Drive System Design for Small Autonomous Electric Vehicle: Topology Optimization and Simulation

High driving efficiency remains challenging in autonomous electric vehicles, especially in small electric vehicle subtype. Here, we reported investigation of the structure and requirements of the drive system for those vehicles, while the motor-drive axle combined integrated driving scheme has been chosen. In the study, the power matching of drive motor as well as transmission ratio has been calculated based on the performance of the small electric vehicles, and the total gear ratio of 8.124 was determined. For better comprehensive performance and efficiency, the two-stage retarder has been designed, in which elements including high-speed shaft, low-speed shaft, gears, and differential have been examined to ensure their proof strength when the motor outputs reached the maximum torque. Notably, by utilizing topology optimization, Gear 4, the transmission unit with the heaviest weight percentage has been modified in a lightweight way, achieving a 41% reduction of the mass in emulation analysis and turned up to the target of optimization eventually.

The Basis for Reliability-Based Mechanical Properties of Structural Aluminium Alloys

Adequate knowledge of mechanical properties and their statistical description is the basis for performing reliable verification of design methods and design of structures in general. The probabilistic design approach implemented in Eurocodes requires statistical data on all variables used in the design procedure. Although aluminium was introduced in structural Eurocodes more than four decades ago (ENV), the statistical database of mechanical properties is still inadequate. To provide a reliable statistical background, data collection was performed concerning aluminium products mainly found in the European market, within the last 20 years regarding certificates from the aluminium industry and 30 years regarding data from the research community. The collected data include aluminium alloy series 1xxx, 5xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx, mainly extruded, and relevant mechanical properties such as 0.2% proof strength, ultimate strength, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio. They were fit to distributions, and relevant fractiles were determined, along with an analysis of nominal to characteristic and design value ratios. Variation of ratios obtained shows that that the majority of nominal values are economical and reliable. However, certain adjustments to nominal values are required to achieve a uniform reliability level in terms of the choice of alloy and temper.

The Effect of Water Concentration in Ethyl Alcohol on the Environmentally Assisted Embrittlement of Austempered Ductile Irons

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is an advanced cast iron material that has a broad field of application and, among others, it is used in contact and for conveyance of fluids. However, it is noticed that in contact with some fluids, especially water, ADI material becomes brittle. The most significant decrease is established for the elongation. However, the influence of water and the cause of this phenomenon is still not fully understood. For that reason, in this paper, the influence of different water concentrations in ethyl alcohol on the mechanical properties of ADI materials was studied. The test was performed on two different types of ADI materials in 0.2, 4, 10, and 100 vol.% water concentration environments, and in dry condition. It was found that even the smallest concentration of water (0.2 vol.%) causes formation of the embrittled zone at fracture surface. However, not all mechanical properties were affected equally and not all water concentrations have been critical. The highest deterioration was established in the elongation, followed by the ultimate tensile strength, while the proof strength was affected least.

Pitting strength estimate for cast iron and copper alloy materials

An attempt is made to predict the pitting strength of cast iron and copper alloy materials from their compressive yield or compressive proof strength for a reliability of 99% at 107 load cycles. The compressive yield or compressive proof strength is related to the tensile strength of ductile cast iron and copper alloy materials by a proportionality factor. Two proportionality factors are used for brittle cast iron materials. The pitting strength formulation incorporates a nominal design factor at 99% reliability which is estimated from a probabilistic model based on the lognormal probability density function. Pitting strength estimates from the predictions are compared with those of American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) estimates and data from other sources. The predicted values for gray cast irons had variances in the range of -11.28% to 25%. Ductile cast iron pitting strength estimates deviated from those of AGMA by -30.28% to 1.73% and 16.76% to 36.34% for Austempered ductile irons. The variances obtained for cast bronze were from 11.17% and 14.73%, but the sample size was small. These variances appear to be reasonable due to the many factors that can influence pitting resistance. Since pitting strength data for many grades of cast iron and copper alloys are not available (especially in the public domain), they may be estimated by the expressions developed in this study for initial design sizing. Also, the pitting strength of new cast iron and copper alloy materials could likewise be estimated for initial design sizing. This will eliminate long and costly contact fatigue testing at the initial design phases, which of course is necessary for design validation.

Obtaining a Wire of Biocompatible Superelastic Alloy Ti–28Nb–5Zr

Using the methods of electric arc melting, intermediate heat treatments, and consecutive intensive plastic deformation, a Ti–Nb–Zr alloy wire with a diameter of 1200 μm was obtained with a homogeneous chemical and phase (β-Ti body-centered crystal lattice) composition corresponding to the presence of superelasticity and shape memory effect, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Perhaps the wire structure is represented by grains with a nanoscale diameter. For the wire obtained after stabilizing annealing, the proof strength Rp0.2 is 635 MPa, tensile strength is 840 MPa and Young’s modulus is 22 GPa, relative elongation is 6.76%. No toxicity was detected. The resulting wire is considered to be promising for medical use.

URGENSI KETERANGAN AHLI SEBAGAI ALAT BUKTI BERDASARKAN SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA DI INDONESIA

The purpose of this research is to know and analyze how the legal construction of expert information is based on the criminal justice system in Indonesia and how the influence of expert information on the power of evidence in the system Criminal justice in Indonesia. This research is a normative law research that examines and examines the legislation related to the information of experts, in this case the Law No. 8 of 1981 about the Criminal Procedure Law (KUHAP). Based on the results of the research conducted with the study of literature, in the outline of the results of the study can be concluded that the legal construction of the expert information arrangement is governed in article 184 paragraph (1) of KUHAP point number 2 which is included in the types of Legal evidence after the witness's description. In the sense that the expert information is governed by article 1 number 28 of the criminal CODE stating that the explanation of the expert is the information given by a person who has special skills on what is necessary to make the light of a criminal case to Inspection interests. From the formulation it appears that it has been covered by the function of a member, namely to make the light of a criminal case for examination purposes. The influence of expert information on the power of proving is that in principle the proof tool of expert evidence has no proven strength binding and determining. As such, the value of the expert's proof of proof strength is the same as the value of proofs attached to the witness evidence tool.Keywords: Expert Description, Proof Tool, Criminal Justice.AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis bagaimana konstruksi hukum tentang keterangan ahli berdasarkan sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia dan bagaimana pengaruh keterangan ahli terhadap kekuatan pembuktian dalam sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang meneliti dan mengkaji peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait dengan keterangan ahli, dalam hal ini yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 Tentang Kitab Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dengan studi kepustakaan, secara garis besar hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa kontruksi hukum pengaturan keterangan ahli diatur dalam Pasal 184 ayat (1) KUHAP point nomor 2 yang termasuk dalam jenis-jenis alat bukti yang sah menurut hukum setelah keterangan saksi. Secara pengertian keterangan ahli diatur dalam Pasal 1 angka 28 KUHAP yang menyatakan bahwa keterangan ahli yaitu keterangan yang diberikan oleh seseorang yang memiliki keahlian khusus tentang hal yang diperlukan untuk membuat terang suatu perkara pidana guna kepentingan pemeriksaan. Dari rumusan tersebut terlihat bahwa telah tercakup fungsi dari keterangan ahli, yaitu untuk membuat terang suatu perkara pidana guna kepentingan pemeriksaan. Adapun pengaruh keterangan ahli terhadap kekuatan pembuktian adalah bahwa pada prinsipnya alat bukti keterangan ahli tidak mempunyai kekuatan pembuktian yang mengikat dan menentukan. Dengan demikian, nilai kekuatan pembuktian keterangan ahli sama halnya dengan nilai pembuktian yang melekat pada alat bukti keterangan saksi. Kata Kunci: Keterangan Ahli, Alat Bukti, Peradilan Pidana

AKIBAT HUKUM TENGENBEWIJS TERHADAP AKTA OTENTIK DALAM HUKUM PEMBUKTIAN PADA PERKARA PERDATA

As regulated on Article 164 HIR/ Article 284 RBg there are several kinds of evindence in civil cases such as written evidence, proof by witnesses, presumtions, confessions evidence, and oaths. One of the written evidence is authentic deed which was made by and before the authorized public officer at the place where the deed was made. The proof strength of authentic deed is perfect except declined and proven otherwise by the evidence of the opponent or tengenbewijs. Using notmative legal studies, this written is examining and discussing about the strength of the authentic deed and legal the strength of the authentic Regarding to the strength of an authentic deed on proofing process was of perfect proof which means what is written in the deed was really happened so that the judge must accept it and may not order the addition of proof anymore. But to the proof strength of the authentic deed can be defended by the evidence of opponent or tengenbewijs. The existence of evidence of the opponent against an authentic deed will invalidate the strength of perfect proof of an authentic deed because it will cause a lack on the authentic deed, so that in the process of proving the civil case, the authentic deed proof strength will be degraded to be an underhanded deed.

Study on improvement of strength of Beam-column Joints at railway RC rigid-framed viaducts

<p>In Japan, in order to make the city centering around the station, we are developing the underpass of the station as a commercial facility. Therefore, a structure that enlarges the column span and reduces the cross-sectional height of the beam to widen the under-elevated space is desired. However, while the amount of reinforcing bars increases, the beam-column joints become smaller, so that the reinforcing bars are overcrowded in the beam column joints. In addition, since the fixing length of the reinforcing bars is insufficient, or the strength of the beam-column joint cannot be sufficiently secured, problems such as not having a sufficient proof stress on the joint portion which should originally be stronger than the beam and column member. In this report, we developed a fixing method of reinforcing bars of column beams which improves the proof strength of beam-column joint and also simple reinforcing bars even in the case of small beam-column joint, and applied to station construction work, we report on them.</p>

Effects Of Creation Deed of Sale and Purchase of Land Which Does Not Match Procedure of Making Land Deeds

Land registration is held to ensure legal certainty. The absence of legal certainty in land ownership rights will lead to the deed of sale of land that is unlawful, because it is made without going through the procedures of land deed that has been determined. The purpose of this study was to analyze the causes of the Deed of Sale and Purchase of Land that is not in accordance with the procedures of the Land Deed-making event and to analyze the legal consequences Deed of Sale and Purchase of Land that is not in accordance with the procedure of making the show. This study using sociological juridical approach with analytic descriptive data analysis techniques. Data collection was done by using the study of literature. The results showed that the factors causing the deed of sale of land that does not follow the procedure of deed of land caused by the confidence that is too high between the parties with PPAT, too many employment PPAT so the time to investigate is limited, lack of understanding PPAT to the provisions of the law, the value of the transaction so that PPAT follow the will of the parties, relationships and friendship factor. Based on data analysis concluded the legal consequences of land purchase deed which is not in accordance with the procedures of a deed is PPAT be dishonorably discharged, the deed of sale published degraded proof strength be deed under the hand and third parties can use this for their own interests.Keywords: Deed of Sale and Purchase of Land; Procedure for the Deed; Effects.