Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of ethanol extract of Coula edulis seed shell

Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. (Solanaceae) is traditionally used for curing several health conditions in both human and domesticated animals. There is no data available regarding pharmacognostic standardization and pharmacological activity of this less known medicinal plant. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to prepare pharmacognostic fingerprints of crude drugs obtained from the leaf and stem parts of S. glaucophyllum. Apart from this detailed phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies have also been carried out. Pharmacognostic study revealed that the leaves are amphistomatic and stomata are strictly of anisocytic type. Values of stomatal index, palisade ratio, ash content of the investigated parts are found distinct and can be used as pharmacognostic standards for evaluation of crude drugs of this medicinal plant. Phytochemical studies of the leaf and stem parts indicated that phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids are present in quite impressible amount. Curcumin content in stem was found very high through HPLC analysis. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, the stem part showed significant antioxidant potential. Ethanol extract of stem produced maximum inhibition zone (11mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the concentration of 50 mg/ml among five test microorganisms. Some pharmacognostic features recorded in this study as diagnostic ones will help in proper identification of this ethnomedicinal plant in its fresh as well as dried form. On the other hand preliminary phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies highlight the S. glaucophyllum as a promising candidate for bioprospecting.

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NMDA Receptor-Mediated Neuroprotective Effect of theScutellaria baicalensisGeorgi Extract on the Excitotoxic Neuronal Cell Death in Primary Rat Cortical Cell Cultures

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/459549 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jinsong Yang ◽

Xiaohong Wu ◽

Haogang Yu ◽

Xinbiao Liao ◽

Lisong Teng

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Nmda Receptor ◽

Cell Cultures ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Neuronal Cell Death ◽

Cortical Cell ◽

Neuronal Cell ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Cortical Cell Cultures

The objective of the current research work was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of the ethanol extract ofScutellaria baicalensis(S.B.) on the excitotoxic neuronal cell death in primary rat cortical cell cultures. The inhibitory effects of the extract were qualitatively and quantitatively estimated by phase-contrast microscopy and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. The extract exhibited a potent and dose-dependent inhibition of the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in the culture media. Further, using radioligand binding assays, it was observed that the inhibitory effect of the extract was more potent and selective for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated toxicity. The S.B. ethanol extract competed with [3H] MDL 105,519 for the specific binding to the NMDA receptor glycine site with 50% inhibition occurring at 35.1 μg/mL. Further, NMDA receptor inactivation by the S.B. ethanol extract was concluded from the decreasing binding capability of [3H]MK-801 in the presence of the extract. Thus, S.B. extract exhibited neuroprotection against excitotoxic cell death, and this neuroprotection was mediated through the inhibition of NMDA receptor function by interacting with the glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor. Phytochemical analysis of the bioactive extract revealed the presence of six phytochemical constituents including baicalein, baicalin, wogonin, wogonoside, scutellarin, and Oroxylin A.

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Phytochemical analysis of Gnetum montanum stems’ ethanol extract and in vitro evaluation of tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activity.

10.1055/s-0041-1736984 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

CT N Nguyen ◽

L Antoniadi ◽

H Tran ◽

T N Huynh ◽

H Stuppner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

In Vitro Evaluation

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HYPOGLYCEMIC AND HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF ANNONA MURICATA L. LEAF ETHANOL EXTRACT

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i3.16402 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 170 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. Sovia ◽

W. Ratwita ◽

D. Wijayanti ◽

D. R. Novianty

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Normal Group ◽

Islet Of Langerhans ◽

Control Group ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Annona Muricata ◽

Cholesterol Levels

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Annona muricata leaf ethanol extract. This study also investigated phytochemical analysis of the extract and improvement in the islet of Langerhans.Methods: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects were evaluated using alloxan induced diabetic rats. Twenty-five Wistar rats devided into five groups, that are normal group, control group that induced by alloxan 125 mg/kg body weight and given CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), and three treatment group that induced by alloxan and given Annona muricata leaf ethanol extract (AMLEE) with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. Blood glucose and total cholesterol levels were measured before and after alloxan induction, and 21 d after AMLEE treatment. At the end of the study, all of the animals experiment were sacrificed for histopathological examination.Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed that flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phytosterols and phenols were present in ethanol extract of Annona muricata L. leaf. At the end of the study, blood glucose and total cholesterol levels in all AMLEE treated group were decreased significantly (p<0.05). Final blood glucose level in the groups that given AMLEE 50 mg/kg body weight (86.7±14.6 mg/dl) was almost the same with that of the normal group (91.25±28.38 mg/dl). The result of the histopathological examination is not showed an improvement of the islet of Langerhans in AMLEE treated groups.Conclusion: In conclusion, the ethanol extract of Annona muricata L. leaf have hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. However, there was no improvement in the islet of Langerhans damage.

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CAESALPINIA DECAPETALA

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.03.831 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (03) ◽

pp. 478-484

Author(s):

MUHAMMAD KASHIF BAIG ◽

IRAM IRSHAD ◽

FAIZA NASEER

Keyword(s):

Structural Changes ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Hepatoprotective Activity ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Medical College ◽

Study Materials ◽

Sinusoidal Dilatation ◽

Histopathological Studies ◽

Animal House

Members of genus Caesalpinia are found world widely in tropical and temperate areas. Caesalpinia species have variouspharmacological actions that include antidiabetic, antiulcer, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antirheumatic. Objectives:To assess the Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of Caesalpinia decapetala. Duration of study: September 2012 to November2012. Setting: Pharmacology and Pathology departments of Independent medical college and animal House of university of agriculture,Faisalabad. Study design: Experimental study. Materials and Methods: Hepatoprotective activity was determined by measuring the livermarker enzymes like Bilirubin, AST, ALT and ALK levels and then hepatic biopsy to see any structural changes. Phytochemical analysis ofplant extract indicates that it contains polyphenols and flavonoids that possess antioxidant potential and hence possess Hepatoprotectiveactivity. Results: Liver enzyme levels were significantly raised in rabbits receiving paracetamol and the enzyme levels were significantlyreduced in rabbits who were receiving Caesalpinia Decapetala and paracetamol comparable to silymarin and Paracetamol. Resultsobservation was done in concentration and dose dependent manner. Histopathological studies indicated centrizonal and focal necrosisand ballooning in liver of rabbits treated with paracetamol. It showed only mild steatosis with sinusoidal dilatation and binucleate cells ingroups receiving Caesalpinia decapetala. Conclusions: It is concluded that Caesalpinia decapetala possesses significantHepatoprotective activity.

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A comparative evaluation of Kumaun Himalayan Gymnosperms for their Antifungal potential against plant pathogenic fungi

The Journal of Phytopharmacology ◽

10.31254/phyto.2018.7302 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 230-241

Author(s):

Savita Joshi ◽

◽

Parikshit Kumar ◽

Prabha Pant ◽

SC Sati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Total Activity ◽

Maximum Activity ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Cedrus Deodara ◽

Araucaria Cunninghamii

Fungicidal activity of 10 ethnobotanically known Kumaun Himalayan gymnospermous plants namely Araucaria cunninghamii, Biota orientalis, Cedrus deodara, Cephalotaxus griffithi, Cryptomeria japonica Cupressus torulosa, Ginkgo biloba, Juniperus communis, Picea smithiana and Pinus wallichiana were tested against six plant disease causing fungal pathogens by agar well-diffusion method. Forty extracts of these gymnospermic leaves in different organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, chloroform and hexane) were studied by performing the 160 sets of experiments. The MIC values of each extract (where % inhibition ≥ 40%) were also determined. All the plant extracts exhibited strong antifungal activity. Results indicated that all leaves extracts of C. griffithi and G. biloba were found most effective among the tested plants extracts. Hexane extract of C. griffithi was showed highest inhibitory activity against C. falcatum (72%; MIC, 7.81µg/ml) and T. indica (70%; MIC, 15.62µg/ml). On the other hand, ethanol extract of G. biloba also showed remarkable activity against P. oryzae (66% with MIC, 7.81g/ml). While P. wallichiana leave extracts were found less active among the studied plants against all the tested fungal strains. The chloroform extracts were found the most effective against all the tested fungi (10% to 60%), followed by ethanol extract (30-50%), methanol extract (20-40%), while in hexane extracts ranged 10-30% only. The extracts of C. griffithi exhibited superior Relative Antifungal Activity (RAA, 20%), followed by G. biloba and A. cunninghamii (RAA, 19 and 12%, respectively). All data were also analyzed for determination of total activity of plant for each studied species of gymnosperm. C. griffithi had maximum activity i.e. 71 % followed by G. biloba (54%) and A. cunninghamii (33%). C. torulosa showed the least total activity and RAA i.e. 8% and 3%, respectively. All the plant species assayed possess definite antifungal properties and suggested for phytochemical analysis to identify the active principles responsible for their antifungal activity

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KAJIAN TOKSISITAS DARI TUBUH BUAH Ganoderma lucidum DENGAN METODE BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST (BST)

Scripta Biologica ◽

10.20884/1.sb.2014.1.1.22 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 32

Author(s):

Ross Nurul Rohmah ◽

Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas ◽

Ari Asnani

Keyword(s):

Toxic Effect ◽

Fruiting Body ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽

One Stage ◽

Body Extract

Ganoderma lucidum is polyporus fungi from Basidiomycetes which can be used as traditional medicines. Toxicity test with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST) method using Artemia salina was conducted to find out toxic effect of G.lucidum. An extract would have toxic effect if the LC50 < 1000 µg/ml. The aims of this experiment were to know about the toxicity level from G.lucidum with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST) method and determined the concentration of fruiting body extract of G.lucidum which had the best toxicity effect in LC50. There were two extraction methods used in this experiment, first one stage extraction and then multilevel extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Each solvent was made in 1000 ppm, 500 ppm, 250 ppm, and 125 ppm. This process was repeated for three times. This experiment used G.lucidum extract which was tested to A.salina and secunder compound metabolit test from the most toxic G. lucidum was done with phytochemical analysis. The result indicated that fruiting body extract from G.lucidum could kill A.salina because all extract was positively contained alkaloid and terpenoid but negatively contained flavonoid. Fruiting body extract from G.lucidum which had lowest LC50 wass ethyl asetat extract with one stage extraction in concentration 53,70 ppm and highest LC50 was ethanol extract with multilevel extraction in concentration 501,18 ppm.

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Antidiabetic Activities and Identification of Chemical Compound from Samama (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb) Havil)

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.25492 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 66 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laela Nur Anisah ◽

Wasrin Syafii ◽

Gustan Pari ◽

Rita Kartika Sari

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Antidiabetic Activity ◽

Isopropyl Myristate ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Triterpenoid Saponin ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

High Contribution ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Samama (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) is one of a pioneer indigenous fast growing species in Indonesia which have been used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The objectives were to determine the yield extract, to analyze their antidiabetic activity by inhibition assay for α-glucosidase enzyme activity and chemical analysis with GCMS. Extraction of leaves, bark and wood samples were done by using ethanol 95%. Fractionation the most active ethanol extract was conducted by using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The yield of ethanol extracts in leaves, bark and wood were 13.90%, 12.87%, and 2.18% respectively. Based on antidiabetic activity assay, the bark ethanol extract was the most active extract by the IC50 value of 5.86 μg mL-1. Phytochemical analysis on bark ethanol extracts showed that they contained flavonoid, quinon, triterpenoid, saponin and tannin which were assumed have high contribution in antidiabetic activities. The result of fractionation ethanol extract bark showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active fraction (IC50 6.82 μg mL-1). GCMS analysis indicated the presence of dominant phenolic compounds such as pyrocatechol, antiarol, isopropyl myristate and phenol in which were suspected have antidiabetic activity. These results strongly suggested that ethyl acetate fraction of Samama bark was a potential natural source for antidiabetic agents.

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TOXICITY TEST OF Gracilaria sp. AGAINST Aspergillus niger van Tieghem AND THE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

International Journal of Biosciences and Biotechnology ◽

10.24843/ijbb.2020.v08.i01.p01 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Nevy Widya Pangestika ◽

I Gede Putu Wirawan ◽

I Ketut Suada

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Activity Test ◽

Concentration Test ◽

Growth Of Fungi ◽

Fungal Colony

The purpose of this study was to know the effectiveness of Gracilaria sp. ethanol extract to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Gracilaria sp. was not effective to inhibit the growth of A. niger. The minimum inhibitory concentration test (MIC) was carried out using extracts with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7 %, 0.8 %, 0.9%, 1%, 2% and 0% percentage. The MIC results showed that the minimum extract inhibiting A. niger was 0.8%. The results of the antifungal activity test showed that the ethanol extract of Gracilaria sp. was fungistatic against A. niger. On the third day incubation, the 4% extract inhibited the growth of fungi with an average diameter of 5 mm. The fungal colony test was carried out using extract with 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 0% concentration, and the results showed that extract with 4% concentration can inhibit fungi colony growth by 69%. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, and the results showed that the ethanol extract of Gracilaria sp. contained 366.33 mg/100g/GAE phenol, 2041.47 mg/100g flavonoids, and 3041.60 mg/100g/TAE tannins. Tannins are suspected to be the most dominant fungistatic compound with the largest amount.

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Phytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective activity of Raphanus sativus var. sativus in Sprague-Dawley rats

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.4314/tjpr.v19i8.25 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 1745-1752

Author(s):

Heshu Sulaiman Rahman ◽

Kashan Alaalddin Bayz ◽

Ridha Hassan Hussein ◽

Azad Ismael Abdalla ◽

Hemn Hassan Othman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Enzymes ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Hepatoprotective Activity ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Hepatotoxic Effect ◽

Hepatic Histopathology ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid

Purpose: To determine the phenolic and flavonoid contents of R. sativus rhizome ethanol extract and the hepatoprotective effect of the extract in rats. Methods: Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride colorimetric tests were used to determine the contents of phenols and flavonoids in the R. sativus extract. Male Sprague-Dawley rats induced with CCl4 to develop hepatotoxicity were treated orally with R. sativus extract for 4 weeks. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract on the liver were determined by evaluating the concentration of oxidative analytes, serum liver enzymes and lipids, and hepatic histopathology and cytochrome P450 2E1 expression. Results: R. sativus extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4 via its antioxidant activities and protection of liver tissues from oxidative damage. Conclusion: The hepatoprotective effects of R. sativus rhizome ethanol extract are attributed to its highphenolic and flavonoid contents. Keywords: R. savitus rhizome, Phenols, Flavonoid contents, antioxidant, Hepatoprotective

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