Dry matter degradation kinetics of selected tropical forage in Nili-Ravi buffalo and Cholistani cows at heifer and lactating stages using NorFor in situ standards

Current methods of ruminant ration formulation in Pakistan use foreign-based nutrient availability values. These values may not be optimal for all geographic areas, as variation in environment, agronomic factors, animal species, and diet characteristics may not be considered. The aim of present study was to establish a database of the chemical composition and dry matter degradation parameters of tropical forage commonly fed to ruminants in Pakistan and South Asian countries using Nili-Ravi buffalo and Cholistani cattle at heifer and lactating stages. Six cereal grain and four legume species were grown in 3 locations under standard agronomic conditions and sampled at booting and at 50% flowering stage for cereal and legumes, respectively. Dried and milled feeds were analyzed for chemical composition and in situ dry matter degradation parameters using 1 g samples in bags placed in the rumen of 2 Nili-Ravi buffalo heifers, 2 lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, 2 Cholistani heifers, and 2 lactating Cholistani cows. The forage family (cereal vs. legumes), species, and geographic location of growth significantly influenced (P < 0.001) chemical composition and in situ degradation fractions. Animal species and developmental stage showed no effect on degradation fractions (P > 0.05). Legume-by-heifer interactions significantly increased (P < 0.05), and legume-by-lactating cow interaction tended (P = 0.065), to increase the rate of degradation (Kd). The selected forages were degraded to a similar extent independent of animal species or developmental stage, and legumes are degraded at higher rates and to a greater extent than are cereals. A moderately significant relationship between Kd and effective dry matter degradability (DMD) suggests that Kd could be the single most important predictor of forage degradability in the rumen.

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Comparison of in vitro gas production technique with in situ nylon bag technique to estimate dry matter degradation

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/3996-cjas ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 50 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 60-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

A. Kamalak ◽

O. Canbolat ◽

Y. Gurbuz ◽

O. Ozay

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Insoluble Fraction ◽

Gas Production ◽

Barley Straw ◽

Production Technique ◽

In Vitro Gas Production ◽

Dry Matter Degradation

Dry matter (DM) degradation of wheat straw (WS), barley straw (BS), lucerne hay (LH) and maize silage (MS) was determined using two different techniques: (i) in vitro gas production and (ii) nylon bag degradability technique. In vitro gas production and in situ DM disappearance were measured after 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation. In situ and in vitro DM degradation kinetics was described using the equation y = a + b (1 – ect). In all incubations there were significant (P < 0.001) correlations between gas production and in situ DM disappearance or estimated parameters ((a + b)gas and (a + b)is or (a + b)gas and EDMDis) whereas there were no significant (P > 0.05) correlations between cgas and cis or bgas and bis. Gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) alone explained 98.3% of the variation of EDMD. The inclusion of gas production from the quickly soluble fraction (a) and rate constant (c) of gas production in the regression equation improved the accuracy of EDMD prediction. The correlations between the results of both methodologies seem to be sufficiently strong to predict degradability parameters from gas production parameters. It was concluded that the in vitro gas production technique has good potentiality to predict in situ DM disappearance and some DM degradation parameters.

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Effect of maturity stage on chemical composition, in vitro and in situ dry matter degradation of tumbleweed hay (Gundelia tournefortii L.)

Small Ruminant Research ◽

10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.09.011 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 149-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Adem Kamalak ◽

Onder Canbolat ◽

Yavuz Gurbuz ◽

Adem Erol ◽

Osman Ozay

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Maturity Stage ◽

Dry Matter Degradation

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In situ degradability of dry matter and fibrous fraction of sorghum silage

Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i2.29576 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 171 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Renê Ferreira Costa ◽

Daniel Ananias de Assis Pires ◽

Marielly Maria Almeida Moura ◽

José Avelino Santos Rodrigues ◽

Vicente Ribeiro Rocha Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Degradation Rate ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Grain Sorghum ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Ruminal Degradability ◽

Sorghum Silage ◽

Kinetics Of

This study aimed to evaluate in situ degradability and degradation kinetics of DM, NDF and ADF of silage, with or without tannin in the grains. Two isogenic lines of grain sorghum (CMS-XS 114 with tannin and CMS-XS 165 without tannin) and two sorghum hybrids (BR-700 dual purpose with tannin and BR-601 forage without tannin) were ensiled; dried and ground silage samples were placed in nylon bags and introduced through the fistulas. After incubation for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, bags were taken for subsequent analysis of fibrous fractions. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replicates and 4 treatments and means compared by Tukey’s test at 5% probability. As for the DM degradation rate, silage of CMSXS165without tannin was superior. Silages of genotypes BR700 and CMSXS 114 with tannin showed the highest values of indigestible ADF (59.54 and 43.09%). Regarding the NDF, the potential degradation of silage of CMSXS165 line without tannin was superior. Tannin can reduce ruminal degradability of the dry matter and fibrous fractions.

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In situ disappearance of dry matter and fiber from fall-grown cereal-grain forages from the north-central United States1

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jas.2010-3148 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 88 (12) ◽

pp. 3992-4005 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

W. K. Coblentz ◽

R. P. Walgenbach

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

North Central ◽

The North ◽

Cereal Grain

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Chemical Composition of Earthworm (Eisenia foetida) Co-Dried with Vegetable Meals as an Animal Feed

Ciencia y agricultura ◽

10.19053/01228420.v16.n2.2019.9130 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 79-92

Author(s):

Kirenia Pérez-Corría ◽

Aroldo Botello-León ◽

Abril Karina Mauro-Félix ◽

Franklin Rivera-Pineda ◽

María Teresa Viana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Animal Species ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Eisenia Foetida ◽

Corn Meal ◽

Feed Ingredient ◽

Nitrogen Free Extract ◽

Market Requirement

To evaluate the chemical composition of the earthworm (Eisenia foetida) co-dried (EW) with vegetable meals (VM) as animal feed ingredient, the blends were mixed with wheat bran (WB), rice powder (RP), corn meal (CM) and soy cake meal (SCM) in proportions of 85:15; 75:25 and 65:35. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CFA), crude fiber (CF), ashes and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) of the ingredients and final mixtures were determined. All the mixtures resulted with a high content of DM (≥90.00 %). No significant differences among the proportions were revealed (P>0.05). In addition, the higher inclusion of the earthworm in the proportions (85:15) increased (P<0.05) the CP (54.70 %), CFA (7.28 %), and ashes (10.20 %), mainly when mixed with SCM, CM, and RP, respectively. However, the use of vegetable meals proportionally increased the CF (7.31 %), and NFE (52.62 %), mainly with the proportion of 65:35 and with RP and CM, respectively (P<0.05). The results showed that the vegetable meals (WB, RP, CM, and SCM) are useful to co-dry the earthworm to be use for animal feed. It is concluded that the most appropriate proportion (VM:EW) will depend on the animal species, productive stage and market requirement.

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Degradación microbiana in situ de tejidos foliares de gramíneas y leguminosas y su relación con indicadores de calidad nutricional

Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria ◽

10.21930/rcta.vol6_num1_art:41 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 100

Author(s):

Diego Chamorro ◽

Juan Evangelista Carulla ◽

Pablo Cuesta

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Quality ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Degradation ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Stylosanthes Scabra ◽

Negative Relationships

Para cuantificar la degradación in situ de tejidos vegetales y su relación con la composición química de especies forrajeras se seleccionaron láminas foliares de las gramíneas Bouteloua repens y Bothriochloa pertusa y foliolos de las leguminosas Stylosanthes scabra, Desmodium barbatum y Tephrosia cinerea. En el rumen se incubaron muestras de 10 mm de largo durante 0, 12, 24, 48 y 72 horas; para la lectura del área residual se digitalizaron ocho tejidos. A las 24 y 48 h de incubación B. pertusa presentó relaciones positivas entre la degradación de la epidermis adaxial (EA) y la FDN (R2= 90,2), entre el mesófilo y la DIVMS (R2=80,1), y entre los tejidos lentamente degradables (TLD) y la FDA (R2= 83,9); y relaciones negativas entre EA y DIVMS (R2= –73,1), los TLD con la DEF (R2= –74,3), la EA con la PC (R2= –87,6), y el esclerenquima con la DIVMS y la PC (R2= –84,3 y R2= –90,8). Después de 72 horas de incubación las mayores áreas residuales en gramíneas fueron la estructura kranz entre 34,2% y 36,5%, el mesófilo entre 20,9% y 21,4%, el xilema de 11,5% a 17,1% y la EA entre 11,8% y 13,9%; no obstante el esclerénquima se relacionó estrechamente con indicadores de calidad nutricional. Las gramíneas obtuvieron mayores porcentajes de tejidos no degradables que las leguminosas; por lo tanto, la DIVMS y la DEF fueron menores. Entre las leguminosas, S. scabra, presentó la mayor digestibilidad de los tejidos rápidamente degradables, tanto en sequía como en lluvia; en la época seca se incrementó en 134,6% la degradación de estos tejidos. Adicionalmente, en esta especie el área residual de los taninos no presentó relación directa con la degradación del mesófilo. En leguminosas la tasa y extensión de la degradación de las epidermis se incrementaron marcadamente a mayor tiempo de incubación, presentándose diferencias entre especies, situación que no exhibieron las gramíneas. En D. barbatum la degradación de la EA se asoció con la DIVMS y la DEF, explicando en 77,4% y 72,95% estos porcentajes; de igual manera se reportaron relaciones negativas entre la degradabilidad de la epidermis y los porcentajes de FDN, FDA, lignina y taninos (R2= –0,76; R2= –0,79; R2= –0,53 y R2= –0,76, respectivamente). Microbial in situ degradation of grasses and legumes leaf tissues and its realtionship with nutritional quality and precipitationA study was conducted to measure the in situ de- gradation of plant tissues and its relationship with forage chemical composition in leaves of the grasses Bouteloua repens and Bothriochloa pertusa and of the legumes Stylosanthes scabra, Desmodium barbatum and Tephrosia cinerea. Forage samples of 10 mm in length were incubated in the rumen for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and tissue residual area was determined by reading the residual area in eight digitalized leaf samples per forage. In B. pertusa, after 24 and 48 h of incubation there were positive relations between the degradation of adaxial epidermis (AE) and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF, R2 = 90.2), between mesophyll and in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD, R2 = 80,1), and between slowly degradable tissues (SDT) and the acid detergent fiber (ADF, R2 = 83.9); and negative relationships between AE and IVDMD (R2 = -73,1), between SDT and effective dry matter degradation (EDMD, R2 = -74,3), between AE and crude protein (CP, R2 = -87,6), and between sclerenchyma and IVDMD with CP (R2 = -84,3 and R2 = -90,8, respectively). After 72 h of incubation, the greater residual areas in grasses were the Kranz structure (34.2% to 36.5%), mesophyll (20.9% to 21.4%), xylem (11.5% to 17.1%) and AE (11.8% to 13.9%). The area of sclerenchyma was related closely to indicators of nutritional quality. Overall, the grasses had greater content of non-degradable tissues than the legumes; therefore, their IVDMD and EDMD were lower. Among the legumes, S. scabra showed the greater digestibility of rapidly degradable tissues, both during the rainy and dry seasons. At the dry season, the degradation of these tissues increased by 134.6%. Additionally, in this legume, the content of tannins did not have a direct relationship with the degradation of mesophyll. The rate and extension of the degradation of epidermis in legumes, were noticeably increased with increasing length of incubation, existing differences between species, a situation which was not observed in the grasses. In D. barbatum, the degradation of the AE was positively associated with both the IVDMD and EDMD (R2 = 77,4% and 72,95%, respectively). On the other hand, the degradability of epidermis and the percentage of NDF had negative relations with ADF, lignin and tannins (R2 = -0,76; R2 = -0,79; R2 = -0,53 and R2 = -0,76, respectively).

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Comparison of In situ Dry Matter Degradation with In vitro Gas Production of Oak Leaves Supplemented with or without Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences ◽

10.5713/ajas.2006.1120 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 1120-1126 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. O. Ozkan ◽

M. Sahin

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Gas Production ◽

In Vitro Gas Production ◽

Dry Matter Degradation ◽

Oak Leaves

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Chemical composition and in sacco ruminal degradation of tropical trees rich in condensed tannins

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/6712-cjas ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 176-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Z. Belachew ◽

K. Yisehak ◽

T. Taye ◽

G.P.J. Janssens

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Soluble Fraction ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Condensed Tannin ◽

Chemical Constituent ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Plant Parts ◽

In Sacco

The study was aimed at determining the chemical composition, in sacco ruminal dry matter and organic matter degradability of leaves and fruits of tropical condensed tannin rich multipurpose tree species (MPTS). The MPTS studied were Ekebergia capenesis, Ficus sycomorus, Maesa lanceolata, and Rhus glutinosa. Chemical composition of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC), and condensed tannin (CT) was determined. In sacco rumen degradability was measured using three rumen fistulated Holstein Friesian-Boran cross steers at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The DM and organic matter (OM) degradability data were fitted to the equation Y = a + b(1 – e–ct). The values for each chemical constituent ranged 5.43–11.49% (CA), 7.97–17.06% (CP), 1.57–31% (EE), 12.20–27.5% (CF), 5.84–39.30% (NFC), and 7.2–16.72% (CT). Ekebergia capensis leaves had the greatest values for slowly degradable fraction (b), effective degradability (ED), and rate of degradation (c) in DM (P < 0.001) whereas E. capensis fruit had significantly the greatest soluble fraction (a), potential degradability (b), and effective degradability (ED) values as compared to the a, PD, and ED values in the fruits of other plants(P < 0.001). Yet in OM degradation kinetics, the greatest and least values of potential degradability (PD) were recorded for F. sycomorus (89.89%) and E. capensis (55.90%) leaves (P < 0.001). Similar to the rapidly soluble fraction a, ED was found to be the greatest in fruits as compared to leaves of the plants (P < 0.001). Generally variation of plant parts led to significant differences in chemical composition, DM, and OM degradability and the degradable parameters. The leaves and fruits recorded more than 60% DM and OM degradability at 24 h, which implied that they were all greatly degradable in the rumen.

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