scholarly journals Research on Poverty Statistics in Pakistan Some Sensitivity Analyses

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1171-1186
Author(s):  
M. Asghar Zaidi ◽  
Klaas De Vas
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Logit Analysis ◽  
Equivalence Scales ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Poverty Threshold ◽  
Household Resources ◽  
Cross Classification ◽  
Head Count ◽  
The Common ◽  
Poor Population

In the past, studies on poverty in a developing country like Pakistan have usually been based on an absolute (e. g. basic needs) concept of poverty see, e. g., Naseem (1977); Irfan and Amjad (1984); Ercelawn (1990) and Malik (1992). In this paperl we will state the case for using relative poverty thresholds, and present poverty statistics for Pakistan based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (1987-88). [Government of Pakistan (1988)]. The paper will also show the consequences of different choices in the assessment of the poverty threshold. In particular, instead of using one rather steep equivalence scale, as is the common practice in most studies, we will present poverty statistics based on three different -equivalence scales. The effects of choices with respect to the concept of resources and the measure of poverty, will also be examined. After a discussion of the concept of poverty (Section II), we compare the size and composition of the poor population using three relative poverty lines in Section III. In Section IV we present a number of sensitivity analyses, which show the effects of using different equivalence scales, using different indicators of household resources (income or total expenditures), and using measures of poverty different from the Head-count measure. The poverty incidence differentiated according to household characteristics is further analysed by means of cross-classification and logit analysis in Section V. Section VI presents some general conclusions.

scholarly journals Trend Analysis of Relative Poverty in Pakistan (1984-85 - 1987-88)

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 915-934
Author(s):  
M. Asghar Zaidi ◽  
Klaas De Vos
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Poor Population ◽  
Relative Concept

In this paper, we compare poverty statistics for Pakistan based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys of 1984-85 and 1987-88, using a relative concept of poverty. After a brief look at the quality of the surveys in use in Section II we recapitulate the relative poverty concept in Section III. In Section IV we compare the size and composition of the poor population in 1984-85 and 1987-88 by using relative poverty lines. In Section V we extend the analysis by differentiating results across rural and urban areas and by taking into account that the cost of living in rural areas may be lower than in urban areas. Section VI presents a number of sensitivity analyses, and Section VII concludes.

Reliability Sensitivity Analyses for Oil Whip in Rotor-Bearing System

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 1967-1970
Author(s):  
Chang Qing Su ◽  
Yi Yu Sun ◽  
Le Xin Li
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Random Parameters ◽  
Work Condition ◽  
Oil Whip ◽  
Reliability Sensitivity ◽  
Rotor Bearing ◽  
The Common ◽  
Bearing System

Oil whip phenomenon is the common fault in rotor-bearing system. The reason why oil whip happens often has been researched in high-speed rotor-bearing system. But in practice engineering, due to the requirement of work condition, oil whip cannot be avoided all the time in rotor-bearing system. The paper is based on the relation criterion of oil whip happens in rotor-bearing system, the reliability mode and system reliability of oil whip are defined, and the reliability analysis method for avoiding oil whip in rotor-bearing system is carried out. The effect on reliability sensitivity of random parameters is studied. Numerical results are also presented and discussed.

scholarly journals On the assessment of the national poverty threshold

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ludmila Aleksandrovna Kormishkina ◽  
Eka Revazievna Ermakova
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Poverty Threshold ◽  
The Russian Federation

This article explores the peculiarities of the phenomenon of poverty in the post-Soviet Russia as one of the key social indicators of the achieved level of well-being and sustainable development of the country. The subject of this research is the socioeconomic relations that condition the persistence of large-scale absolute and relative poverty, and excessive social inequality in the country. The goal consists in outlining boundaries of the existing methodology of definition of poverty; as well as in substantiating that the use of modern methods leads to lowering the subsistence line and minimum wage. The author forms the databases necessary for displaying the absolute and relative poverty threshold in Russia and other foreign countries for the period 2000 – 2019. The article also employs Data Mining. The information framework is comprised of the official statistics of Rosstat and Eurostat, usa.gov International Monetary Fund, World Bank, legal reference system ConsultantPlus; annual reports of the Credit Suisse Institute, World Inequality Lab; infographics of the information analytical portal Knoema. In the course of an analytical retrospective assessment of dynamics of the key indicators of poverty threshold in the Russian Federation, the author establishes a significant discrepancy between the official and actual threshold, which distorts the relevant picture of poverty, impedes the development of the effective strategy for overcoming poverty, which imparts chronic character to this phenomenon. Relying on the relevant foreign experience of poverty reduction strategy, as well as scientific and practical works of the Russian experts in this field, the author justifies the measures for eradication of poverty in the Russian Federation. Recommendations are given for amending the state policy on promoting reduction of poverty in modern Russia, taking into account the need to overcome excessive social inequality.

Subjective equivalence scale – cross-country and time differences

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1092-1105
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Kalbarczyk-Steclik ◽  
Rafal Mista ◽  
Leszek Morawski
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Equivalence Scales ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Euro Zone ◽  
Poverty Threshold ◽  
Equivalence Scale ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to calculate the subjective equivalence scale and poverty rates for Poland and compare them to equivalence scales in Eastern and Western Europe. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data for 2005-2012. In particular, the authors capture the minimum needs income question and, knowing the minimum needs income of each individual’s observation, apply OLS regression controlling for income and household structure to estimate the poverty threshold, equivalence scales and poverty. Findings The subjective equivalence scales for the Euro Zone are constant for the period 2004-2012 and less stable for the CEE countries. The child cost in relation to the cost brought by an additional adult is higher in the CEE countries than in the Euro Zone countries. The subjective poverty rates are lower than the OECD rates. The only exceptions are Latvia, Estonia and Bulgaria. Originality/value The authors extend the analysis made by Bishop et al. (2014) by adding data for the years after 2007 and countries outside the Euro Zone.

scholarly journals Causal Association between Periodontal Diseases and Cardiovascular Diseases

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Mengchen Zhou ◽  
Jiangtao Dong ◽  
Lingfeng Zha ◽  
Yuhua Liao
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
The Common ◽  
Shared Risk

Observational studies have revealed that dental diseases such as periodontitis and dental caries increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the causality between periodontal disease (PD) and CVDs is still not clarified. In the present study, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) studies were carried out to assess the association between genetic liability for periodontal diseases (dental caries and periodontitis) and major CVDs, including coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), and stroke—including ischemic stroke as well as its three main subtypes—based on large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Our two-sample MR analyses did not provide evidence for dental caries and periodontitis as the causes of cardiovascular diseases; sensitivity analyses, including MR–Egger analysis and weighted median analysis, also supported this result. Gene functional annotation and pathway enrichment analyses indicated the common pathophysiology between cardiovascular diseases and periodontal diseases. The associations from observational studies may be explained by shared risk factors and comorbidities instead of direct consequences. This also suggests that addressing the common risk factors—such as reducing obesity and improving glucose tolerance—could benefit both conditions.

scholarly journals ПОСТРОЕНИЕ ШКАЛ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТНОСТИ ДЛЯ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНЫХ ЕДИНИЦ АРМЕНИИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-27
Author(s):  
Евгения Базинян
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Equivalence Scales ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Given ◽  
Poor Population

An important indicator of the welfare and living standards of the population is the level of the poor population in the given country. As practice shows, in economically developed countries the policy in the population income sphere is one of the key elements of economic management. In countries with transforming economies such as Armenia, the problem of population income regulation is extremely topical. In resolving many of social policy issues the need to compare the living standards of families with different structures arises. The work is devoted to the construction of equivalence scales which take into account the actual purchasing power differences of similar incomes in different size households.

Locating the “poverty threshold” in Russia

2018 ◽  
pp. 104-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Slobodenyuk ◽  
V. A. Anikin
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Poverty Threshold ◽  
The Poor

The present paper focuses on identification of relative “poverty line” and a threshold of high poverty risks. The paper also studies key poverty factors in contemporary Russia. It demonstrates that the relative approach to poverty which is widely used in Western countries is applicable in Russia too. However, the relative poverty thresholds set at 0.5 and 0.75 medians per capita family income identify quite different groups of the poor. The threshold of 0.5 median income indicates deep poverty happened mostly to the unemployed workforce. The relative poverty threshold equal to 0.75 median income identifies the poverty of the elderly who are not considered as the poor by the absolute approach because pensions of Russians have been recently equalized to the subsistence level. Above all, the paper provides econometric estimates of socio-economic determinants of both absolute and relative poverty. It was revealed that the relative deep poverty of the working population was primarily caused by “bad” jobs rather than by “bad” human capital. Absolute poverty of workers is more or less determined by both factors.

scholarly journals Association between Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enfa Zhao ◽  
Shimin Chen ◽  
Yajuan Du ◽  
Yushun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hypopnea Syndrome ◽  
The Relationship

Numerous reports have been done to seek the relationship between sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) and the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, definite conclusion has not yet been fully established. We examined whether SAHS increases AF incidence in common population and summarized all existing studies in a meta-analysis. We summarized the current studies by searching related database for potential papers of the association between SAHS and the risk of AF. Studies that reported original data or relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations were included. Sensitivity analyses were performed by omitting each study iteratively and publication bias was detected by Begg’s tests. Eight eligible studies met the inclusion criteria. Fixed effects meta-analysis showed that SAHS increased AF risk in the common population (RR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.53–1.89, P=0.002, I2=69.2%). There was a significant association between mild SAHS and the risk of AF (RR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.28–1.79, P=0.01, I2=78.4%), moderate SAHS (RR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.55–2.27, P=0.017, I2=75.6%), and severe SAHS (RR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.78–2.62, P<0.001, I2=91.0%). The results suggest that sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome could increase the risk of AF, and the higher the severity of SAHS, the higher risk of atrial fibrillation.

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