scholarly journals The Study of Organic Fertilizers Application on Two Soybean Varieties in Organic Saturated Soil Culture

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Sandra Arifin Aziz ◽  
Maya Melati ◽  
Elrisa Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Plot Design

Indonesia is facing soybean shortage and the low productivity of soybean production from decreasing acreage. Saturated soil culture (SSC) could be one of the solutions for marginal land with drainage problem. Saturated soil culture is cultivation technology that gives continuous irrigation and maintains water depth constantly and makes soil layer in saturated condition. Farmers can use on-farm inputs that are normally available at the production site. An organic farming system may be able to ensure local and regional food security through continuous production. The study was conducted at Cikarawang Experimental Station of Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia, from December 2009 to February 2011. The objective of the research was to determine the influence of organic fertilizer application on the productivity of two varieties of soybean, “Anjasmoro” and “Wilis”,    in organic saturated soil culture conducted in two cropping seasons. Prior to the experiment all plots were applied with 2 ton.ha-1 of dolomite, 2 ton.ha-1 of rice hull ash, and 10 ton.ha-1 of chicken manure. The experiment of the first season used split plot design with six replications. The main-plot was organic fertilizer that consisted of chicken manure only (20 ton.ha-1), chicken manure (10 t.ha-1) + Centrosema pubescens (4.2 t.ha-1), chicken manure (10 ton.ha-1) + Tithonia diversifolia (4.2 t.ha-1). The sub-plot was soybean varieties “Anjasmoro” and “Wilis”. The soybean productivity was not affected by the application of organic fertilizers. “Willis” productivity (1.98 t.ha-1) was higher than “Anjasmoro” (1.80 t.ha-1). The experiment of second season used split-split plot design with three replications. The main-plot consisted of 50 and 100% fertilizer rate of the first cropping season; the sub-plot was the same types of organic fertilizer with soybean varieties as sub-sub-plot. Rate of fertilizer, types of organic fertilizer and soybean variety did not affect productivity. Application of 50 and 100% rate of fertilizer in the second season produced 2.41 and 2.55 t.ha-1 of dry seeds, respectively. Soybean plants treated with chicken manure, green manure from C. pubescens and T. diversifolia produced 2.45, 2.50 and 2.49 t.ha-1 of dry seeds, respectively. “Anjasmoro” and “Wilis” produced 2.50 and 2.45 t.ha-1 of dry seeds, respectively. Productivity in the second season was 26.26-36.61% higher than those of the first cropping season.

Respon Padi Gogo Terhadap Residu Pupuk Organik

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baso Daeng
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Plot Design

<em>The rate of conversion of paddy fields and irrigation water crisis suggest to consider the development of upland rice.� Empowerment of organic-based dryland done to increase rice, as well as environmental sustainability efforts.� The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of organic fertilizer residue to upland rice in the second growing season.� Experiments using a split-split plot design.� The main plot consisted of a dosage of 50% and 100% organic fertilizer in the first growing season.� Sub plot consisted of chicken manure (20 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>), <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Centrosema</span>� <span style="text-decoration: underline;">pubescens</span> (4.3 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>) + chicken manure (10 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>), and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thitonia</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">diversifolia</span> (4.3 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>) + chicken manure (10 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>).� Sub-sub plot consist of Danau Gaung and Batu Tegi varieties.� The different types of fertilizer had no effect on plant productivity.� The addition of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thitonia</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">diversifolia</span> gave a good effect on some growth variable and its resistance due pathogen attack.� Batu Tegi varieties are varieties that give the best response from an organic fertilizer.� Interaction between dosage, type of fertilizer, and varieties do not provide areal impact.</em>

scholarly journals Response of black rice (Oryza sativa L Indica.) to organic fertilizer and seedling number on grain yield, amylum, antioxidant, and thiamin hydrochloride contents

2018 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 03032
Author(s):  
Okti Herliana ◽  
A. H. Saeful Anwar ◽  
Ida Widiyawati
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Thiamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Black Rice ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Main Plot

This study aimed to investigate the influence of organic fertilizers and seedling numbers each holes of black rice on yield, antioxidant, amylum, and thiamin hydroclorine contents, and to observe the interaction effect between types of organic fertilizers and seedling numbers each hole planting. This study was conducted on rice field in Karanglewas Kidul Village, Karanglewas, Banyumas Regency, Central Java from April until September 2016. The location altitude in this study for about 93 meters above the sea level. The study was arranged by Split Plot Design by the main plot consist with three types of organic fertilizers that was chicken, goat, and cow manures, and the sub plot was consists by seedling number were, three, two, and one seedling by each holes, with three replicates of each combination treatments. The result showed that chicken manure treatment provide the best influences on grain weight per hectare by 5.154 tons, amylum content by 33.86%, anthocyanin content by 275.40 ppm, and Thiamin hydrocloride content by 0.056 mg/10g. The three seedling each hole provide the best influences on amylum content by 33.78%, anthocyanin content by 275.18 ppm, and thiamine hydrochloride content by 0.058 mg/10g.

scholarly journals Growth and Physiology of Cherry Tomatoes Under Organic Fertilization in Different Environments

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Letícia Kenia Bessa de Oliveira ◽  
Rafael Santiago da Costa ◽  
José Lucas Guedes dos Santos ◽  
Francisco Evair de Oliveira Lima ◽  
Aiala Vieira Amorim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Split Plot

The cherry tomato is a vegetable that is gaining great prominence commercially and, for this reason, are being developed alternatives that aim to its production of more sustainable way. Among these alternatives are the use of organic fertilizers and barriers alive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and gas exchange of cherry tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme) cultivated under different organic fertilizations in an environment with and without alive barrier. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split-plot to the variables leaf area, leaves dry mass and stem dry mass, relative index of chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and water use efficiency, being the plots defined by two environments (with or without barrier) and the subplots formed by the sources of organic fertilizer (chicken manure, bovine manure and without fertilization), with five repetitions. As for the variables plant height, stem diameter, used a split-split plot design with sub-subplots formed by the seven evaluation epochs (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days after transplanting). When cultivated in alive barrier environment and under fertilization with chicken manure, cherry tomato plants presented higher growth in height and stem diameter, with no difference between the leaf and stem dry masses. In contrast, the without alive barrier environment provided an increase in chlorophyll content and increases of 55.38%, 34.49% and 46.81% in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration, respectively. For WUE, the environment with alive barrier was higher in 18.71%.

scholarly journals Application of organic fertilizer and Pseudomonas fluorescens on the growth and yield of shallot cultivar Sabu Raijua (Allium ascalonicum L .) in dry land

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Aloysius Ng. Lende ◽  
Laurensius Lehar ◽  
Heny MC Sine
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Ordinary Water ◽  
Main Plot

The specific objectives of this study were 1 ) knowing certain types of organic fertilizers on the growth of shallots 2 ) knowing the concentrations of Pseudomonas fluorescenss certain the growth of shallots, 3 ) knowing the types of organic fertilizers and the concentrations Pseudomonas fluorescens specificity increase the optimal yield of shallots. To achieve this goal, this research was conducted using factorial experiments with a split Plot Design with 10 treatments and 3 replications. So that there are 10 treatment combinations of a total number of 30 experimental plots. There were 2 factors that were tried, namely the first factor of Organic Fertilizer as the main plot, namely: cow manure 10 ton ha-1 (K1), chicken manure 10 ton ha-1 (K2). While the second factor as the subplot is the concentration of Pseudomonas fluorescens: Watering with water (as a control) 100 ml (P0), Watering with a concentration of Pseudomonas fluorescens 5 ml + normal water 95 ml (P1), Watering with a concentration of Pseudomonas fluorescens 10 + ordinary water 90 ml (P2), sprinkling with a concentration of Pseudomonas fluorescens 15 ml + 85 ml plain water (P3), Flushing with a concentration of Pseudomonas fluorescens 20 + ordinary water 80 ml (P4). The shallot cultivar of Sabu Raijua which was given organic fertilizer of 10 tonnes of chicken manure. Ha-1 and a concentration of Pseudomonas fluorescens 20 + 80 ml of plain water gave the highest growth component at the age of 10 WAP, namely at the age of 10 WAP, namely plant height (37.667cm). Leaves (34, 800 trees), number of tillers (10, 533 trees). The results of shallot bulbs of Sabu Raijua cultivar from organic fertilizer treatment of 10 ton ha-chicken manure1s with a concentration of Pseudomonas fluorescens 20 ml + 80 ml water resulted in components, namely tuber weight per plot (276.70 g ), number of tubers per plot (291, 70 tubers ).

scholarly journals POLA SERAPAN HARA DAN PERTUMBUHAN BEBERAPA VARIETAS KEDELAI DENGAN BUDIDAYA JENUH AIR DI LAHAN RAWA PASANG SURUT

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danner Sagala ◽  
Munif Ghulamahdi ◽  
Maya Melati
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Pyrite Oxidation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Tidal Swamp ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Tidal Swamps ◽  
Plot Design

Saturated soil culture (SSC) technology appropriate to prevent pyrite oxidation on tidal swamps and has been proved to increase the productivity of soybean on non-tidal swamp. The objective of the research was to determine the growth response of soybean varieties under saturated soil culture on tidal swamps. The research was conducted at Banyu Urip, Tanjung Lago, Banyuasin District, and South Sumatera Province, Indonesia from April to August 2009. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main-plot of the experiment was water depth in the furrow consisted of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm under soil surface (USS). The subplot of the experiments was soybean varieties consisted of Tanggamus, Slamet, Wilis, and Anjasmoro. No-watering was arranged out of the design as a comparison. The result showed that nutrient absorption of N, K and Mn by Tanggamus was higher than those of other varieties, except K, however K absorption of Tanggamus was not significantly different from Anjasmoro. P and Fe absorption of Tangamus tended to be higher than the other varieties, although statistically they were not affected by variety. However, technically and economically, 20 cm USS was the most appropriate water depth for soybean production at tidal swamps.

scholarly journals Analisis Beberapa Sifat Fisika - Mekanika dan Kinerja Traktor Roda Dua Akibat Pemberian Pupuk Organik dan Kedalaman Pengolahan Tanah Ordo Entisols

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 598-607
Author(s):  
Filzah Azzuhra ◽  
Devianti Devianti ◽  
Yuswar Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Plot Design

Abstrak: Pengolahan tanah dengan menggunakan traktor roda dua dapat memberikan efek pemadatan tanah dan salah satu metode yang dilakukan untuk menguragi pemadatan tanah tersebut yaitu dengan melakukan pemberian pupuk organik pada tanah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perubahan beberapa sifat fisika - mekanika dan kinerja traktor roda dua  akibat pemberian pupuk organik dan kedalaman pengolahan tanah ordo entisols. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental design yang ditata dalam bentuk rancangan petak terpisah (split plot design), menggunakan dua faktor (petak utama dan anak petak). Kedua faktor tersebut adalah kedalaman pengolahan tanah (10 cm dan 20 cm) sebagai petak utama dan pupuk organik (0 ton/ha, 10 ton/ha dan 20 ton/ha) sebagai anak petak. Total kombinasi perlakuan adalah 6 plot percobaan dengan 3 kali ulangan, sehingga seluruhnya berjumlah 18 plot percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pupuk organik dengan dosis 10 dan 20 ton /ha memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap permeabilitas, pF 2,0 – 2,54 sedangkan pada bobot isi, porositas, stabilitas agregat dan tahanan penetrasi tanah tidak berpengaruh nyata. Kedalaman pengolahan tanah memberikan pengaruh yang sangat nyata terhadap bobot isi, porositas, permeabilitas, pF 2,0 – 2,54 dan stabilitas agregat namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap tahanan penetrasi tanah. Perlakuan dengan pemberian pupuk organik dan kedalaman pengolahan tanah memiliki hubungan yang sangat kuat terhadap bobot isi, porositas total, permeabilitas, distribusi pori, indeks stabilitas agregat dan tahanan penetrasi tanah, perlakuan kedalaman pengolahan tanah juga memiliki hubungan yang kuat terhadap kinerja traktor roda dua.Analysis of Some Physical Properties - Mechanics and Two-Wheel Tractor Performance Due Given Organic Fertilizers and the Depth of Soil Processing of Entisols OrderAbstract: Tillage by using the two-wheeled tractor can give the effect of soil compaction and the method that is done to the soil compaction reduces by giving organic fertilizer to the soil. The purpose of this research was to determine changes in some physical-mechanical properties and the performance of two-wheeled tractor due given organic fertilizers and the depth of processing of entisols. The method used in this research is an experimental design arranged in a split plot design, using two-factors (main plots and subplots). The two factors of the depth of tillage (10 cm and 20 cm) as the main plots and organic fertilizer (0 tons / ha, 10 tons / ha and 20 tons / ha) as subplots. Total treatment combination was 6 experiment plots repeated 3 times, the total amounted to 18 experimental plots.The results showed that by giving of organic fertilizers with doses of 10 and 20 tons / ha gave a real effect on permeability, pF 2.0 - 2.54 while in bulk density, porosity, aggregate stability and soil penetration resistance were not significantly affected. The depth of soil processing provide a significant effect on the weight of the contents,porosity, permeability, pF 2.0 to 2.54 and aggregate stability but did not significantly affect the soil penetration resistance.The treatment by giving organic fertilizer and the depth of soil processing has a very strong relationship to the content weight, total porosity, permeability, pore distribution, index of aggregate stability and soil penetration resistance,depth of tillage treatments also have a strong relationship to the performance of two-wheeled tractors.

scholarly journals Adaptation test of shade-tolerant soybean to fertilization technology in coconut plantations, Aceh Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 306 ◽  
pp. 01021
Author(s):  
Asis ◽  
Fenty Ferayanti ◽  
Idawanni ◽  
Lamhot Edy Pakpahan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Specific Location ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
Adaptation Test ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Economic Needs ◽  
Plot Design

Soybean is an important commodity needed by people in Indonesian. Soybean production is currently decreasing every year because off decreasing land area. The available land in Indonesia is mostly used by farmers to cultivate crops that have the potential to meet their economic needs, so that very few farmers use their land for soybean crops. This study aimed to determine the adaptation of shade-tolerant soybean varieties to fertilization technology at various levels of shade coconut plant. The research was conducted at Bandar Baru District, Pidie Jaya Regency, Aceh Province on July to October 2019, with split plot design. The main plot is shade (N), namely N1: 0% shade (without shade); N2: 25% shade and N3: 50% shade, and subplot is the fertilizer package (P) namely P1: recommendation (NPK 150 kg ha-1, organic fertilizer 2 t ha-1); P2: specific location (urea 75 kg ha-1, SP-36 100 kg ha-1, KCl 100 kg ha-1). The results showed that the level of shade had no effect on soybean production, while the fertilization factor showed that the highest production was found in the recommended fertilizer package 1.82 t ha-1, different with the specific location fertilizer package.

scholarly journals UJI ADAPTASI BEBERAPA VARIETAS KEDELAI DI LAHAN SALIN DENGAN TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA JENUH AIR

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Danner Sagala ◽  
Eka Suzanna ◽  
Prihanani Prihanani ◽  
Julian Nero
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Soybean Variety ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Conventional Technology ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Saline Land ◽  
Culture Technology

The objectives of the research were to find a variety well adapt in saline land and to know effect of saturated soil culture on growth and production of soybean. The research was conducted in saline land Bengkulu City from April to October 2012. The experiment was arranged in split plot randomized design. The main plot was culture technology consisted of conventional and saturrated soil culture. The sub plot was soybean variety consisted of tanggamus, slamet, wilis, Anjasmoro, Seulawah, and Sibayak. The result showed that growth and production of all varieties on conventional technology were lower than saturated soil culture. The well adapt Variety was anjasmoro.

scholarly journals Respon pertumbuhan dan hasil cabai keriting (Capsicum annuum L.) CK5 akibat perlakuan pupuk npk dan pupuk hayati

Kultivasi ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Waskito ◽  
Anne Nuraini ◽  
Neni Rostini
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Biological Fertilizer ◽  
Plot Design

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui  respon pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman cabai keriting CK5 terhadap dosis pupuk NPK dan pupuk hayati  Percobaan dilaksanakan di Desa Sindanglaya, Kelurahan Cibereum, Kecamatan Sukamantri, Kabupaten Ciamis Provinsi Jawa Barat dari  bulan Agustus 2017 sampai Januari 2018. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan Split Plot  dengan 4 ulangan. Yang menjadi main plot adalah dosis pupuk NPK yang terdiri dari dari 2  taraf yaitu 50% dan 100% NPK, dan sub plot adalah konsentrasi pupuk hayati  yang terdiri dari 3  taraf  yaitu :  0%; 0,5%; dan 1%. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan  bahwa:  pengaruh interaksi dosis NPK dengan konsentrasi pupuk hayati hanya terjadi pada tinggi tanaman umur 28 HST,  perlakuan yang terbaik adalah dosis NPK 100% dengan konsentrasi pupuk hayati 0,5%. Pupuk NPK dan konsentrasi pupuk hayati secara mandiri berpengaruh terhadap jumlah dan bobot buah. Dosis NPK yang terbaik dalam menghasilkan jumlah dan bobot buah adalah 100% NPK, dan konsentrasi pupuk hayati yang terbaik adalah 0,5%.Kata Kunci:     cabai CK 5, pupuk hayati, pupuk NPK, pertumbuhan, hasil ABSTRACT This study aims to find out  response of growth and yield of curly red chili plant  cv. CK5  as a result of  NPK  and  organic fertilizer . The experiment was conducted  in Sindanglaya Village,  District Sukamantri, Ciamis Regency West Java Province, from  August 2017 until January 2018. The experiment  design used was Split Plot Design with 4 replications. The main plot was the dosage of NPK fertilizer consisting of two levels : 50% and 100% NPK, and the sub plot was concentration organic fertilizer consisting of three levels : 0%; 0.5%; and 1%. The results showed that  : the effect of NPK dosage interaction with concentration of biological fertilizer occurs only at plant height of 28 day after planting, the best treatment was 100% NPK dosage with 0.5% biofertilizer concentration. NPK fertilizer and concentration of biological fertilizers independently affected the amount and weight of fruit. The best dosage of  NPK in producing the amount and weight of fruit  was 100% NPK, and the best concentration of biofertilizer was 0,5%.Keywords: Biofertilizer, curly  pepper CK5, growth, NPK fertilizer, yield

Effect of varieties and weeding regimes on weed and performance of

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
U. Ismaila ◽  
M. G. Kolo ◽  
A. U. Gbanguba
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Plot Design

A Field trial was conducted at the aerobic rice experimental field of the NationalCereals Research Institute (NCRI), Badeggi, Nigeria (9 ° 04 N and 6° 7 E)in 2007 and 2008 wet seasons to determine the weed competitiveness andperformance of inter Ã¢â‚¬Â and intra‐specific aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) varietiesunder seven weeding regimes. The trial was laid out in a split plot designwith the two varieties of rice (NERICA 1 as inter Ã¢â‚¬Âspecific and FARO 46 asintra Ã¢â‚¬Âspecific) assigned to the main plot while seven weeding regimes (hoeweeding at 25, 45, and 65 days after sowing (DAS), 25 DAS, 45 DAS, 25 and45 DAS, application of 3’,3’ Ã¢â‚¬Â dichloropropionanilide /2, 4 – Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (orizo plus R) by Candel Company Ltd. at 3.5 kg active ingredient(ai )ha Ã¢â‚¬Â1 at 25 DAS, hoe weeding at 25 DAS followed by orizo plus at 3.5 kg aiat 45 DAS and weedy check) constituted the sub – plots. The treatmentswere replicated three times in a split plot design. From the results, interspecificvariety (NERICA1) had better weed suppression ability with highergrain yield of 3.1 t ha Ã¢â‚¬Â1 than the intra‐specific variety (FARO 46). Weed controlwas better when hoe weeding was done at 25, 45 and 65 DAS or 25 and45 DAS and at 25 DAS followed by orizo plus at 45 DAS than in other treatments.However, hoe weeding at 25, 45 and 65 DAS gave significantlygreater grain yield than other treatments. Although economic yield was obtainedfrom hoe weeding at 25 DAS followed by orizo plus at 45 DAS.

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