scholarly journals Biological Factors Associated with Infectious Diarrhea in Calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 531-537
Author(s):  
Suhee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Calf Diarrhea

Calf diarrhea is a major cause of economic loss in the cattle industry. Identifying biomarkers associated with the pathological conditions may provide beneficial guidelines for detecting disease progression and monitoring effectiveness of therapeutic agents in calves suffering from diarrhea. The objective of this research was to find out biological factors associated with calf diarrhea, based on clinical findings and the presence of enteric pathogens. Fecal and blood samples were obtained from 73 non-diarrheal and 42 diarrheal calves. The presence of enteric pathogens, hemato-chemical parameters, acute phase proteins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated in the samples. According to the presence of diarrhea and pathogens, the calves were classified into healthy (n=35), subclinical (non-diarrheal but pathogen-positive, n=36), infectious diarrheal (diarrheal and pathogen-positive, n=39), and unknown diarrheal groups (diarrheal but pathogen-negative, n=3). The presence of bovine coronavirus, bovine rotavirus group A, and Cryptosporidium spp. were significantly associated with the development of calf diarrhea (P<0.05). The infectious diarrheal group showed increases in monocyte percentages and blood urea nitrogen level and the decreases in glucose, potassium, and phosphorus levels (P<0.05). Moreover, inflammatory proteins such as haptoglobin, fibrinogen, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were elevated in the infectious diarrheal group compared to the healthy group (P<0.05). The current study identified altered blood biological factors in calves with infectious diarrhea. The results suggested that these factors may be useful targets for monitoring animal health in calf diarrheal disease, especially infectious diarrhea.

The Bowel Cocktail

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 920-921
Author(s):  
M. D. Bowie ◽  
M. D. Mann ◽  
I. D. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Electrolyte Loss ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Infantile gastroenteritis or infectious diarrhea of infancy remains a serious pediatric problem worldwide. It has been estimated that during 1975 500 million episodes of diarrhea occurred among the babies and young children of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, killing between 5 million and 18 million of them.1 Only improvements in the socioeconomic conditions, housing, education, and nutritional status of these communities will result in diarrheal disease receding from its present position as the major cause of death of infants and young children. In the interim an attempt must be made to reduce the high mortality which is due firstly, in the acute phase, to water and electrolyte loss and secondly, in the later stages, to the diarrhea leading to further debility, malnutrition, and the well-known vicious cycle of undernutrition and gastroenteritis.

scholarly journals Acute Phase Proteins as Biomarkers in Animal Health and Welfare

10.5772/19166 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Gomez-Laguna ◽  
Francisco J. ◽  
Francisco J. ◽  
Irene M. ◽  
Inmaculada Barranco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Animal Health

scholarly journals Utility of acute phase proteins as biomarkers of transport stress in ewes and beef cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Fazio ◽  
Vincenzo Ferrantelli ◽  
Antonello Cicero ◽  
Stefania Casella ◽  
Giuseppe Piccione
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rest Time ◽  
Transport Stress

The effect of transport on serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), Fibrinogen and white blood cells (WBC) was evaluated in 10 ewes and 10 beef cattle. All animals were transported by road for 6 h over a distance of about 490 km with an average speed of 80 km/h. Blood samples, collected via jugular venepuncture, were obtained before and after transport as well as after 12, 24 and 48 h rest time. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance showed a statistically significant effect of sampling time on SAA, Hp, and WBC in ewes and beef cattle. Based on these results, Hp and SAA levels, together with WBC, may be useful indicators of animal health and welfare and in predicting the risk assessment in meat inspection.

scholarly journals Bacterial enteric pathogens and serum interleukin-6 levels in children with acute diarrhea

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Herlina Herlina ◽  
Jeanette Irene Manoppo ◽  
Adrian Umboh
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bacterial Gastroenteritis ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Blood Specimens

Background Acute diarrhea is currently one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. A wide range of enteric pathogens, including bacteria, is responsible for the pathogenesis of acute infectious diarrhea. Recent studies have shown an increase in acute phase proteins, such as serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, in patients with acute bacterial gastroenteritis. Thus, IL-6 may be a useful marker to differentiate bacterial from non-bacterial enteric pathogens.Objective To assess for a correlation between bacterial enteric pathogens and serum IL-6 levels in children with acute diarrhea.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study from November 2013 to March 2014 in two hospitals in Manado. Subjects were children aged 1-5 years with acute diarrhea and good nutritional status. Subjects’ provided stool samples for bacterial culture and microscopic examination, as well as blood specimens for serum IL-6 measurements. Data was analyzed by linear regression and Pearson’s correlation tests for a correlation between bacterial enteric pathogens and serum IL-6 levels.Results In children with acute diarrhea, those with bacterial enteric pathogens had significantly higher mean serum IL-6 than those with non-bacterial enteric pathogens (r = 0.938; P < 0.001).Conclusion Serum IL-6 levels are significantly more elevated in children with acute diarrhea and bacterial enteric pathogens. Therefore, serum IL-6 may be a useful marker for early identification of bacterial gastroenteritis in children aged 1-5 years. [Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:144-8.].

scholarly journals Serum Health Biomarkers in African and Asian Elephants: Value Ranges and Clinical Values Indicative of the Immune Response

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1756
Author(s):  
Katie L. Edwards ◽  
Michele A. Miller ◽  
Jessica Siegal-Willott ◽  
Janine L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Serum Amyloid ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Immune Biomarkers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Species Specific

Serum biomarkers indicative of inflammation and disease can provide useful information regarding host immune processes, responses to treatment and prognosis. The aims of this study were to assess the use of commercially available anti-equine reagents for the quantification of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukins (IL) 2, 6, and 10) in African (Loxodonta africana, n = 125) and Asian (Elephas maximus, n = 104) elephants, and alongside previously validated anti-human reagents for acute-phase proteins (serum amyloid A and haptoglobin), calculate species-specific biomarker value ranges. In addition, we used opportunistically collected samples to investigate the concentrations of each biomarker during identified clinical cases of illness or injury, as a first step to understanding what biomarkers may be useful to managing elephant health. Immune biomarkers were each elevated above the calculated species-specific value ranges in at least one clinical case, but due to variability in both clinical and non-clinical samples, only serum amyloid A was significantly higher in clinical compared to non-clinical paired samples, with tendencies for higher TNF-α and IL-10. We also detected increased secretion of serum amyloid A and all five cytokines following routine vaccination of a single Asian elephant, indicating that these biomarkers can be beneficial for studying normal immune processes as well as pathology. This study indicates that assays developed with commercial reagents can be used to quantify health biomarkers in wildlife species and identifies several that warrant further investigation to elucidate immune responses to various pathologies.

scholarly journals The influence of ontogeny, physiology, and behaviour on the target strength of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1063-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K Horne
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Walleye Pollock ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Theragra Chalcogramma ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Walleye Pollock Theragra Chalcogramma

Abstract Variability in echo intensities from aquatic organisms is caused by physical factors associated with the transmission of sound through water, and by biological factors associated with the ontogeny, physiology, and behaviour of targets. Acoustic-based density estimates depend on accurately characterizing reflected or backscattered sound from any species of interest. Digitized lateral and dorsal radiographs of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) were used to characterize intra-specific variability among young-of-the-year, juvenile, and adult life-history stages. Kirchhoff-ray mode (KRM) models were used to quantify variability in backscatter intensities at 38 and 120 kHz. At these geometric scattering frequencies, swimbladder surface areas influence echo intensities. Dorsal swimbladder surface areas were proportionate to fish lengths and decreased after fish were fed. Corresponding changes in backscatter were not proportionate to the reduction in dorsal surface area. The ratio of dorsal to lateral swimbladder surface areas was consistent among gravid and non-gravid fish. Walleye pollock tilt angles were centred at 90° and did not differ among densities or between light and dark cycles. Target strength–length regressions and KRM-predicted backscatter models closely matched in situ target-strength measurements for walleye pollock in the Bering Sea. Backscatter variability can be minimized through judicious deployment of equipment and equipment-parameter settings, but the relative influence of biological factors on backscatter amplitude has not been determined.

Cell biological factors associated with the response of breast cancer to systemic treatment

1993 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 45-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan G.M. Klijn ◽  
Els M.J.J. Berns ◽  
Marijke Bontenbal ◽  
John Foekens
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Systemic Treatment ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Factors Associated
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