scholarly journals A Consistent Series of National Accounts for East and West Pakistan: 1949-50 to 1969-70

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
S. M. Naseem
Keyword(s):  
National Income ◽  
Constant Factor ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Long Time ◽  
East And West ◽  
Constant Prices

The need for a consistent series of national income and related aggregates for East and West Pakistan, which are now separate countries, has been felt for a long time. Both the availability of data and the lack of willingness to make certain assumptions about the "controversial" items of income and expenditure have stood in the way of deriving such a series. Fortunately, however, the controversial items do not form a very significant part of the total and making alternative assumptions about the distribution does not change the pattern of growth of the different aggregates. The value and need for the series in the present context arises not so much for comparing the relative performance of the two economies at different points of time, but their rate of growth in the past. In this paper, we are presenting estimates of GDP at constant factor cost for East and West Pakistan from the years 1949-50 to 1969-70. From 1959-60 to 1969-70, it is also possible to present estimates of GNP at market prices and the distribution of GNP by expenditure categories, both at current and constant prices. In the first section we describe the method for obtaining GDP at constant factor cost from 1949-50 to 1969-70. In the second section, the methodology of obtaining GNP at market prices, current and constant, for 1959-60 to 1969-70 is presented. In the next section, we discuss the methodology of deriving the different national expenditure aggregates for 1959-60 to 1969-70.

National accounts statistics of the Arab countries: selected indicators

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-161
Author(s):  
Gabi El-Khoury
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
National Income ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Annual Change ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Constant Prices

This statistical file is mainly concerned with the latest available data and estimates on gross domestic product (GDP) as one of the basic and useful indicators in assessing the economic performance in Arab countries and worldwide. Tables 1 and 2 provide figures on GDP and GDP per capita of Arab countries at current prices, while Tables 3 and 4 present estimates of GDP and GDP per capita at constant prices. Table 5 is concerned with gross national income (GNI) per capita at current prices, while Table 6 shows figures on GDP growth rates. Figures on the composition of GDP by economic sectors and on the annual change of real GDP are shown in Tables 7 and 8 respectively.

scholarly journals Predicting Fraud Victimization Using Classical Machine Learning

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 300
Author(s):  
Mark Lokanan ◽  
Susan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Financial Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Machine Learning Model ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Regulatory Organization ◽  
Investment Fraud

Protecting financial consumers from investment fraud has been a recurring problem in Canada. The purpose of this paper is to predict the demographic characteristics of investors who are likely to be victims of investment fraud. Data for this paper came from the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada’s (IIROC) database between January of 2009 and December of 2019. In total, 4575 investors were coded as victims of investment fraud. The study employed a machine-learning algorithm to predict the probability of fraud victimization. The machine learning model deployed in this paper predicted the typical demographic profile of fraud victims as investors who classify as female, have poor financial knowledge, know the advisor from the past, and are retired. Investors who are characterized as having limited financial literacy but a long-time relationship with their advisor have reduced probabilities of being victimized. However, male investors with low or moderate-level investment knowledge were more likely to be preyed upon by their investment advisors. While not statistically significant, older adults, in general, are at greater risk of being victimized. The findings from this paper can be used by Canadian self-regulatory organizations and securities commissions to inform their investors’ protection mandates.

scholarly journals Extreme Inequality: Evidence from Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Assouad ◽  
Lucas Chancel ◽  
Marc Morgan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Middle East ◽  
National Income ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Social Segregation ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Distribution Of Income

This paper presents new findings about inequality dynamics in Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa from the World Inequality Database (WID.world). We combine tax data, household surveys, and national accounts in a systematic manner to produce estimates of the distribution of income, using concepts coherent with macroeconomic national accounts. We document an extreme level of inequality in these regions, with top 10 percent income shares above 50 percent of national income. These societies are characterized by a dual social structure, with an extremely rich group at the top, whose income levels are broadly comparable to their counterparts in high-income countries, and a much poorer mass of the population below top groups. We discuss the diversity of regional contexts and highlight two explanations for the levels observed: the historical legacy of social segregation and modern economic institutions and policies.

1993 Soichiro Honda Lecture: The Challenges of Change in the Auto Industry: Why Alternative Fuels?

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Auto Industry ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuel Vehicles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Entire Country ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Difficult Transition

Development of vehicles to operate on nonpetroleum fuels began in earnest in response to the energy shocks of the 1970s. While petroleum will remain the predominant transportation fuel for a long time, petroleum supplies are finite, so it is not too soon to begin the difficult transition to new sources of energy. In the past decade, composition of the fuel utilized in the internal combustion engine has gained recognition as a major factor in the control of emissions from the tailpipe of the automobile and the rate of formation of ozone in the atmosphere. Improvements in air quality can be realized by using vechicles that operate on natural gas, propane, methanol, ethanol, or electricity, but introduction of these alternative fuel vehicles presents major technical and economic challenges to the auto industry, as well as the entire country, as long as gasoline remains plentiful and inexpensive.

scholarly journals CYCLIC UNIVERSE AND INFINITE PAST

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (34) ◽  
pp. 2587-2592 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL H. FRAMPTON
Keyword(s):  
Null Geodesic ◽  
Infinite Length ◽  
Infinite Time ◽  
Cyclic Universe ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Time

We address two questions about the past for infinitely cyclic cosmology. The first is whether it can contain an infinite length null geodesic into the past in view of the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin (BGV) "no-go" theorem, The second is whether, given that a small fraction of spawned universes fail to cycle, there is an adequate probability for a successful universe after an infinite time. We give positive answers to both questions and then show that in infinite cyclicity the total number of universes has been infinite for an arbitrarily long time.

The Influence of Institutional Factors on Macroeconomic Dynamics (On the Example of the Russian Federation)

2021 ◽  
pp. 279-293
Author(s):  
Olga S. Demchenko ◽  
◽  
Yulia Yu. Suslova ◽  
Svetlana K. Demchenko ◽  
Sergey A. Zhironkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
National Income ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Institutional Factor ◽  
Macroeconomic Dynamics ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
The Past

The article presents an original Keynesian-institutional approach to studying the macroeconomic dynamics of a transitional economy (on the example of Russia). The article proposes theoretical provisions related to the inclusion of an assessment of the institutional factor in the distribution of national income, as well as an authorial approach to modeling the relationship between institutions and aggregate demand based on the construction of linear regression equations, including changes in consumption, investment and institutional environment. Currently, economists have a desire to revise the mainstream and increase the requirements for the explanatory ability of macroeconomic models. The views widespread in economic theory are increasingly criticized due to the predominance of econometric analysis over qualitative interpretations, the unrealistic hypotheses of the rationality of economic agents’ behavior and the perfection of market mechanisms based on the assumption that it is possible to predict the future based on an analysis of the past. In order to solve the indicated problems, it is often proposed to use synthetic theories that combine the achievements of several schools of economic thought. One of these synthetic theories is Keynesian-institutional synthesis. The proposed approach is applied to assess the macroeconomic dynamics of the Russian economy, in which a decrease in consumption and investment volatility have been observed over the past five years, which is associated with macroeconomic stabilization and the development of social support institutions. However, the expectations of economic agents are rather unfavorable, and further measures are needed to stabilize aggregate demand. According to the analysis of official statistics, institutional factors significantly affect aggregate demand, but are not of priority. At the same time, the general conditions of the institutional environment have a stronger effect on investment than on consumption. On this basis, it has been concluded that the progress of institutions can not only accelerate economic growth, but also increase macroeconomic risks; therefore, it increases the responsibility of politicians for decisions in the field of economic regulation.

Georgian Historians and the Ideological Confrontation Between East and West

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
George Gotsiridze
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Science And Culture ◽  
East And West

The work, on the one hand, highlights the mission of Europe, as an importer of knowledge, which has for centuries been the center of gravity for the whole world, and, on the other hand, the role of the Black Sea Region, as an important part of the Great Silk Road, which had also for a long time been promoting the process of rap-prochement and exchange of cultural values between East and West peoples, until it became the ‘inner lake’ of the Ottoman Empire, and today it reverts the function of rapproching and connecting civilizations. The article shows the importance of the Black Sea countries in maintaining overall European stability and in this context the role of historical science. On the backdrop of the ideological confrontation between Georgian historians being inside and outside the Iron Curtain, which began with the foundation of the Soviet Union, the research sheds light on the merit of the Georgian scholars-in-exile for both popularization of the Georgian culture and science in Eu-rope and for importing advanced (European) scientific knowledge to Georgia. Ex-change of knowledge in science and culture between the Black Sea region and Europe will enrich and complete each other through impact and each of them will have unique, inimitative features.

Long Time Coming: Prospects for Democracy in Iraq

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 115-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Moon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Experience ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Established Democracies

Prospects for democracy in Iraq should be assessed in light of the historical precedents of nations with comparable political experiences. Saddam Hussein's Iraq was an unusually extreme autocracy, which lasted an unusually long time. Since the end of the nineteenth century, only thirty nations have experienced an autocracy as extreme as Iraq's for a period exceeding two decades. The subsequent political experience of those nations offers a pessimistic forecast for Iraq and similar nations. Only seven of the thirty are now democratic, and only two of them have become established democracies; the democratic experiments in the other five are still in progress. Among the seven, the average time required to transit the path from extreme autocracy to coherent, albeit precarious, democracy has been fifty years, and only two have managed this transition in fewer than twenty-five years. Even this sober assessment is probably too optimistic, because Iraq lacks the structural conditions that theory and evidence indicate have been necessary for successful democratic transitions in the past. Thus, the odds of Iraq achieving democracy in the next quarter century are close to zero, at best about two in thirty, but probably far less.

Israel and Palestine

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franck Salameh
Keyword(s):  
Palestinian Territories ◽  
The Past ◽  
Single State ◽  
East And West ◽  
Palestinian Literature

This chapter examines the works of Arab and Israeli authors who celebrate diversity, humanity, and humanism. These include Anglo-Palestinian novelist Samir el-Youssef (b. 1965), Fawaz Turki (b. 1940), and polyglot Israeli essayist Jacqueline Kahanoff (1917–79). Fawaz Turki and Samir el-Youssef, although outside the circle of those considered paragons of Palestinian literature, are exquisite—albeit contrasting—representatives of the Palestinian condition and the Palestinians' intellectual trajectories of the past fifty years. Rather than being representatives of a single state, they are mostly ensconced in a state of liminality, straddling Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and other areas of dispersion, both East and West. Kahanoff's relevance is that her work, her thought, and the intellectual school to which she belonged are being excavated, rehabilitated, and valorized by both Israelis and Palestinians today.

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