFO-ANATÔMICO E ABORDAGEM FITOQUÍMICA DE FRUTOS E SEMENTES DE Luffa operculata (L.) COGN., CUCURBITACEAE

Visão Acadêmica ◽

10.5380/acd.v4i1.520 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

A. C. K. BROCK ◽

M. Do R. DUARTE ◽

T. NAKASHIMA

Keyword(s):

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Fibrous Capsule ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Nasal Decongestant ◽

Fruit Extracts ◽

Anomocytic Stomata

Luffa operculata (L.) Cogn., Cucurbitaceae, é uma herbácea escandente, denominada popularmente de buchinha. O fruto é empregado na medicina tradicional como purgativo, emenagogo e descongestionante nasal. O presente trabalho objetivou fornecer informações complementares à morfo-anatomia e realizar abordagem fitoquímica dos frutos e sementes dessa espécie. O material botânico foi reidratado, seccionado e corado, de acordo com técnicas usuais de microscopia fotônica. Para a análise fitoquímica, foram preparados extratos aquoso e hidroalcoólico, por meio de maceração dos frutos e das sementes pulverizados. O fruto é ovóide, capsular e fibroso, com estrias e acúleos. O epicarpo apresenta tricomas tectores pluricelulares e estômatos anomocíticos, e feixes vasculares percorrem o mesocarpo e o endocarpo. A semente é elipsóide e achatada, sendo a epiderme do tegumento formada por células de paredes anticlinais onduladas, o endosperma reduzido e os cotilédones plano-convexos. Os extratos dos frutos indicaram a presença de flavonóides, taninos, saponinas, esteróides e/ou triterpenóides. MORPHO-ANATOMICAL STUDY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF FRUITS AND SEEDS OF Luffa operculata (L.) COGN., CUCURBITACEAE Abstract Luffa operculata (L.) Cogn., Cucurbitaceae, is a climbing herb, popularly known as loofa sponge. The fruit is employed in the traditionalmedicine as laxative, emmenagogue and nasal decongestant. This study aimed to supply additional knowledge to the morpho-anatomy and phytochemical screening of the fruits and seeds. The botanical material was rehydrated, sectioned and stained, according to the usual optical microtechniques. For the phytochemical analysis, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared, by means of maceration of the powdered fruits and seeds. The fruit is an oval and fibrous capsule, showing striated surface and aculeous. The exocarp has pluricellular non-glandular trichomes and anomocytic stomata, and vascular bundles are seen in the mesocarp and endocarp. The seed is elliptical and flat, presenting the epidermal cells of the integument with wavy anticlinal walls, reduced endosperm and plain-convex cotyledons. The fruit extracts indicate the presence of flavonoids, tanins, saponins, esteroids and/or triterpenoids.

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Anatomical traits of Artemisia umbelliformis subsp. eriantha (asteraceae) alpine glacial relict from Mt. Durmitor (Montenegro)

Botanica Serbica ◽

10.2298/botserb2101023j ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 23-30

Author(s):

Pedja Janackovic ◽

Milan Gavrilovic ◽

Dragana Rancic ◽

Danijela Stesevic ◽

Zora Dajic-Stevanovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Structure ◽

Cross Section ◽

Primary Structure ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Root Cortex ◽

Round Shape ◽

Secretory Canals ◽

Glacial Relict ◽

First Time

In this study, the vegetative anatomy of Artemisia umbelliformis subsp. eriantha, a Central European alpine glacial relict, wild-growing on Mt. Durmitor (Montenegro) was examined for the first time. The aim was to investigate the general anatomy and particular anatomical traits which might have possible taxonomic value. Microscopic slides were prepared according to the standard histological procedures. The adventitious young root showed a primary structure, while the older root showed a secondary structure with a well-developed periderm on its surface. The rhizome showed a primary structure with elements of a secondary structure (periderm). The stem cross section is characterized by a round shape with a well-developed periderm at certain stages, and collateral vascular bundles arranged in a circle. The petiole is concave in shape with a single-layered epidermis and parenchyma tissue with one large and two small vascular bundles. Druses and rhombohedral crystals are observed inside some petiole parenchyma cells. The leaf lobe cross section has an oblong-linear shape and is isolateral and amphistomatous in structure. The anticlinal walls of the leaf epidermal cells are sinuate. Secretory canals are present in the root cortex parenchyma (endodermal secretory canals) and the rhizome cortical parenchyma. The stem, petiole and leaf lack secretory canals. The stem and leaf are covered with T-shaped non-glandular and glandular trichomes. The taxonomic value of the analyzed characteristics is briefly discussed.

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Pharmacognostic studies of Morinda brevipes S. Y. Hu

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v48i3.47718 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 401-407

Author(s):

Rong Li ◽

Xiaojing Lin ◽

Genqiu Tang ◽

Junni Li ◽

Dong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Transverse Section ◽

Volatile Oils ◽

Needle Crystal ◽

Cork Cell ◽

Registration Number ◽

Phytochemical Studies ◽

First Time ◽

Layer Chromatography ◽

Inequality Type

DNA barcoding of ITS and psbA-trnH regions, histochemistry as well as thin layer chromatography (TLC) of Morinda brevipes S.Y. Hu were analyzed. Transverse section of root revealed the presence of cortex, xylem, cork cell, stone cells, and calcium oxalate sandy crystal. The lower epidermis cells showed many stoma in paracytic or inequality type. Spiral vessel and tiny calcium oxalate needle crystal usually appeared in the powder. TLC showed the presence of emodin in M. brevipes. Phytochemical studies revealed the existence of carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, flavones, anthraquinones, alkaloids and volatile oils. The ITS and psbAtrnH sequences were found for the first time which were submitted to NCBI to obtain the GenBank registration number. This study might play an important role in the identification, and utilization of M. brevipes for various purposes.

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