scholarly journals On the Unique Microstructure and Properties of Ultra-High Carbon Bearing Steel Alloyed with Different Aluminum Contents

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1116
Author(s):  
Jiaojiao Bai ◽  
Wanli Zhang ◽  
Yuhui Wang ◽  
Cunyu Wang ◽  
Xingpin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Density ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Temperature Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Very High

In this study, ultra-high-carbon steels with 1.4% carbon content alloyed with three different aluminum contents, 2.0%, 4.0% and 6.0%, were studied on their tempering stability and temperature resistance. The results showed that the addition of Al significantly enhanced the tempering stability and temperature resistance of ultra-high-carbon steel. The addition of Al inhibited the transformation of ε-carbide to cementite, suppressed the transition of martensite to ferrite and thus, endowed ultra-high carbon steels to maintain very high hardness during tempering within a wide range of temperature up to 500 °C. The present work provides a useful basis on which to develop bearing steel materials with low density and high hardness.

scholarly journals Evolution of Microstructure and Hardness of High Carbon Steel under Different Compressive Strain Rates

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumana Hossain ◽  
Farshid Pahlevani ◽  
Veena Sahajwalla
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Phase Stability ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Compressive Strain ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Industrial Grade

Understanding the effect of high strain rate deformation on microstructure and mechanical property of metal is important for addressing its performance as high strength material. Strongly motivated by the vast industrial application potential of metals having excellent hardness, we explored the phase stability, microstructure and mechanical performance of an industrial grade high carbon steel under different compressive strain rates. Although low alloyed high carbon steel is well known for their high hardness, unfortunately, their deformation behavior, performance and microstructural evolution under different compressive strain rates are not well understood. For the first time, our investigation revealed that different strain rates transform the metastable austenite into martensite at different volume, simultaneously activate multiple micromechanisms, i.e., dislocation defects, nanotwining, etc. that enhanced the phase stability and refined the microstructure, which is the key for the observed leap in hardness. The combination of phase transformation, grain refinement, increased dislocation density, formation of nanotwin and strain hardening led to an increase in the hardness of high carbon steel.

Deformation and Structure Difference of Steel Droplets during Initial Solidification

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jiaquan Zhang ◽  
Changgui Cheng ◽  
Zhi Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Continuous Casting ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Solidification Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Peritectic Steel ◽  
Initial Solidification

AbstractThe surface quality of slabs is closely related with the initial solidification at very first seconds of molten steel near meniscus in mold during continuous casting. The solidification, structure, and free deformation for given steels have been investigated in droplet experiments by aid of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope. It is observed that the appearances of solidified shells for high carbon steels and some hyper-peritectic steels with high carbon content show lamellar, while that for other steels show spherical. Convex is formed along the chilling direction for most steels, besides some occasions that concave is formed for high carbon steel at times. The deformation degree decreases gradually in order of hypo-peritectic steel, ultra-low carbon steel, hyper-peritectic steel, low carbon steel, and high carbon steel, which is consistent with the solidification shrinkage in macroscope during continuous casting. Additionally, the microstructure of solidified shell of hypo-peritectic steel is bainite, while that of hyper-peritectic steel is martensite.

Crucible Steel in South India-Preliminary Investigations on Crucibles from Some Newly Identified Sites

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharada Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Metal Mining ◽  
Hypereutectoid Steel ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Crucible Steel

ABSTRACTEuropean accounts from the 17th century onwards have referred to the repute and manufacture of “wootz’, a traditional crucible steel made especially in parts of southern India in the former provinces of Golconda, Mysore and Salem. Pliny's Natural History mentions the import of iron and steel from the Seres which have been thought to refer to the ancient southern Indian kingdom of the Cheras. As yet the scale of excavations and surface surveys is too limited to link the literary accounts to archaeometallurgical evidence, although pioneering exploratory investigations have been made by scholars, especially on the pre-industrial production sites of Konasamudram and Gatihosahalli discussed in 18th-19th century European accounts. In 1991–2 during preliminary surveys of ancient base metal mining sites, Srinivasan came across unreported dumps with crucible fragments at Mel-Siruvalur in Tamil Nadu, and Tintini and Machnur in Karnataka and she collected surface specimens from these sites as well as from the known site of Gatihosahalli. She was also given crucible fragments by the Tamil University, Tanjavur, from an excavated megalithic site at Kodumanal, dated to ca 2nd c. Bc, mentioned in Tamil Sangam literature (ca 3rd c. BC-3rd c. AD), and very near Karur, the ancient capital of the Sangam Cheras. Analyses of crucible fragments from the surface collection at Mel-Siruvalur showed several iron prills with a uniform pearlitic structure of high-carbon hypereutectoid steel (∼1–1.5% C) suggesting that the end product was uniformly a high-carbon steel of a structure consistent with those of high-carbon steels used successfully to experimentally replicate the watered steel patterns on ‘Damascus’ swords. Investigations indicate that the process was of carburisation of molten low carbon iron (m.p. 1400° C) in crucibles packed with carbonaceous matter. The fabric of crucibles from all the above mentioned sites appears similar. Preliminary investigations on these crucibles are thus reported to establish their relationship to crucible production of carbon steel and to thereby extend the known horizons of this technology further.

scholarly journals Investigating the cooling rate of cane molasses as quenching medium for 0.61% C high carbon steels

10.30544/139 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Dodo ◽  
E. T Dauda ◽  
M. A. Adamu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Test Results ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Cane Molasses ◽  
Quenching Medium

The effect of cooling rate of cane molasses as quenching medium for 0.61% C high carbon steels was investigated. Samples of high carbon steel were spheroidized annealed and then machined prior to the hardening process. Molasses solution of viscosity equals to that of engine oil was prepared by adding water. The samples were normalized and then austenitised at 800oC and soaked for 40 minutes and then quenched in water, engine oil, raw molasses and the prepared molasses solution. Cooling rate curves of all the quenching media used were developed. The highest cooling rate of 60oC/s was attained by the prepared molasses solution. Hardness of the test samples was evaluated. The test results obtained show that the highest hardness value (525 HVN) was obtained from the sample quenched in the prepared molasses solution. Microstructures of the various samples were analyzed using OM and SEM. In all the tests samples martensite structure was observed. It was observed that the prepared molasses solution has higher severity of quenching than that of engine oil but lower than that of water. The research showed that cane molasses can harden high carbon steel without cracking the component in the same way as engine oil, hence, molasses could be a very good alternative to engine oil for use as quenching medium.

scholarly journals Study of the influence of the increased carbon content in electrodes on structure and properties of the welding seam during welding of 110G13 steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3(60)) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Pashynskyi ◽  
Igor Boyko
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Weld Metal ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Weld Pool ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Electrode Coating ◽  
Effective Measure

The object of research is the effect of the carbon-forming component of coated electrodes for welding and surfacing of Gadfield steel (110G13L and analogs) on the structure and properties of the weld. One of the most problematic areas in the welding and surfacing of high-carbon steel is the high irregularity of the rod and coating melting rates. Therefore, the non-melted part of the coating is literally poured into the weld pool, which leads to significant chemical and structural inhomogeneity of the welded metal. The main hypothesis of the study is the assumption that it is possible to increase the homogeneity of the deposited metal by changing the conditions for the transition of carbon from the electrode to the weld pool by using an electrode rod made of carbon steel. In the course of the study, electrode rods with different carbon contents were used. With an increase in the carbon content in the composition of the electrode rod, the fluidity of the drops increased, which contributed to a decrease in the strength of the welding current without harm to the welding and technological characteristics. This allows to reduce the generation of heat in the base metal, that is an effective measure to prevent hot cracks in the weld metal and heat affected zone Studies of the composition of the electrode metal droplets and the weld material showed that with an increase in the carbon content in the electrode rod from 0.08 % to 0.8 %, the carbon content in the droplets increases from 0.3 % to 0.97 %. The carbon content in the weld metal is 1.1 %. The assimilation of manganese by a drop increases with an increasing of coating and the droplet interaction time. A significant increasing in the rate of coating melting was obtained. This is due to the fact that the concomitant decrease in the content of graphite in the coating contributes to a decrease in the refractoriness of the electrode coating. The use of high carbon steels for the manufacturing of electrode rods for welding and surfacing of Gadfield steel improves the properties of the welded metal and sanitary and hygienic parameters.

Cold Fusion Experimental Research on Repairing Shaft of Automatic Transmission

2011 ◽  
Vol 63-64 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Hong Juan Yan ◽  
Jiang Ying Li ◽  
Feng Bin Liu ◽  
Min Qu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Cold Fusion ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Matrix

The cold fusion at room temperature is used to repair the shaft of automatic transmission. In the experiment, the low-carbon steel, the high-carbon steel and 65Mn steel were selected as restorative materials. The microstructures of shaft repaired with different materials were observed by the scanning electric microscope (SEM) after the shafts were repaired. The results show that the microstructure of shaft which was repaired by the high-carbon steel and 65Mn steel is martensite that has high hardness and better wear resistance. The interface of the matrix and filled material is metallurgic combine. The cold fusion can improve the surface properties of the matrix when the suitable material is selected as restorative material.

scholarly journals Study on wear characteristics of tractor drawn rotavator blade of different steel materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-159
Author(s):  
K. Aravinda Yadav ◽  
Ajay K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Medium Carbon Steel ◽  
Boron Steel ◽  
Maximum Hardness ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Very High

A rotavator is popularly used to reduce the amount of time and labour spent in field preparation. However, wear of rotavator blades is very high, especially in sandy soil, which significantly affects its working life. The wear test of selected rotavator blades were conducted in circular soil bin made up of different steel materials like medium carbon steel (M1), high carbon steel (M2) and boron steel (M3) to observe the effect of different steel materials on wear. The wear rate of M1 blade, M2 blade and M3 blade were 26.36, 24.96 and 24.05 mg/min, respectively. The boron steel blade was found having maximum hardness 41.8 Rc followed by high carbon steel blade (41.3 Rc) and medium carbon steel blade (39.9 Rc).

Precipitation at the transformation interface of pearlite in steel

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 912-913
Author(s):  
F. A. Khalid ◽  
D. V. Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Thin Foil ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Model Alloy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Growth Interface ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Interphase Precipitation ◽  
Solution Treated ◽  
Wide Range

The austenite/pearlite growth interface in a model alloy steel (Fe-1lMn-0.8C-0.5V nominal wt%) is being studied in an attempt to characterise the morphology and mechanism of VC precipitation at the growth interface. In this alloy pearlite nodules can be grown isothermally in austenite that remains stable at room temperature thus facilitating examination of the transformation interfaces. This study presents preliminary results of thin foil TEM of the precipitation of VC at the austenite/ferrite interface, which reaction, termed interphase precipitation, occurs in a number of low- carbon HSLA and microalloyed medium- and high- carbon steels. Some observations of interphase precipitation in microalloyed low- and medium- carbon commercial steels are also reported for comparison as this reaction can be responsible for a significant increase in strength in a wide range of commercial steels.The experimental alloy was made as 50 g argon arc melts using high purity materials and homogenised. Samples were solution treated at 1300 °C for 1 hr and WQ. Specimens were then solutionised at 1300 °C for 15 min. and isothermally transformed at 620 °C for 10-18hrs. and WQ. Specimens of microalloyed commercial steels were studied in either as-rolled or as- forged conditions. Detailed procedures of thin foil preparation for TEM are given elsewhere.

Internal friction in a martensitic high-carbon steel

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 2797-2808
Author(s):  
Rustem Bagramov, Daniele Mari, Willy Benoi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Internal Friction ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document