scholarly journals Investigation of heavy metal levels of clams (Egeria radiata) sold in open markets in Port Harcourt and Yenagoa, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Benjamin Uchechukwu Nti ◽  
Okechukwu Kenneth Wokeh ◽  
Chidinma Georginia Okey-Wokeh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystem ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Oil And Gas Exploration ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Open Markets

Due to rapid urbanization, increase in coastal population, oil and gas exploration and other array of anthropogenic activities within the Niger Delta region of which Rivers and Bayelsa states are prominent amongst others, the region has been faced with coastal water pollution. There is need therefore, to evaluate the intensity of environmental contamination of the aquatic ecosystem in this region, thus this study was conducted to investigate the heavy metal levels of Clams (Egeria radiata) sold in open markets in Port Harcourt (Rivers State) and Yenagoa (Bayelsa State). Samples were collected from three markets in Port Harcourt (Mile 1, Rumuokoro and Mile 3), and three markets as well in Yenagoa (Opolo, Swali and Tombia) respectively. The samples were collected bi-weekly for 3 months and transported to the laboratory for analysis of heavy metals (Cr, Cd and Pb) levels using standard scientific method of analysis. The analysis was done in triplicates for each sample and data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using excel spreadsheet and statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. The results revealed that samples collected from markets in Port Harcourt had higher concentrations of heavy metal than that of Yenagoa, though, the heavy metal levels were below World Health Organisation permissible limits, except for Cadmium (Cd) that ranged from 0.54±0.002 to 0.78±0.00 mg/kg in samples collected from Port Harcourt, against 0.5 mg/kg recommended by WHO. This could be attributed to oil and gas exploration, and discharges of industrial and domestic wastes bearing cadmium, and poses serious health risks. Therefore, routine monitoring and assessment of the aquatic ecosystem will be vital to forestall further contamination.

scholarly journals Assessment of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils and Plant (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
William Azuka Iyama ◽  
Kingsley Okpara ◽  
Kuaanan Techato
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Cr Concentration

This study assessed the concentration of heavy metal, such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), and Silver (Ag), in Vernonia amygdalina Delile and agricultural soils of three university farms located in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The soils and plants were taken randomly to form composite samples and analyzed for heavy metals by the use of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The study stations were agricultural soils and Vernonia amygdalina Delile from the Ignatius Ajuru University of Education (I), River State University (R) and University of Port Harcourt (U). The soil samples recorded mean concentration ranges for Fe as 19.71 ± 1.77 (I)–27.24 ± 3.56 mg/kg (R) in soils and 12.95 ± 1.68 (R)–18.18 ± 2.02 mg/kg (U) for the bitter leaf samples. The mean range for Pb concentration in the soil and bitter leaf were 4.35 ± 0.87–6.80 ± 0.86 mg/kg and 0.24 ± 0.64–2.19 ± 0.74 mg/kg, while Cd concentration in the soil and bitter leaf were 0.46 ± 0.28–1.42 ± 0.40 mg/kg and 0.17 ± 0.22–0.42 ± 0.08 mg/kg, respectively. The respective mean ranges for Cr concentration in the soil and bitter leaf were 5.91 ± 1.14–8.77 ± 0.88 mg/kg and 4.04 ± 0.64–5.92 ± 0.69 mg/kg, while Ni in soil and bitter leaf were 0.54 ± 3.38–10.26 ± 3.50 mg/kg and 0.042 ± 1.42–3.30 ± 0.88 mg/kg, while Ag was negligible. Heavy metal levels in soils and Vernonia amygdalina followed the order Fe > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd and Fe > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd, respectively, and were lower than WHO/FAO and EPA, except Cd, which was higher in soil and in Vernonia amygdalina. The ecological risk factor (ErF) was comparatively lower in soils than in the plant, while pollution load index (PLI) showed high heavy metal retention capacities in Vernonia amygdalina due to more anthropogenic influences. The metal transfer factor (TF) was highest in Fe, followed by Cr > Cd > Ni > Pb, while Pb had the highest chances of cancer risks from the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), especially in both soil and plant (mean ILCR, 2.07 × 10−2 and 2.45 × 10−3), while Cd had the least (mean ILCR, 9.64 × 10−5 and 3.36 × 10−5). Anthropogenic activities must be regulated and monitored by government relevant agencies to reduce heavy metal inputs into soils and avoid excessive accruals in food chain.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Levels in Vegetables with Growth Stage and Plant Species Variations

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habib Mohammad Naser ◽  
Sarmin Sultana ◽  
Nashir Uddin Mahmud ◽  
Rebeca Gomes ◽  
Shamsun Noor
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
World Health ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Metal Levels

Field experiment was conducted to compare and investigate the concentration  levels of heavy metals in leafy vegetables with growth stage and plant species  variations on an experimental field near the net house of Soil Science Division,  Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh  during November 2008 to January 2009. Seeds of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) and amaranth (Amaranthus oleraseus) were  sown on 14 November 2008. Plant and soil samples were collected at different  growth stages, such as at 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after sowing (DAS). The  concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and  chromium (Cr) in plant increased with the age of the plant, but the increase was  not linear. The rate of increase of concentration of these metals at 20 to 30 DAS  was found lower than that at 30 to 40 DAS, except Cr. Heavy metal content  gradually increased at the early growing stage and fall during later stages of  growth. The significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed between the mean  metal concentrations in the three vegetables species. The Pb and Co  concentrations in amaranth were found higher compared to those found in  spinach and red amaranth. Spinach exhibited higher levels of Cd and Cr than  those of other vegetables. However, the three vegetables did not differ  significantly in its Ni concentration. The order of heavy metal level in different  vegetables was Cd<Co<Pb<Ni<Cr. In vegetable species in respect of heavy  metal concentration Cd, Ni, and Cr was highest in spinach and amaranth showed  highest concentration in Pb and Co. The highest correlation between soil-plant  was found for Cd, while the lowest for Ni. Metal concentrations in the  vegetables studied were found lower than the maximum allowable level in India  but the concentrations of Cd and Cr were higher than the allowable levels set by  the World Health Organization (WHO).   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i4.11743   Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 36(4): 563-574, December 2011    

scholarly journals Heavy metal concentration in vegetables and their potential risk for human health

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-81
Author(s):  
A. Feseha ◽  
◽  
A.K. Chaubey ◽  
A. Abraha ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Swiss Chard ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Collard Green

This study assesses heavy metal levels in the water, soil, and vegetables (swiss chard, lettuce, cabbage, collard green, tomato, green pepper, and carrot) irrigated with wastewater in Gamo, Ethiopia. The samples of soils, waters, and vegetables were randomly collected, processed, and analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Ni had the highest concentration, and Pb, Zn, and Cu had the lowest concentration in irrigation waters. The levels of Cd in the Kulfo river area and Chamo Lake area and Cu in most of the farm soils were also found to be higher than the guideline values. The study also revealed that the mean levels of Cd in most vegetables and Cr and Pb in some vegetables were higher than the maximum recommended limits set by the World Health Organization / Food and Agriculture Organization 2001. Among the vegetables, cabbage had the highest heavy metal content followed by Swiss-chard, carrot, tomato, collard green, green pepper, and lettuce. The Hazard quotient of Cu, and Ni of all samples of vegetables and Cd in some samples vegetables obtained exceeded unity. It signifies that there are potential health risks to the consumers. This study recommends regular monitoring of heavy metals in soils, waters, and foodstuffs to prevent excessive accrual in the food chain.

scholarly journals Pollution Evaluation Based on Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Levels of Miniokoro Stream, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
D. M. Abbey ◽  
M. E. Abbey ◽  
T. C. Ogunyemi ◽  
M. E. Abbey
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Government

Evaluation of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal levels in surface water of the Miniokoro stream, Port Harcourt, Nigeria were investigated to determine its potability and pollution status at various stations along the stream.  The physicochemical parameters analyzed in the water samples were: pH, Temperature, Salinity, Electrical conductivity, TDS, DO, BOD, Alkalinity, Chloride, NH4+, NO3-, PO43-, SO42- while heavy metals such as Nickel, lead, Iron, Zinc and Chromium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results from the research showed an average concentration level of the physicochemical parameters such as pH (5.79-7.01), EC (136.43 - 960.67µS/cm), TDS (90.17 - 1517.67) and the spatial distribution of heavy metals: zinc (0.07 - 1.09mg/l), chromium (0.03 - 0.09mg/l), nickel (0.07 - 0.08mg/l) and iron (12.29 - 39.95mg/l). Water samples from various stations depicts the varying level of pollution along the stream when compared with national and international permissible limit. Thus, it suggests that the government should develop and implement an effective waste management plans due to environmental and other anthropogenic impacts on the stream.

scholarly journals Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Pawpaw (Carica papaya Linn.) around Automobile Workshops in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 48-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olatunde Sunday Eludoyin ◽  
Onisoya Margaret Ogbe
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Supporting Soil ◽  
Rivers State

Background. Consumption of plants such as Carica papaya grown around automobile workshops is common in big cities in Nigeria. However, little is known about the heavy metals contamination of these consumables due to the influence of automobile emissions during maintenance activities. Objectives. This study aimed to assess heavy metal concentrations in C. papaya and supporting soils around automobile workshops in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods. Seven automobile workshops were used for the present study. First, 20 m × 20 m quadrats were laid out for soil and C. papaya tissue sampling. One composite soil sample was collected from the topsoil (0–15 cm depth) around each of the automobile workshops. Three C. papaya stands at least 30 cm apart around each workshop were used for the study and from these stands, tissues (root, stem, leaf, fruit) of C. papaya were collected. Standard laboratory techniques were used to determine the pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and heavy metals (lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)) in the soil samples and C. papaya tissues. Pairwise t-test was used to determine significant differences (p&lt;0.05) in the heavy metal concentrations in soil and C. papaya tissues between the sample and control sites, while correlation statistics were used to determine the relationship of heavy metal concentrations between soil and C. papaya tissues. Results. C. papaya tissues and supporting soil had significantly higher levels of pH, EC and heavy metals in the sampled plots than the control plot. The heavy metal concentrations in C. papaya and soil occurred in the decreasing order of Pb&gt;Cu&gt;Hg&gt;Zn&gt;Cd. The fruit of C. papaya had the highest mean concentrations of Pb (51.4±14.1 mg/kg) and Zn (26.4±1.9 mg/kg), while the leaf had the highest mean concentration of Hg (32.0±2.3 mg/kg). The pH, Cu and Zn in the supporting soil were significantly correlated with the levels in the C. papaya tissues. Conclusion. Bio-accumulation of heavy metals by C. papaya is evident around automobile workshops, and Pb, Hg, Cd concentrations were found to be above the permissible limits for human consumption according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Consumption of food materials grown around automobile workshops could pose health risks. Competing interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment of Liza parsia Fish Lipids: Heavy Metals and DDTs Contaminations

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
Md. Abu Rayhan Khan ◽  
◽  
Muhammad Shamim Al Mamun ◽  
Mosummath Hosna Ara ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Organic Part ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Metal Levels

Background: Fish is a source of nutrition; however, toxic substances and heavy metals may enter human body due to consuming contaminated fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of heavy metals and DDTs in Liza parsia, a fish species, and assess the health risk of the contaminants in the fish samples. Methods: The extracted fish lipid was added with n-hexane and H2SO4 and was kept for long time. The upper organic part was collected for the analysis of DDTs by gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. The fish samples were homogenized by wet digestion method, and the heavy metal contents were analyzed, using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The health risks of the fish samples were assessed based on target hazard quotient and target cancer risk. Results: The pesticide contents of DDT, DDD, DDE and DDTs in the fish samples were 0.0414, 0.000253, 0.015 and 0.0567ng/g, respectively. Also, the mean concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were 35.42±10.05, 318.75±242.45, 41.67±4.78 and 281.25±5.42 mg/kg, respectively. Of note, the Cd and Pb contents were below the detection limits. The concentrations of other heavy metals were above the reference limits, which can cause various disease processes. Conclusion: The contents of four heavy metals and DDTs in the samples were above the limits. The main sources of these substances are likely due to human anthropogenic activities. Fish and other edible aquatic animals should be monitored regularly and the heavy metal levels be determined and declared to the public.

scholarly journals Long-term of River Water Quality and Pollution Source Apportionment in Taiwan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsha Savira Agatha Putri ◽  
Chao-Hsun Lou ◽  
Mat Syai'in ◽  
Shang-Hsin Ou ◽  
Yu-Chun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Metal Monitoring

This study reports multivariate statistical techniques applied including cluster analysis to evaluate and classify the river pollution level in Taiwan, and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) to identify the possible pollution source. Water quality and heavy metal monitoring data from Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) was evaluated for 14 rivers in the four regions of Taiwan. The Erren River was classified as the most polluted River in Taiwan. Biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia, and total phosphate concentration in this river were the highest of the 14 rivers evaluated. In addition, heavy metal levels of the following rivers exceeded the Taiwan EPA standard limit: lead - in the Dongshan, Jhuoshuei, and Xinhuwei Rivers; copper - in the Dahan, Laojie, and Erren Rivers; and manganese - in all rivers. Water pollution in the Erren River was estimated to originate 72% from industrial sources, 16% from domestic black water, and 12% from natural sources and runoff from other tributaries. Our research showed that PCA-MLR and the cluster analysis model accomplished our study objectives and will be helpful tools to evaluate water quality in rivers and we suggest that the continuous monitoring should be conducted to monitor water pollution from anthropogenic activities.

scholarly journals Effects of anthropogenic activities on the heavy metal levels in the clams and sediments in a tropical river

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koe Wei Wong ◽  
Chee Kong Yap ◽  
Rosimah Nulit ◽  
Mohd Suhaimi Hamzah ◽  
Soo Kien Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Tropical River ◽  
Metal Levels

scholarly journals Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metal Levels in Surface Water and Sediment of Mgbuodohia River, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Dissolved Ions

The assessment of water quality is indispensable for suitability of human consumption. In this study, water and sediment samples were collected from two sampling stations along Mgbuodohia River for a period of three months and analysed for physicochemical and heavy metal parameters using standard method of analysis [1]. The results showed no significant difference between stations I and 2 (p> 0.05) for all measured parameters. The different measurements for surface water are as follows: Temperature 28.3±0.70 o C, pH 7.0±0.19, Conductivity 14122 ± 4280 µS/cm, Salinity 7.77 ± 2.56 ppt, TDS 12793 ± 4069 mg/l, Turbidity 3.09 ± 0.65 NTU, Alkalinity 39 ± 9.61 mg CaCO3/l, Total hardness 5024 ± 1543 mg CaCO3/l, Calcium 499 ± 166 mg/l, Magnesium 921 ± 290 mg/l, Chloride 12623 ± 5581 mg/l, DO 6.93 ± 2.87 mg/l, BOD 1.85 ± 0.63 mg/l, Nitrate 0.48 ± 0.20 mg/l, Phosphate 0.69 ± 0.02 mg/l, and Sulphate 630 ± 197 mg/l. Heavy metals had their respective levels for station 1(downstream) and station 2 (upstream) as 0.7 ± 0.51 mg/l and 0.34 ± 0.19 mg/l for Pb, 0.20 ± 0.10 mg/l and 0.21 ± 0.02 for Cd, 2.10 ± 0.10 mg/l and 1.61 ± 1.69 mg/l for Fe while Zn was not detected. The water Quality Index, WQI = 425. The sediment metal concentrations for stations 1 and 2 are 0.38 ± 0.50 mg/kg and 0.15 ± 0.18mg/kg for Pb, 0.10 ± 0.00 mg/kg and 0.03±0.04 mg/kg for Cd, 18.02 ± 11.34mg/kg and 28.68 ± 5.10mg/kg for Fe and 0.13 ± 0.12 mg/ kg and 0.34 ± 0.15mg/kg for Zn respectively. The levels of sulphate, phosphate and chloride were above the recommended standard. The mineralization of the river was high due to the dissolved ions that were very much above the permissible limit. All the metals were within the recommended standard in water and sediment except Fe. The WQI indicated that the overall quality of the river was bad and not suitable for human use as drinking water

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