scholarly journals Investigating the cooling rate of cane molasses as quenching medium for 0.61% C high carbon steels

10.30544/139 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Dodo ◽  
E. T Dauda ◽  
M. A. Adamu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Test Results ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Cane Molasses ◽  
Quenching Medium

The effect of cooling rate of cane molasses as quenching medium for 0.61% C high carbon steels was investigated. Samples of high carbon steel were spheroidized annealed and then machined prior to the hardening process. Molasses solution of viscosity equals to that of engine oil was prepared by adding water. The samples were normalized and then austenitised at 800oC and soaked for 40 minutes and then quenched in water, engine oil, raw molasses and the prepared molasses solution. Cooling rate curves of all the quenching media used were developed. The highest cooling rate of 60oC/s was attained by the prepared molasses solution. Hardness of the test samples was evaluated. The test results obtained show that the highest hardness value (525 HVN) was obtained from the sample quenched in the prepared molasses solution. Microstructures of the various samples were analyzed using OM and SEM. In all the tests samples martensite structure was observed. It was observed that the prepared molasses solution has higher severity of quenching than that of engine oil but lower than that of water. The research showed that cane molasses can harden high carbon steel without cracking the component in the same way as engine oil, hence, molasses could be a very good alternative to engine oil for use as quenching medium.

Application of Differential Transform Method for Estimating Thermal Cycle Developed in GTA Welding of High Carbon Steel Joints

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Jaideep Dutta ◽  
S. Narendranath ◽  
Aleksandr Zhilin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Differential Transform Method ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Transform Method ◽  
Differential Transform

This article reveals a detailed study of temperature cycle formed during Gas Tungsten Arc welding of high carbon steel (AISI 1090) butt joints. Experimental work has been carried out to estimate the temperature distribution along fusion boundary to longitudinal direction of the weldment by mounting thermocouples on the plate along with Data Acquisition System. Heat flux distribution due to moving point heat source has been demonstrated by implementing Gaussian surface heat flux and Angular Torch model. Cooling rate has predicted by application of Adams cooling rate equation. Conduction-convection phenomena plays dominant role for evaluating heat loss from the weld joint and Differential Transform Method (DTM) has been applied to judge non-dimensional temperature distribution. Analytical studies has shown well agreement with experimental temperature distribution.

Deformation and Structure Difference of Steel Droplets during Initial Solidification

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jiaquan Zhang ◽  
Changgui Cheng ◽  
Zhi Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Continuous Casting ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Solidification Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Peritectic Steel ◽  
Initial Solidification

AbstractThe surface quality of slabs is closely related with the initial solidification at very first seconds of molten steel near meniscus in mold during continuous casting. The solidification, structure, and free deformation for given steels have been investigated in droplet experiments by aid of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope. It is observed that the appearances of solidified shells for high carbon steels and some hyper-peritectic steels with high carbon content show lamellar, while that for other steels show spherical. Convex is formed along the chilling direction for most steels, besides some occasions that concave is formed for high carbon steel at times. The deformation degree decreases gradually in order of hypo-peritectic steel, ultra-low carbon steel, hyper-peritectic steel, low carbon steel, and high carbon steel, which is consistent with the solidification shrinkage in macroscope during continuous casting. Additionally, the microstructure of solidified shell of hypo-peritectic steel is bainite, while that of hyper-peritectic steel is martensite.

Crucible Steel in South India-Preliminary Investigations on Crucibles from Some Newly Identified Sites

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharada Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Metal Mining ◽  
Hypereutectoid Steel ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Crucible Steel

ABSTRACTEuropean accounts from the 17th century onwards have referred to the repute and manufacture of “wootz’, a traditional crucible steel made especially in parts of southern India in the former provinces of Golconda, Mysore and Salem. Pliny's Natural History mentions the import of iron and steel from the Seres which have been thought to refer to the ancient southern Indian kingdom of the Cheras. As yet the scale of excavations and surface surveys is too limited to link the literary accounts to archaeometallurgical evidence, although pioneering exploratory investigations have been made by scholars, especially on the pre-industrial production sites of Konasamudram and Gatihosahalli discussed in 18th-19th century European accounts. In 1991–2 during preliminary surveys of ancient base metal mining sites, Srinivasan came across unreported dumps with crucible fragments at Mel-Siruvalur in Tamil Nadu, and Tintini and Machnur in Karnataka and she collected surface specimens from these sites as well as from the known site of Gatihosahalli. She was also given crucible fragments by the Tamil University, Tanjavur, from an excavated megalithic site at Kodumanal, dated to ca 2nd c. Bc, mentioned in Tamil Sangam literature (ca 3rd c. BC-3rd c. AD), and very near Karur, the ancient capital of the Sangam Cheras. Analyses of crucible fragments from the surface collection at Mel-Siruvalur showed several iron prills with a uniform pearlitic structure of high-carbon hypereutectoid steel (∼1–1.5% C) suggesting that the end product was uniformly a high-carbon steel of a structure consistent with those of high-carbon steels used successfully to experimentally replicate the watered steel patterns on ‘Damascus’ swords. Investigations indicate that the process was of carburisation of molten low carbon iron (m.p. 1400° C) in crucibles packed with carbonaceous matter. The fabric of crucibles from all the above mentioned sites appears similar. Preliminary investigations on these crucibles are thus reported to establish their relationship to crucible production of carbon steel and to thereby extend the known horizons of this technology further.

Study on the Reblow Model for Medium-High Carbon Steel Melting by Converter

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 973-979
Author(s):  
Zhou Wang ◽  
Qing Liu ◽  
Shizhong Wei ◽  
Xinchun Lu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Thermodynamic Theory ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Mining Method ◽  
Steel Melting ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
High Carbon

AbstractThe study on the behaviour of decarburization, temperature increase, change of phosphorus and oxygen content of liquid steel during reblow process was presented in this paper. On the basis of traditional three-stage decarburization theory and thermal equilibrium theory, models for the variation of carbon content and temperature were established. Moreover, with application of data mining method, models for change of phosphorus and oxygen content were built based on large amount of production data and thermodynamic theory. By considering the variation of composition and temperature of molten steel, the reblow model was obtained and the software for reblow operation was developed with the combination of production technology. The test results indicated that the reblow rate (reblow more than once) dropped from 3.99 % to 0, and the average tap to tap time was reduced from 37.43 min to 36.35 min. It could provide an effective solution for medium-high carbon steel melting.

Welding of High Carbon Steel without Transformation

2007 ◽  
Vol 345-346 ◽  
pp. 1411-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidetoshi Fujii ◽  
Ling Cui ◽  
Kiyoshi Nogi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Joint Properties ◽  
Proof Strength

A high carbon steel joint, S70C (0.72wt%C) was successfully friction stir welded without any postheat treatments. There are two methods for obtaining proper joint properties. The first method is to decrease the peak temperature to below A1, and the other method to decrease the cooling rate to less than the lower critical cooling rate. As a result, the ultimate tensile strength of 1214 MPa, 0.2 % proof strength of 700 MPa and elongation of 40% were obtained for a joint.

scholarly journals Study of the influence of the increased carbon content in electrodes on structure and properties of the welding seam during welding of 110G13 steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3(60)) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Pashynskyi ◽  
Igor Boyko
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Weld Metal ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Weld Pool ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Electrode Coating ◽  
Effective Measure

The object of research is the effect of the carbon-forming component of coated electrodes for welding and surfacing of Gadfield steel (110G13L and analogs) on the structure and properties of the weld. One of the most problematic areas in the welding and surfacing of high-carbon steel is the high irregularity of the rod and coating melting rates. Therefore, the non-melted part of the coating is literally poured into the weld pool, which leads to significant chemical and structural inhomogeneity of the welded metal. The main hypothesis of the study is the assumption that it is possible to increase the homogeneity of the deposited metal by changing the conditions for the transition of carbon from the electrode to the weld pool by using an electrode rod made of carbon steel. In the course of the study, electrode rods with different carbon contents were used. With an increase in the carbon content in the composition of the electrode rod, the fluidity of the drops increased, which contributed to a decrease in the strength of the welding current without harm to the welding and technological characteristics. This allows to reduce the generation of heat in the base metal, that is an effective measure to prevent hot cracks in the weld metal and heat affected zone Studies of the composition of the electrode metal droplets and the weld material showed that with an increase in the carbon content in the electrode rod from 0.08 % to 0.8 %, the carbon content in the droplets increases from 0.3 % to 0.97 %. The carbon content in the weld metal is 1.1 %. The assimilation of manganese by a drop increases with an increasing of coating and the droplet interaction time. A significant increasing in the rate of coating melting was obtained. This is due to the fact that the concomitant decrease in the content of graphite in the coating contributes to a decrease in the refractoriness of the electrode coating. The use of high carbon steels for the manufacturing of electrode rods for welding and surfacing of Gadfield steel improves the properties of the welded metal and sanitary and hygienic parameters.

scholarly journals Effects of austenizing temperature, cooling rate and isothermal temperature on overall phase transformation characteristics in high carbon steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 15286-15297
Author(s):  
Zeinab Babasafari ◽  
Alexey V. Pan ◽  
Farshid Pahlevani ◽  
Rumana Hossain ◽  
Veena Sahajwalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Isothermal Temperature

scholarly journals On the Unique Microstructure and Properties of Ultra-High Carbon Bearing Steel Alloyed with Different Aluminum Contents

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1116
Author(s):  
Jiaojiao Bai ◽  
Wanli Zhang ◽  
Yuhui Wang ◽  
Cunyu Wang ◽  
Xingpin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Density ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Temperature Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Very High

In this study, ultra-high-carbon steels with 1.4% carbon content alloyed with three different aluminum contents, 2.0%, 4.0% and 6.0%, were studied on their tempering stability and temperature resistance. The results showed that the addition of Al significantly enhanced the tempering stability and temperature resistance of ultra-high-carbon steel. The addition of Al inhibited the transformation of ε-carbide to cementite, suppressed the transition of martensite to ferrite and thus, endowed ultra-high carbon steels to maintain very high hardness during tempering within a wide range of temperature up to 500 °C. The present work provides a useful basis on which to develop bearing steel materials with low density and high hardness.

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