scholarly journals Dragonflies as an Important Aquatic Predator Insect and Their Potential for Control of Vectors of Different Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Vatandoost
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
World Health ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Arboviral Disease ◽  
Intensive Search ◽  
Important Disease

Mosquitoes belong to order of Diptera. The main important vectors are genus Aedes, Culex and Anopheles. They transmit different agents such bacteria, viruses, and parasites. According to the latest information around 7 hundred million people around the world are suffering from mosquitoborne illness resulting over one million deaths. The main important disease transmitted by Anopheles is malaria. Other genus of mosquitoes including Aedes and Culex species transmit different arboviral disease to human. According to guideline of World Health Organization, the mina control of disease is vectors control. The main important vector control is using different insecticides. Using chemical insecticides for controlling mosquitoes is limited because they develop resistance against these insecticides. So, efforts have been made to control the mosquito vectors by eco-friendly techniques. In this research all, the relevant information regarding the topic of research is research through the internet and used in this paper. An intensive search of scientific literature was done in “PubMed”, “Web of Knowledge”, “Scopus”, “Google Scholar”, “SID”, etc Results shows that one of important environmental friendly vector control is biological control, using different predators and other microorganisms for vector and pest control. Dragonflies do eat mosquitos and serve as mosquito predators. They feed on mosquitos and reduce their number in outdoor areas. The dragonflies are scary biters, but they are dangerous to mosquitos. Worldwide results showed that dragonflies are able to control Aedes, Culex and Anopheles mosquito species. The artificial rearing of these predators and releasing for biological control is an appropriate measure for vector control worldwide.

scholarly journals Insecticide susceptibility status of human biting mosquitoes in Muheza, Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Basiliana Emidi ◽  
William N. Kisinza ◽  
Robert D. Kaaya ◽  
Robert Malima ◽  
Franklin W. Mosha
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Insecticide Susceptibility ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Susceptibility Status

Background: There has been a rapid emergence in insecticide resistance among mosquito population to commonly used public health insecticides. This situation presents a challenge to chemicals that are currently used to control mosquitoes in sub-Saharan African. Furthermore, there is limited information on insecticide susceptibility status of human-biting mosquitoes in some areas of Tanzania. This study aimed to determine insecticide susceptibility status of human biting mosquitoes in a rural area of north-eastern Tanzania.Methods: The study was conducted in two villages in Muheza district, Tanzania. Insecticide susceptibility bioassays were performed according to the World Health Organization standard operating procedures on two to five-day old human biting mosquitoes. The mosquitoes of each species were exposed to four classes of insecticides commonly used for malaria vector control. Mosquito mortality rates (%) were determined after 24 hours post insecticide exposure.Results: Mosquito species tested were Anopheles gambiae s.l., An. funestus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus species. Real-time PCR have showed that the main sibling species of An. gambiae complex and An. funestus group were An. gambiae s. s. (58.2%) and An. funestus s. s. (91.1%), respectively. All mosquitoes, except Ae. aegypti formosus were susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl (0.25%). An. gambiae s. l. was found to be resistant to permethrin (0.75%) but showed possibility of resistance to DDT (4%) and bendiocarb (0.1%). Our findings have shown that, An. funestus was fully susceptible to all insecticide tested.Conclusion: The present study has revealed different levels of insecticide susceptibility status to four classes of commonly used insecticides in the most common mosquito vectors of human diseases in north-eastern Tanzania. The findings of the present study call for integrated vector control interventions. 

scholarly journals The Costs of Implementing Vaccination With the RTS,S Malaria Vaccine in Five Sub-Saharan African Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 238146831989628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Sicuri ◽  
Fadima Yaya Bocoum ◽  
Justice Nonvignon ◽  
Sergi Alonso ◽  
Bakar Fakih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Candidate Vaccine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Future Price ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Fourth Dose ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Expanded Program On Immunization ◽  
Health Organization

Background. The World Health Organization has recommended pilot implementation of a candidate vaccine against malaria (RTS,S/AS01) in selected sub-Saharan African countries. This exploratory study aimed to estimate the costs of implementing RTS,S in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Methods. Key informants of the expanded program on immunization at all levels in each country were interviewed on the resources required for implementing RTS,S for routine vaccination. Unit prices were derived from the same sources or from international price lists. Incremental costs in 2015 US dollars were aggregated per fully vaccinated child (FVC). It was assumed the four vaccine doses were either all delivered at health facilities or the fourth dose was delivered in an outreach setting. Results. The costs per FVC ranged from US$25 (Burkina Faso) to US$37 (Kenya) assuming a vaccine price of US$5 per dose. Across countries, recurrent costs represented the largest share dominated by vaccines (including wastage) and supply costs. Non-recurrent costs varied substantially across countries, mainly because of differences in needs for hiring personnel, in wages, in cold-room space, and equipment. Recent vaccine introductions in the countries may have had an impact on resource availability for a new vaccine implementation. Delivering the fourth dose in outreach settings raised the costs, mostly fuel, per FVC by less than US$1 regardless of the country. Conclusions. This study provides relevant information for donors and decision makers about the cost of implementing RTS,S. Variations within and across countries are important and the unknown future price per dose and wastage rate for this candidate vaccine adds substantially to the uncertainty about the actual costs of implementation.

scholarly journals Are children safe from complications of leprosy? A study from North Kerala

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Mekha Premachandran ◽  
Nikhil George ◽  
T. Binitha ◽  
Veena Nandakumar ◽  
Pulpadathil Jishna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tertiary Referral ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Tertiary Referral Center ◽  
Referral Center ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Important Disease

Objectives: The aims of the study were (1) to document the demography and clinical profile of patients with leprosy at a tertiary referral center from 2009 to 2018. (2) To compare the disease manifestation in children aged 12 years/below and the same in patients above 12 years. Materials and Methods: Case records of all patients diagnosed to have leprosy as per the World Health Organization cardinal criteria at our tertiary referral center from 2009 to 2018 were included in this study. The findings recorded in those aged 12 years/below were compared with those above 12 years using Pearson’s Chi- square test. Results: A total of 705 patients who attended our institution during the 10 year period were diagnosed to have leprosy. Six hundred and sixty-four (94.2%) were above 12 years of age and 41 patients (5.8%) were aged 12 years or below. Lepromatous spectrum cases, pure neuritic cases, Grade 2 disability, and lepra reactions were not documented in any of the patients aged 12 years or below which were contrary to the observations in those above 12 years. The differences were found to be statistically significant. Limitations: Retrospective design and small number of childhood cases were the main limitations of the study. Conclusion: Clinical presentation of leprosy in children differs from that in adults. Detection of disease in childhood offers an opportunity to cure the disease with less risk of developing some of the important disease and therapy-related complications.

scholarly journals Drug utilization study in otorhinolaryngology outpatient department in a tertiary care teaching hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 572
Author(s):  
Sumalatha R. ◽  
Nagabushan H. ◽  
Hanumanth Prasad M.
Keyword(s):  
Drug Utilization ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Drug Utilization Study ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Drug utilization research is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as marketing, distribution, prescription, and use of drugs in society, with special emphasis on the resulting medical, social, and economic consequences. Drug utilization study identifies the problems that arise from prescription and highlights the current approaches to the rational use of drugs. The main aim of the study is to assess the pattern of drug usage and the rationality of drug use in Otorhinolaryngology out-patient department (OPD).Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the OPD of Otorhinolaryngology at tertiary care hospital, Mandya, Karnataka, over a period of one year. Prescriptions of all OPD patients were collected, relevant information entered in a specially designed proforma and analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: A total of 21058 drugs were prescribed out of 8028 prescriptions. Majority of the patients were male (51%). Antimicrobials were the most commonly prescribed drugs (28%), followed by antihistamines (25%), antipyretics (20.5%).Most of the drugs 18576 (88.2%) were prescribed by oral route, followed by topical route. Majority of the drugs were prescribed by the generic names (86.5%). Most common type of infection was ear infection (3176), followed by throat infection (2848) and nose infection (2004).Conclusions: The present study showed that among antimicrobial agents, β lactams were commonly prescribed drugs in the department of Otorhinolaryngology. The maximum number of cases was diagnosed with ear infections and majority of the drugs were prescribed orally.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and gynecological cancer: a review of the published guidelines

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1424-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Uwins ◽  
Geetu Prakash Bhandoria ◽  
TS Shylasree ◽  
Simon Butler-Manuel ◽  
Patricia Ellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
World Health ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Surgical Morbidity ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Surgery Patient ◽  
Health Organization

On March 11, 2020 the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a ‘pandemic’ by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 is associated with higher surgical morbidity and mortality. An array of guidelines on the management of cancer during this pandemic have been published since the first reports of the outbreak. This narrative review brings all the relevant information from the guidelines together into one document, to support patient care. We present a detailed review of published guidelines, statements, comments from peer-reviewed journals, and nationally/internationally recognized professional bodies and societies' web pages (in English or with English translation available) between December 1, 2019 and May 27, 2020. Search terms included combinations of COVID, SARS-COV-2, guideline, gynecology, oncology, gynecological, cancer. Recommendations for surgical and oncological prioritization of gynecological cancers are discussed and summarized. The role of minimally invasive surgery, patient perspectives, medico-legal aspects, and clinical trials during the pandemic are also discussed. The consensus is that elective benign surgery should cease and cancer surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy should continue based on prioritization. Patient and staff face-to-face interactions should be limited, and health resources used efficiently using prioritization strategies. This review and the guidelines on which it is based support the difficult decisions currently facing us in gynecological cancer. It is a balancing act: limited resources and a hostile environment pitted against the time-sensitive nature of cancer treatment. We can only hope to do our best for our patients with the resources available to us.

scholarly journals Designing effective control of dengue with combined interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 3319-3325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Hladish ◽  
Carl A. B. Pearson ◽  
Kok Ben Toh ◽  
Diana Patricia Rojas ◽  
Pablo Manrique-Saide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Resource Limitations ◽  
Health Organization

Viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, have expanding ranges and seem unabated by current vector control programs. Effective control of these pathogens likely requires integrated approaches. We evaluated dengue management options in an endemic setting that combine novel vector control and vaccination using an agent-based model for Yucatán, Mexico, fit to 37 y of data. Our intervention models are informed by targeted indoor residual spraying (TIRS) experiments; trial outcomes and World Health Organization (WHO) testing guidance for the only licensed dengue vaccine, CYD-TDV; and preliminary results for in-development vaccines. We evaluated several implementation options, including varying coverage levels; staggered introductions; and a one-time, large-scale vaccination campaign. We found that CYD-TDV and TIRS interfere: while the combination outperforms either alone, performance is lower than estimated from their separate benefits. The conventional model hypothesized for in-development vaccines, however, performs synergistically with TIRS, amplifying effectiveness well beyond their independent impacts. If the preliminary performance by either of the in-development vaccines is upheld, a one-time, large-scale campaign followed by routine vaccination alongside aggressive new vector control could enable short-term elimination, with nearly all cases avoided for a decade despite continuous dengue reintroductions. If elimination is impracticable due to resource limitations, less ambitious implementations of this combination still produce amplified, longer-lasting effectiveness over single-approach interventions.

Exploring Pregnant Women’s Choice of Elective Induction of Labour

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guinevé Llara De Jager ◽  
Mariatha Yazbek ◽  
Tanya Heyns
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Induction Of Labour ◽  
World Health ◽  
Labour Induction ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Risk Pregnancy ◽  
Postnatal Women ◽  
Elective Induction ◽  
Health Organization

Elective induction of labour is contraindicated by the World Health Organization as there is no medical benefit. Women are often the primary instigators of elective induction of labour for convenience sake without knowing the potential risks. By exploring pregnant woman’s involvement in the decision-making leading to elective induction of labour, it could be established why women were induced, where they obtained the relevant information, and if they were fully informed and given the opportunity to ask questions. Using a qualitative research approach, this study purposively selected postnatal women who elected to induce labour. These women were interviewed in a one-on-one dialogue in a private hospital in Gauteng, South Africa, until data saturation was reached. Ten interviews were conducted. The participants chose to induce labour based on inadequate or misleading information. Labour was induced ahead of time owing to a large baby size, the perception of a high risk pregnancy, the perception that induced labours are quicker and that pre-term births are acceptable. The participants were not actively involved in the decision-making but chose to induce labour owing to scheduling conflicts, made the decision solely based on their doctor’s recommendations, and did not ask questions despite being given the opportunity to do so. Women require sound knowledge of elective labour induction before they can take part in the decision-making process. Antenatal education strategies should provide women with the knowledge of the risks and benefits of elective induction of labour to make an informed decision. Without proper medical reasons, elective induction of labour may lead to more emergency caesarean sections, which are opposite to mothers’ original birth plans.

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