scholarly journals Interaction between Population and Environmental Degradation

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1135-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsin Hasnain Ahmad ◽  
Usman Azhar ◽  
Syed Ashraf Swati ◽  
Zeshan Inam

Economic development and population growth in the poor areas of the earth is a subject of an essential concern for the environmental economists. Developing countries are facing and suffering by the serious problem of high population growth which is causing environmental degradation. A rapidly growing population exerts pressure on agricultural land and raises demand for food and shelter which encourages the conversion of forest land for agricultural and residential uses, now we know that growing population is a major cause of air, water, and solid waste pollution. The world population was 2.52 billion in the year 1950, which increased to 6.06 billion in 2000 and is likely to reach 8.3 billion by the year 2030. While the population size will remain almost stationary in the economically developed part of the world, around 1.2 billion, during the same period population is likely to grow in the less developed regions. This is likely to pose challenges for the economic growth and pressure on environmental resources in the developing countries. Furthermore, most of the population growth in the developing countries is likely to be concentrated in the urban areas. This has implication for increased demand for energy and water resources in the urban areas. This will also pose challenges for the management of increased solid waste, air and water pollution. One of the striking experiences of the developing

Ultimately, the necessity to supply food, energy, habitat, infrastructure, and consumer goods for the ever-growing population is responsible for the demise of the environment. Remedial actions for pollution abatement, and further technological progress toward energy efficiency, development of new crops, and improvements in manufacturing processes may help to mitigate the severity of environmental deterioration. However, we can hardly hope for restoration of a clean environment, improvement in human health, and an end to poverty without arresting the continuous growth of the world population. According to the United Nations count, world population reached 6 billion in mid October 1999 (1). The rate of population growth and the fertility rates by continent, as well as in the United States and Canada, are presented in Table 14.1. It can be seen that the fastest population growth occurs in the poorest countries of the world. Despite the worldwide decrease in fertility rates between 1975–80 period and that of 1995–2000, the rate of population growth in most developing countries changed only slightly due to the demographic momentum, which means that because of the high fertility rates in the previous decades, the number of women of childbearing age had increased. Historically, the preference for large families in the developing nations was in part a result of either cultural or religious traditions. In some cases there were practical motivations, as children provided helping hands with farm chores and a security in old age. At present the situation is changing. A great majority of governments of the developing countries have recognized that no improvement of the living standard of their citizens will ever be possible without slowing the explosive population growth. By 1985, a total of 70 developing nations had either established national family planning programs, or provided support for such programs conducted by nongovernmental agencies; now only four of the world’s 170 countries limit access to family planning services. As result, 95% of the developing world population lives in countries supporting family planning. Consequently, the percentage of married couples using contraceptives increased from less than 10% in 1960 to 57% in 1997.


Author(s):  
Emily Klancher Merchant

Chapter 6 documents the fragmentation of what had previously been a consensus regarding global population growth at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s, resulting in the emergence of two separate factions. The population establishment continued to promote the position of the erstwhile consensus, which held that rapid population growth in developing countries was a barrier to economic development and could be adequately slowed through voluntary family planning programs. The population bombers contended that population growth anywhere in the world posed an immediate existential threat to the natural environment and American national security and needed to be halted through population control measures that demographers had previously rejected as coercive. These two positions went head-to-head at the UN World Population Conference in 1974, where both were rejected by leaders of developing countries.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Rodríguez-Espinosa ◽  
Jose Navarro-Pedreño ◽  
Ignacio Gómez Lucas ◽  
María Belén Almendro-Candel

The world population will grow up to 9.8 billion by 2050. The intensification in urban growth will occur on all continents and in all sizes of cities, especially in developing countries, experiencing a greater rising in urban agglomerations of 300,000 to 500,000 people, those of 500,000 to 1 million and those of 1 to 5 million, by 2035. In this way, the demand of soil to host human activities (land take) will increase, mainly affecting soils with greater agricultural potential close to cities, at the same time as the need for food will increase. Land rehabilitation can contribute to human food security, to enhance ecosystem services and, if made by waste Technosols, those are viable as substrate for urban agroforestry systems.Although the references for brownfield reclamation for urban agriculture,adding constructed Technosols and de-sealed soils can recover its ecosystem functions even food supply services and would be the solution in urban areas.


Author(s):  
L. M. Sintserov

The article deals with international migration during the last decades of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st centuries and its economic-geographical analysis. The paper provides an overview of opinions about the dating of the contemporary era of global migration. It is shown that only after completion of spatial restructuring of migration processes and with the transition to sustainable growth of the share of international migrants in the world population, the modern increase of migration begins. On the basis of the UN statistics the main sources of migrants to the countries of Western Europe have been determined as well as shifts in the geographical structure of migrant population of the region that have taken place in the last quarter of a century. Two migration waves directed to the core of the European region from its southern and then from the eastern periphery are determined. The transformation of the USA population structure caused by the migration inflow from Latin America and Asia is described. The ratio of the main directions of global migration is shown: South-South, South-North, etc. At the same time, it is noted that a rather limited part of international migrations is associated with the asynchrony of demographic processes in the regions of the world. The article also discusses the remittances of migrants from developing countries to their homeland, forming powerful financial flows, which are second only to foreign direct investment. They play an especially important role in the economies of developing countries. The calculations show that the contribution of international migrants to the world economy far exceeds their share in the world population.


2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Andrés Rodríguez-Pose ◽  
Riccardo Crescenzi

Thomas Friedman (2005) argumenta que a expansão do comércio, a internacionalização das firmas, o crescimento acelerado do processo de outsourcing e a possibilidade de conexão em redes a custos cada vez mais baixos estão criando um “mundo plano”: um campo competitivo de condições homogêneas de concorrência no qual os indivíduos têm maior poder e melhores condições de vida. Este artigo desafia essa visão do mundo, argumentando que embora a globalização traga mudanças, oportunidades e desafios, nem todos os territórios têm a mesma capacidade de maximizar os benefícios e as oportunidades e de minimizaras ameaças circundantes. Numerosas forças estão se fundindo no sentido de provocar a emergência de “montanhas” urbanas, onde a riqueza, a atividade econômica e a capacidade de inovação se aglomeram. Estas forças “tectônicas” incluem fatores como a inovação, os transbordamentos, os encadeamentos para trás e para frente nas cadeias produtivas, a dinâmica de especialização versus diversificação, o capital social e comunitário e, por último, mas não menos importante, o “buzz” da cidade. As interações destas forças na proximidade geográfica das grandes áreas urbanas dão forma a uma geografia muito mais complexa da economia mundial e permitem a ascensão de novos players econômicos. Mas esta geografia, ao contrário de ser plana, é repleta de montanhas, em que as grandes aglomerações urbanas representam os picos mais altos. A maioria da população mundial, ao contrário de ter maior poder, permanece mal preparada para encarar estes desafios. Palavras-chave: progresso tecnológico; nova geografia econômica; vantagem competitiva. Abstract: Thomas Friedman (2005) argues that the expansion of trade, the internationalization of firms, the galloping process of outsourcing, and the possibility of networking at increasingly low prices is creating a ‘flat world’: a level playing field where individuals are empowered and better off. This paper challenges this view of the world by arguing that although globalization implies changes, opportunities, and threats, not all territories have the same capacity to maximize the benefits and opportunities and minimize the threats at hand. Numerous forces are coalescing in order to provoke the emergence of urban “mountains” where wealth, economic activity, and innovative capacity agglomerate. These “tectonic” forces include factors such as innovation, spill overs, backward and forward linkages, specialisation vs. diversification dynamics, community and social capital, and, last but not least, the buzz of the city. The interactions of these forces in the close geographical proximity of large urban areas give shape to a much more complex geography of the world economy and allows for new economic players to emerge. But this geography, rather than flat, is full of mountains, with large urban agglomerations representing the highest peaks. The majority of the world population, far from being empowered, remains ill-prepared to face these challenges. Keywords: technological progress; new economic geography; competitive advantage.


1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Yohannis Abate

The population of Africa in 1977 is estimated to be 423 million, which is about 10.3 percent of the world population. For a quarter of the world’s land area, that is a small population.Africa’s share of world population declined between 1650 and 1920, partly because the population of Europe and the Americas was increasing gradually through factors associated with the Industrial Revolution, and partly because of the ravages of the slave trade and the European colonial pacification measures. Since the 1920s, however, Africa’s population has been growing fast, and its share of world population could reach 13 percent by the year 2000.


2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
A.A. Garba

The paper reviewed the impacts of population growth and the ways it affects aquaculture and fisheries prices. As the world population  continues to grow arithmetically, great pressure is placed on arable lands, water, energy, and biological resources to provide an adequate supply of food while maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem. In 2010, FAO projected the world population to double from 6.2 billion in October, 1999 to 12.5 billion in the year 2050. This had created serious negative impacts on the aquaculture and fisheries prices. At present fertile crop lands had been lost at an alarming rates while some abandoned during the past 50 years because erosions made it unproductive. Other vices such as food crisis, political unrest and war (Mexico, Uzbekistan, Turkistan, Yemen, Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Morocco and Sudan), civil strife and multiple years of draught (Niger, Mauritania and Senegal), impacts of HIV/AIDS Ebola, Lassa fever and Coronavirus the world over, clashes between cattle rearers and farmers and boko haram issues (Nigeria) as well as kidnapping and  corruptions have severely affected aquaculture and fisheries production and accompanied prices. Thus, this review was conducted to raise a cry for farmers and citizens to engage and participate in intensive culture and fisheries practices in order to fill the demand - supply gap so as to make fish food products available for the teeming masses.


Author(s):  
Giovanni Andrea Cornia

This chapter reviews population trends over the last two hundred years and population projections to the end of this century. In 2100 the world population will have stabilized but its geographical distribution will have substantially changed compared to 2015. The chapter then discusses the five stages of the demographic transition, and different neo-Malthusian and non-Malthusian theories of the relation between population growth and economic development. It emphasizes in particular the effects of rapid population growth on land and resource availability, human capital formation, population quality, the accumulation of physical capital, employment, wages, and income inequality. The effects of rapid population growth rate over a given period were found to change in line with the population size and density at the beginning of the period considered.


Author(s):  
Hamidi Abdul Aziz ◽  
Salem S. Abu Amr

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal has become an increasingly serious problem in many parts of the world. In general, greater economic prosperity and a higher percentage of urban population correspond to a greater amount of solid waste produced. However, less effort has been exerted in the proper management of solid wastes produced by urban dwellers, particularly in developing countries. This chapter introduces the basic MSW rules. MSW composition, production, and collection are also highlighted. Furthermore, the concept of landfilling and waste decomposition is discussed in this chapter.


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