scholarly journals Factors contributing to the introduction and spread of Peste des Petits ruminants virus in the Republic of Chad

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 093-096
Author(s):  
Bidjeh Kebkiba ◽  
Adam Hassan Yacoub
Keyword(s):  
Action Plan ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Global Action ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Considerable Morbidity ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an infectious, contagious and inoculable disease. It is widely distributed in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. It was described for the first time in Côte d'Ivoire by Gargadennec and Lalanne in 1942. This pathology, similar to rinderpest at the clinical and antigenic level, reveals a capital and growing importance and constitutes a brake on the development of the breeding of small ruminants because the economic losses are considerable (morbidity is 100% and mortality 90%). The pathogen is a virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus, the family Paramyxoviridae. This widespread and devastating disease of small ruminants causes very significant losses to the economy, food security and the livelihoods of pastoralists. Globally, it is one of the priority diseases indicated in the five-year of global action plan of the FAO-OIE Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Diseases (GF-TADs). The Republic of Chad, like other countries has joined this line with an ambition of its eradication by 2025. The existence of PPR in Chad has been demonstrated for a long time, but no data exists for the moment on the factors of its introduction and spread in the country. This article describes the main factors behind its introduction and spread in the country.

scholarly journals Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus and Goatpox Virus Co-Infection in Goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-553
Author(s):  
Olatunde Babatunde Akanbi ◽  
Kati Franzke ◽  
Adeyinka Jeremy Adedeji ◽  
Reiner Ulrich ◽  
Jens Peter Teifke
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusion ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Goatpox Virus ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Red Sokoto Goat ◽  
First Time

Infection of small ruminants with peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and goatpox virus (GTPV) are endemic and can have devastating economic consequences in Asia and Africa. Co-infection with these viruses have recently been reported in goats and sheep in Nigeria. In this study, we evaluated samples from the lips of a red Sokoto goat, and describe co-infection of keratinocytes with PPRV and GTPV using histopathology and transmission electron microscopy. Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were identified histologically, and ultrastructural analysis revealed numerous large cytoplasmic viral factories containing poxvirus particles and varying sizes of smaller cytoplasmic inclusions composed of PPRV nucleocapsids. These histopathological and ultrastructural findings show concurrent infection with the 2 viruses for the first time as well as the detection of PPRV particles in epithelial cells of the mucocutaneous junction of the lip.

Art and Science: or Bach as an Expositor of the Bible

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 343-353
Author(s):  
W. R. Ward
Keyword(s):  
East Germany ◽  
The State ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
National Tradition ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment

For a long time before dramatic recent events it has been clear that the German Democratic Republic has been in die position, embarrassing to a Marxist system, of having nothing generally marketable left except (to use the jargon) ‘superstructure’. The Luther celebrations conveniendy bolstered the implicit claim of the GDR to embody Saxony’s long-delayed revenge upon Prussia; still more conveniendy, they paid handsomely. Even the Francke celebrations probably paid their way, ruinous though his Orphan House has been allowed to become. When I was in Halle, a hard-pressed government had removed the statue of Handel (originally paid for in part by English subscriptions) for head-to-foot embellishment in gold leaf, and a Handel Festival office in the town was manned throughout the year. Bach is still more crucial, both to the republic’s need to pay its way and to the competition with the Federal Republic for the possession of the national tradition. There is no counterpart in Britain to the strength of the Passion-music tradition in East Germany. The celebrations which reach their peak in Easter Week at St Thomas’s, Leipzig, are like a cross between Wembley and Wimbledon here, the difference being that the black market in tickets is organized by the State for its own benefit. If Bach research in East Germany, based either on musicology or the Church, has remained an industry of overwhelming amplitude and technical complexity, the State has had its own Bach-research collective located in Leipzig, dedicated among other things to establishing the relation between Bach and the Enlightenment, that first chapter in the Marxist history of human liberation. Now that a good proportion of the population of the GDR seems bent on liberation by leaving the republic or sinking it, the moment seems ripe to take note for non-specialist readers of some of what has been achieved there in recent years.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of a Novel Mutant of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Isolated fromCapra ibexin China during 2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zixiang Zhu ◽  
Xiaocui Zhang ◽  
Gulizhati Adili ◽  
Jiong Huang ◽  
Xiaoli Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Sequences ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Capra Ibex ◽  
V Protein ◽  
First Time ◽  
Lineage Iv ◽  
New Mutations

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is the causative agent of peste des petits ruminants (PPR). The spread of PPR often causes severe economic losses. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the surveillance of PPR emergence, spread, and geographic distribution. Here we describe a novel mutant of PPRV China/XJBZ/2015 that was isolated fromCapra ibexin Xinjiang province in China 2015. The sequence analysis and phylogenetic assessment indicate that China/XJBZ/2015 belongs to lineage IV, being closely related to China/XJYL/2013 strain. Interestingly, the V protein sequence of China/XJBZ/2015 showed lower homology with other Chinese PPRVs isolated during 2013 to 2014 (94%~95%), whereas it shared 100% identity with three Tibet strains isolated in China 2007. The 3′ UTR, V gene, and C gene were determined to be highly variable. Besides, 29 PPR genomic sequences available in GenBank were analyzed in this study. It is the first time to use PPRV genomic sequences to classify the different lineages which confirmed the lineage clustering of PPRVs using N gene 255 bp fragments and F gene 322 bp fragments. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the PPRVs continue to evolve in China, and some new mutations have emerged.

scholarly journals Consolidation of agricultural land, as a factor maintaining and improving soil cover of the Azerbaijan Republic

2020 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
T. N. Nizamzade
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
The State ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time

Abstract. The purpose of our research is to study the state of the soil cover of peasant farms, and to establish the cause of the decline in soil fertility, the land used by them in their farms. The preservation and improvement of the soil cover, therefore, and the basic vital resources in the conditions of intensification of agricultural production, industrial development, rapid growth of cities and transport is possible only with well-established control over the use of all types of soil and land resources. The object of the study was the soil cover on the territory of farms of the Republic, with certain natural conditions and a specific type of economic development. The data obtained as a result of research on the state of the soil cover reflect the General pattern of development of land degradation throughout the territory of farms, due to uncontrolled use of land resources. In the article, the sizes of land shares of farms of the Republic which in our opinion are one of the main reasons of decrease in soil fertility of lands of agricultural purpose are considered. At the moment, there is no current legislation in Azerbaijan that could regulate the consolidation of agricultural land and prevent further unjustified fragmentation of land plots. The author in the work proposes a method of land management on a voluntary basis to carry out land consolidation. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time on the territory of the Republic to solve the problems associated with the deterioration of soil cover on the lands of farms, it is proposed to consolidate the lands of small farms into larger landholdings. As consolidation of lands in these farms will create for their owners an opportunity to unite the efforts in carrying out Agro complex actions in fight against deterioration of soil fertility.

scholarly journals Phylogeography of the scorpion M. сaucasicus (Nordmann 1840) within the range of the genus Mesobuthus (Vachon 1950) (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Author(s):  
Nikita M. Poverennyi ◽  
◽  
Vasilii V. Anikin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Habitats

Currently, new habitats of scorpions of the genus Mesobuthus have been established on the territory of the republics of Armenia and Dagestan. The aim of the study was to determine the phylogenetic position of scorpions inhabiting the territories of the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Dagestan. This study contributes to the development of ideas about the zoogeographic distribution of the scorpion fauna in the Palaearctic. In the course of the research, phylogenetic relationships of the species Mesobuthus caucasicus from the territory of the Republic of Dagestan and Armenia with other taxa of the genus Mesobuthus from the Lower Volga region and southern Kazakhstan were established. This work is a continuation of the authors’ research on the study of phylogeny, morphological features and distribution of scorpions of the genus Mesobuthus in the Caspian, North Turan and Scythian regions. For the first time, DNA sequences for the СОI gene of the species M. caucasicus and M. eupeus from the territory of the Republic of Dagestan (Russia) and the Republic of Armenia were introduced into the complex analysis. A dendrogram was constructed based on the decoded nucleotide sequences of representatives of the populations of the Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan regions, the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Armenia and South Kazakhstan. It was found that representatives of M. caucasicus from Dagestan are included in the Central Asian complex of species of the genus Mesobuthus, in particular, they are close to the species M. fuscus, M. intermedius, M. kreuzbergi. As for scorpions from the populations of the Saratov, Volgograd, and Astrakhan regions, at the moment of research they form a separate cluster, which confirms their isolation from the species M. caucasicus and M. eupeus.

'In tuam invocationem rumpebam nodos linguae meae' (conf. 1, 14): Un poco más que aprender a hablar

Augustinus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-321
Author(s):  
Bruno N. D’Andrea ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time

The first book of Augustine’s Confessions has attracted the attention of many Scholars for a long time, especially the interest of those who study the Philosophy of Language. The article presents some considerations about the acquisition of language as explained by Augustine in the first Book of the Confessions, trying to verify if the only purpose of the Bishop of Hippo when narrating this event, typical of pueritia, was to communicate to the reader when and how he learned to speak. The article tries to point out that Augustine probably wanted to describe the moment when he was able for the first time to address God. In this sense, Augustine’s intention would be to point that the process of learning to speak is a necessary step to be able to call on God, to praise him and to pray, all topics which are important within Augustine’s Confessions.

scholarly journals Eco-friendly material for packaging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Gegeckienė ◽  
◽  
Ingrida Venytė ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Product Packaging ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Moment

: At the moment there exists a predominant prevalence of the combined packaging (i. e. cardboard is covered with polyethylene) in the food packaging market, which provides the necessary barrier properties for a packaged product. However, there also exist a great number of problems regarding the issue such as packaging sorting, recycling, waste management, and economic losses. According to the latest data, 65 enterprises in Lithuania are currently working in the recycling industry. They can recycle different types of packaging. The issue of ecology is highly relevant in the printing industry. It is not a secret that the global population is growing rapidly. As the demand for food and non-food product packaging increases, the production volume increases accordingly. In the future, it is expected that the volume of packaging production will increase accordingly. MMK cardboard can be called a revolution in the industry of packaging. Until now, packaging which has direct contact with food must be laminated with films such as PE. Plastic waste is one of the most common types of waste that takes a very long time to decompose. Normally, plastic packaging can take up to several hundred years to decompose in landfills, while cardboard is easily recyclable and takes up to half a year to biodegrade. The aim of this research is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties and characteristics (in order to offer analog materials in the perspective) of the new materials with the necessary properties and compared to the properties of the most using materials.

scholarly journals IMPERATOR CONTRA PRAEDONES UWAGI O „NIEKONSTYTUCYJNOŚCI” LEX GABINIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Anna Tarwacka
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Imperator contra praedones Some Remarks on the Illegality of the lex GabiniaSummaryIn 67 BC Aulus Gabinius, a tribunus plebis, proposed a law appointing an imperator to deal with the pirates of the Mediterranean area. The law was passed as lex Gabinia de uno imperatore contra praedones constituendo and the senate was asked to choose the right candidate. The only possible choice was Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, the most talented and famous general of the time. The senators opposed so violently that Gabinius was almost killed. Thus, another assembly was called which appointed Pompey to the task. His campaign against the pirates was amazingly fast and successful.There are several reasons for treating this case as a deviation from the republican constitution. Firstly, the imperium was given for a period of three years which was unusually long time for an extraordinary command. Secondly, the general was given power on the whole Mediterranean area, equal to this of the provincial governors. Thirdly, he could choose his own legati which was a case unknown to the republican system. Moreover, it was the first time when an extraordinary command was given by the concilia plebis regardless the senatorial opposition.The case of lex Gabinia was one of Pompey’s numerous victories over the republic. Notwithstanding, he managed to persuade everyone to picture himself as a hero and defender o f the republic.

Recommendations for developing measures to improve working conditions based on the results of periodic certification of production facilities for working conditions in the Republic of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-162
Author(s):  
V. A. Malashkina ◽  
A. Kopylova
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Improve Working ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Special Assessment ◽  
First Time ◽  
Production Facilities

More than 160 million occupational diseases detected for the first time are registered annually around the world [1,2]. At the mining enterprises Of Kazakhstan, this indicator has remained consistently high for many years. Currently, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the only procedure for identifying dangerous and / or harmful factors of the production environment and labor process and assessing the degree of their impact on the employee is the periodic certification of production facilities for working conditions (pout), which is analogous to the procedure for special assessment of working conditions (SOUT) in the Russian Federation. The relevance of the research is due to the need to improve the legal framework for labor protection in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The aim of this work is to improve working conditions at mining enterprises in Kazakhstan by improving the methodology for developing measures based on the results of periodic certification of production facilities for working conditions. To achieve this goal, a «List of measures to improve working conditions»is being developed based on the results of the PA-POUT. At the moment, this list is compiled in the image and likeness of practically the same at all mining enterprises. The article proposes the principle of grouping activities, which allows us to make a more detailed focus on the dangerous and harmful factors of a particular enterprise, as well as the reasons for their occurrence. The proposed ranking is necessary to take into account the specifics of each specific mining enterprise.

scholarly journals Prevalence of peste des petits ruminants in the arid zone in the Republic of Niger

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Souaibou Farougou ◽  
Mariama Gagara ◽  
Guy A. Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Republic

The study aimed to determine the prevalence of peste des petits ruminants in the arid zone (Niamey, Tillabéry and Tahoua) of the Republic of Niger. A serological survey was conducted and 519 serum samples were collected from 253 unvaccinated sheep and 266 unvaccinated goats. The sample included 340 female animals (168 sheep and 172 goats) and 160 kids and lambs (78 lambs and 82 kids). A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay yielded an overall seroprevalence of 45.0%. The prevalence in sheep was 42.0% compared with 47.9% in goats. The seroprevalence observed amongst small ruminants in Tahoua (49.8%) and Tillabéry (46.6%) was significantly higher (p = 0.001) than that observed in animals from Niamey (25.1%). It was also higher (p = 0.04) in sheep younger than two years (51.8%) than in adults (37.6%). Conversely, the seroprevalence showed no significant difference between male animals (35.8% in sheep; 50.1% in goats) and female animals (45.1% in sheep; 46.4% in goats). The prevalence of the disease observed amongst the sheep and goat populations confirms the continued danger of this disease in the areas studied. It is therefore necessary to develop strategies such as improving livestock services, providing effective vaccines and implementing a vaccination programme for an effective control of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa.

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