Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Akar Kaik-kaik (Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr.) Leaves Against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans

ABSTRACT Sponge Aaptos aaptos is a marine biota that has great potential, which can be applied, in the pharmaceutical field because of the presence of large compounds in inhibiting microbial growth. This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity of extracts and fractions of sponge Aaptos aaptos on microbial growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The samples were extracted by maceration with 96 % ethanol and fractioned with n-hexane, choloroform and methanol. Testing is done using the Disc Diffusion Agar method. Crude ethanol extract and fraction of sponge Aaptos aaptos showed the greatest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and categorized as strong, with an average value of 20.32 mm for ethanol extract with strong categories, chloroform fraction 13,28 mm with medium category and methanol fractions 18,48 mm strong category. Keyword: Aaptos aaptos, antimicrobial activity, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans. ABSTRAK Spons Aaptos aaptos merupakan biota laut yang memiliki potensi sebagai antimikroba yang dapat diterapkan di bidang farmasi dengan kandungan senyawa yang besar dalam menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas daya hambat dari ekstrak dan fraksi spons Aaptos aaptos terhadap pertumbuhan mikroba Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, dan Candida albicans. Sampel diekstraksi secara maserasi dengan etanol dan difraksinasi dengan pelarut n–heksan, kloroform dan metanol. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Disc Diffusion Agar. Ekstrak kasar etanol dan fraksi dari Spons Aaptos aaptos menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba paling besar terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan dikategorikan kuat, dengan nilai rata – rata 20,32 mm untuk ekstrak etanol dengan kategori kuat, fraksi kloroform 13,28 mm, kategori sedang dan fraksi metanol 18,48 mm kategori kuat.Kata Kunci : Aaptos aaptos, aktivitas antimikroba, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans

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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA KARANG LUNAK Dendronephtya sp., YANG DIKOLEKSI DARI DESA TUMBAK KECAMATAN PUSOMAEN, KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA TERHADAP Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, dan Candida albicans

PHARMACON ◽

10.35799/pha.9.2020.27411 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 63

Author(s):

Gloria Ekaputri Silap ◽

Defny Wewengkang ◽

Henki Rotinsulu

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Soft Coral ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Solvent Fractionation ◽

Escherichia Coli Bacteria ◽

Partition Method

ABSTRACTSoft coral Dendronephtya sp., living in the waters of coral reefs that are rather deep, at depths below 10 meters, grow attached to a hard substrate, protected under lumps of living coral or dead coral. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of soft coral Dendronephtya sp., collected from the waters of Tumbak Village, Pusomaen District, Southeast Minahasa Regency, against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Dendronephtya sp., extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent, fractionation using liquid-liquid partition method with n-hexane, chloroform and methanol solvent, and the testing of antimicrobial activity using the Kirby Bauer diffusion method. The results showed that ethanol extract of soft corals (Dendronephtya sp.), n-hexane fraction had inhibition of 8 mm against Escherichia coli bacteria, 7 mm against Staphylococcus aureus while Candida albicans had very good activity in n-hexane fractions of n-hexane. 9.3 mm, so it can be recommended as an antimicrobial. Keywords : Antimicrobial, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Soft Coral (Dendronephtya sp.), Staphylococcus aureus. ABSTRAKKarang lunak Dendronephtya sp., hidup di perairan terumbu karang yang agak dalam, pada kedalaman di bawah 10 meter, tumbuh melekat di dasar yang keras, terlindung di bawah bongkahan karang hidup atau karang mati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya aktivitas antimikroba dari karang lunak Dendronephtya sp., yang dikoleksi dari perairan Desa Tumbak Kecamatan Pusomaen Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara terhadap Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus dan Candida albicans. Dendronephtya sp., diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%, fraksinasi menggunakan metode partisi cair-cair dengan pelarut n-heksan, kloroform dan metanol, dan pengujian aktivitas antimikroba menggunakan metode difusi agar Kirby Bauer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol karang lunak (Dendronephtya sp.) Fraksi karang n-heksan memiliki daya hambat sebesar 8 mm terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli, 7 mm pada Staphylococcus aureus sedangkan Candida albicans aktivitas yang sangat baik terjadi pada fraksi dan ekstrak n-heksan sebesar 9,3 mm, sehingga dapat direkomendasikan sebagai antimikroba. Kata Kunci : Antimikroba, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Karang Lunak (Dendronephtya sp.), dan Staphylococcus aureus

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AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI TUNIKATA (Polycarpa aurata) YANG DIKOLEKSI DI SELAT LEMBEH, BITUNG TERHADAP Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus DAN Candida albicans

PHARMACON ◽

10.35799/pha.8.2019.29259 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 243

Author(s):

Cinlye J Manoppo ◽

Adithya Yudistira ◽

Defny S Wewengkang

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methanol Fraction ◽

Lembeh Strait ◽

Partition Method

ABSTRACTTunicate is an invertebrate that lives in a coral reef ecosystem and produces many compounds such as, antibacterial, antitumor and anticancer. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of extracts and fraction of tunicate (Polycarpa aurata) collected in the Lembeh Strait, Bitung against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Tunicate (Polycarpa aurata) was extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent, fractination using liquid-liquid partition method with n-hexane, chloroform and methanol solvent, and antimicrobial testing using Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion method. The results showed that ethanol extract of tunicate (Polycarpa aurata) had antimicrobial activity againts Escherichia coli with an inhibition of 15.12 mm, and againts Candida albicans with an inhibition of 15 mm. While the methanol fraction showed antimicrobial with a strong category and inhibition of 16.17 mm againts Staphylococcus aureus. Keyword: Tunicate (Polycarpa aurata), Extraction, Fractination, Antimicrobials ABSTRAKTunikata merupakan invertebrata di ekosistem terumbu karang yang banyak menghasilkan senyawa seperti, antibakteri, antitumor dan antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak dan fraksi tunikata (Polycarpa aurata) yang dikoleksi di Selat lembeh, Bitung terhadap Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus dan Candida albicans. Tunikata (Polycarpa aurata) diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%, fraksinasi menggunakan metode partisi dengan pelarut n-heksan, kloroform dan metanol, dan pengujian antimikroba menggunakan metode difusi agar Kirby Bauer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol tunikata (Polycarpa aurata) memiliki aktivitas antimikroba kategori kuat pada fraksi metanol dengan daya hambat sebesar 16, 17 mm terhadap Escherichia coli, pada ekstrak etanol dengan daya hambat sebesar 15, 12 mm terhadap Staphylococcus aureus sedangkan pada Candida albicans aktivitas yang sangat baik terjadi pada ektraksi etanol sebesar 15 mm. Kata Kunci: Tunikata (Polycarpa aurata), Ekstraksi dan Fraksinasi, Antimikroba

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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK ETANOL ORGANISME LAUT SPONS Ianthella basta TERHADAP BEBERAPA MIKROBA PATOGEN

PHARMACON ◽

10.35799/pha.9.2020.27415 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 100

Author(s):

Syifa Sari Katili ◽

Defny S Wewengkang ◽

Henki Rotinsulu

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Marine Organism ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Paper Disc

ABSTRACTSponges are multicellular metazoa animals belonging to the Porifera phylum, which has a different structure from other metazoans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ethanol extracts from the marine organism sponge Ianthella basta have antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic microbes Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The extraction method used is maceration with 96% ethanol solvent. The method used is the Diffusion Method (Disc Diffusion Kirby and Bauer). The antimicrobial activity test uses a 6 mm paper disc with 50 µL absorption per disc. The results of crude ethanol extract of Ianthella basta sponge from all test microbes, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, were seen to provide the greatest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with an average of inhibitory zone of 7.00 mm categorize as intermediate The results obtained showed that the crude extract of the sponge Ianthella basta has antimicrobial activity because it can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans microbes even though the inhibition zone is categorized as intermediate. Keywords: Ianthella basta, antimicrobial, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans. ABSTRAKSpons adalah hewan metazoa multiseluler tergolong ke dalam filum Porifera, yang memiliki perbedaan struktur dengan metazoan lainnya. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui apakah ekstrak etanol dari organisme laut spons Ianthella basta memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap beberapa mikroba patogen Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Candida albicans. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%. Metode yang digunakan yaitu Metode Difusi (Disc Diffusion Kirby and Bauer). Pengujian aktivitas antimikroba ini menggunakan kertas cakram (paper disc) berukuran 6 mm dengan daya serap 50 µL tiap cakram. Hasil ekstrak kasar etanol Spons Ianthella basta dari semua mikroba uji yaitu Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Candida albicans, terlihat yang memberikan daya hambat paling besar terdapat pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dengan jumlah rata – rata zona hambat yaitu 7,00 mm dengan kategori sedang. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar dari Spons Ianthella basta memiliki aktivitas antimikroba karena mampu menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba uji Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans walaupun dengan zona hambat yang dikategorikan sedang. Kata Kunci : Ianthella basta, antimikroba, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans.

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AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI ALGA (Halimeda opuntia) TERHADAP Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus dan Candida albicans

PHARMACON ◽

10.35799/pha.8.2019.29252 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 178

Author(s):

Shinta Jolanda ◽

Defny S Wewengkang ◽

Imam Jayanto

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Green Algae ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Agar Diffusion Method ◽

Escherichia Coli Bacteria

ABSTRACT Algae Halimeda opuntia is one of the green algae type that contains bioactive compounds which can be used for the treatment of various diseases. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of extracts and fractions of algae Halimeda opuntia obtained from the Lembeh Bitung Strait against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The samples were extracted by maceration using ethanol solvent and fractionation using methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane solvents. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by the agar diffusion method of paper discs. The results showed that ethanol extract was able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria in the medium inhibitory category. While the methanol and chloroform fractions were only able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The extract and all fractions did not show activity inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans fungi. Keywords: Algae, Halimeda opuntia, antimicrobial activity, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans ABSTRAKAlga Halimeda opuntia merupakan salah satu jenis alga hijau yang memiliki kandungan senyawa bioaktif yang dapat digunakan untuk pengobatan berbagai penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya aktivitas antimikroba dari ekstrak dan fraksi alga Halimeda opuntia yang diperoleh dari Selat Lembeh Bitung terhadap Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus dan Candida albicans. Sampel diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol dan fraksinasi menggunakan pelarut metanol, kloroform, dan n-heksan. Aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar cakram kertas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol, mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli dengan kategori daya hambat sedang. Sedangkan fraksi metanol dan fraksi kloroform hanya mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Ekstrak dan semua fraksi tidak menunjukkan aktivitas menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans. Kata kunci: Alga, Halimeda opuntia, aktivitas antimikroba, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans

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Antimicrobial Activities and Mechanism of Action of Petiveria alliacea Stem Extract

Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.32734/idjpcr.v1i1.209 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 45-55

Author(s):

Yani Mulyani ◽

Ika Kurnia Sukmawati ◽

Jajang Jafar Sodik

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Molecular Docking ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Petiveria Alliacea

Abstract. This research aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Petiveria alliacea stem (EEPS) against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by perforation and broth micro dilution methods. Study on the mechanism of action of EEPS was conducted by molecular docking and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results showed that EEPS had an inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans with MIC values of 256, 128, 256, 512 µg/ml, consecutively. These values are included in to the medium category. Through the process of molecular docking, the best interaction was observed between S-benzyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide with penicillin-binding protein receptor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa characterized by free energy change (ΔG) of 4.32 kcal/mol, and the Ki value of 682.16 μM. Four folds of MIC of the EEPS caused changes in the morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EEPS possessed antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Keywords: Antimicrobial Activity, Molecular Docking, Petiveria alliacea, SEM.

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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI ALGA Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J.Argadh DARI PERAIRAN DESA TUMBAK, MINAHASA TENGGARA TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans

PHARMACON ◽

10.35799/pha.8.2019.29355 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 791

Author(s):

Vaneza C. Lawani ◽

Herny E. I. Simbala ◽

Henki Rotinsulu

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Turbinaria Ornata ◽

Partition Method

ABSTRACTAlgae are chromista that live in the ocean, some are stranded on the beach, attached to rocks with a kind of root adhesives. Algae produce many compounds, which can be used as antimicrobial and anticancer. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of the extracts and fractions of Turbinaria ornata algae collected from the of Ponteng Island waters, Tumbak, Southeast Minahasa against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Turbinaria ornata algae were extracted using maceration method with 96% of ethanol solvent and fractionation using a partition method with n-hexane, chloroform and methanol as well as antimicrobial testing using the Kirby Bauer diffusion method. The results of this study indicate that ethanol extract of algae Turbinaria ornata has moderate category of antimicrobial activity in methanol, n-hexane and chloroform fractions with an average inhibition of 7.33 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Keywords: Antimicrobials, Extraction, Fractionation, Turbinaria ornata ABSTRAKAlga merupakan chromista yang hidup lautan ada yang terdampar di pinggir pantai, melekat pada batu-batuan dengan alat pelekat semacam akar. Alga banyak menghasilkan senyawa yang dapat digunakan sebagai antimikroba dan antikanker, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak dan fraksi alga Turbinaria ornata yang dikoleksi dari perairan pulau Ponteng, desa Tumbak, Minahasa Tenggara terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans. Alga Turbinaria ornata diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96% dan fraksinasi menggunakan metode partisi dengan pelarut n-heksan, kloroform dan metanol serta pengujian antimikroba menggunakan metode difusi agar Kirby Bauer. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol Alga Turbinaria ornata memiliki aktivitas antimikroba kategori sedang pada fraksi metanol, n-heksan dan kloroform dengan daya hambat rata-rata 7,33 mm terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans. Kata kunci: Antimikroba, Ekstraksi, Fraksinasi, Turbinaria ornata

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Screening and antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes isolated from the rhizosphere of Clitoria ternatea

Journal of Nature and Natural Sciences ◽

10.26859/jnnsci.v1i01.9591 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Vemavarapu Bhaskara Rao ◽

Kandlagunta Guru Prasad ◽

Krishna Naragani ◽

Vijayalakshmi Muvva

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Rhizosphere Soil ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Antimicrobial Spectrum ◽

Clitoria Ternatea ◽

Primary Screening

The air dried rhizosphere soil samples pretreated with calcium carbonate was employed for the isolation of actinomycete strains. Serial dilution plate technique was used for the isolation of actinomycetes. A total of 20 actinomycete strains designated as BS1-BS20 were isolated from the rhizosphere of medicinal plant Clitoria ternatea. All the 20 strains were subjected to primary screening for antimicrobial activity. Among the 20 strains screened, 10 strains exhibited high antimicrobial spectrum against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.

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The In vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Quercus robur L. Methanolic and Aqueous Leaves’ Extracts, from the Algerian High Plateaus Against some Uropathogenic Microbial Strains

Phytothérapie ◽

10.3166/phyto-2019-0133 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 262-274

Author(s):

E. Benyagoub ◽

N. Nabbou ◽

S. Boukhalkhel ◽

I. Dehini

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Fusidic Acid ◽

Quercus Robur ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Microbial Strains

The medicinal value of the plants is due to their chemical components that bring a definite physiological action on the human body to prevent the diseases. In this work, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of leaves’ extracts of Quercus robur L., collected from the Algerian upper highlands, on ten bacterial strains and one fungal strain known to be pathogenic. First, we performed a qualitative phytochemical analysis, and second, antimicrobial activity tests performed by agar diffusion method (disc and well) with the determination of MIC by broth macro-dilution method. Given the results, it appears that obtained macerates of Quercus robur L. were rich in bioactive phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, and other components. The yield of aqueous and methanolic macerates of leaves was 8.5 ± 1.41 and 22.4 ± 4.36%, respectively. The bacterial resistance was relatively important to several antibiotics, namely, ampicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid for strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. However, Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to fusidic acid, penicillin, and oxacillin; while Enterococcus faecalis was resistant to fusidic acid, penicillin, oxacillin, and ticarcillin. The antibacterial activity of the macerates toward tested microbial strains showed that the aqueous and methanolic macerates of the leaves were proportional to the tested concentration and active not only against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but also on the fungal species Candida albicans. The estimated MIC for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus was in the order of 10 mg/mL, which seems more effective than toward Salmonella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans which were in the order of 30 mg/mL. These preliminary results confirm that the part of the studied plant had a very good antimicrobial activity that was proportional to the serial concentrations of the tested extracts.

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