scholarly journals Russian Silver Age Philosophy of War: Main Features

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Alexei A. Skvortsov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Broad Line ◽  
Moral Choice ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Consistent System ◽  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
Armed Violence ◽  
The One

The article discusses the main features of the Russian philosophy of war that developed in the first third of the 20th century. The author shows that in Russia, the philosophy of war did not develop as a separate broad line of research but limited itself to only a few meaningful, but rather brief, experiments. Nevertheless, many Russian philosophers (Fyodor Dostoevsky, Vladimir Soloviev, Evgenii Troubetzkoy, Ivan Ilyin, Nikolai Berdyaev, Lev Karsavin and others) left deep, well-founded reasoning about war, which can be reconstructed as a consistent system of views. One of its features is the shift in the focus of considering armed violence from the sociological and political to the anthropological and ethical; the focus is not on war as a social phenomenon, but on the human’s position in war. In this regard, the attitude to war in Russian philosophy is paradoxical. On the one hand, war brings a lot of evil in the form of death of many people and destruction, but, on the other hand, it promotes to the manifestation of the best moral qualities in people, up to selflessness and heroism. Armed violence seems to be a tragedy of the Christian conscience, and each participant must independently find a justification for his participation in the war. Based on the conditions of a difficult moral choice, personal, existential justification may come from the idea that people cannot commit violence with a clear conscience. In this case, the person choosing to participate in a war perceives the battle as his own guilt that should be expiated.

scholarly journals TURGENEV AND DOSTOEVSKY: THE MILESTONE CHANGE IN CRITICISM AND LITERARY STUDIES OF THE SILVER AGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-510
Author(s):  
G.M. Rebel
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
Philosophical Criticism ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
Artistic Vision ◽  
The One ◽  
The University

The article analyzes the reasons and character of historical and literary milestone change, which was fulfilled within the framework of Russian religious philosophy and literary studies of the 1920s. Literary and philosophical criticism of the Silver age made the creative works of Fyodor Dostoevsky the main subject of its interest and it predetermined the content of the literary criticism concepts of B.Engelhardt and M.Bakhtin, who influenced the following literary criticism to great extent. It brought some misrepresentation to the literary process interpretation of the second part of the 19 century, which still influences the university and school literature courses of the period. In particular the religious and philosophical studies and works of the 1910-1920s based on them broke the ideological and aesthetic connection between the creative works of Dostoevsky and Turgenev, the polemical character of Dostoevsky’s works concerning Turgenev was ignored. The article rebuilds the second half of the 19th century’s literary process logic, the consequence of Turgenev’s ideological novel and only after it, in connection with it and mainly in polemic with it - the ideological novel by Dostoevsky. The presumed comparison of the two genre modifications of the ideological novel allows to depict their common features on the one hand and on the other - the principal differences, aesthetic specificity, predetermined by the particular features of the artistic vision and strategies of Turgenev and Dostoevsky.

Conceptualizing Computer Simulations in Philosophy of Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Timur V. Khamdamov ◽  
Mikhail Yu. Voloshin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Taxonomic Problem ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

In the modern Russian philosophy, discussions about the phenomenon of computer simulations in the scientific research practice of conducting experiments are just beginning to pass the stage of initiation in small interdisciplinary groups studying this new direction for the philosophy of science. At the same time, in Western philosophy by the current moment there have been formed entire directions for the study of computer simulations. Different groups of researchers in different ways form ideas about the basic characteristics of simulations: from skeptical views on their nature, which are of no philosophical interest, to extremely revolutionary attitudes that assign simulations to the main role in the next expected turn of philosophy, comparable in its power to the linguistic turn in early XX century. One of the main controversial issues in Western philosophical thought was the search for relevant criteria and signs of simulations that could create a solid basis for formulating a rigorous definition of this phenomenon. Thus, through the definition, researchers first of all try, on the one hand, to solve the taxonomic problem of the correlation and interconnection of simulations with other types of experiment: natural, laboratory, mental, mathematical. On the other hand, to reveal for philosophy ontological and epistemological foundations of simulations, which carry the potential of new philosophical knowledge. This article is devoted to a brief review of the existing concepts of representatives of Western schools of thought on the phenomenon of computer simulations in the context of the philosophy of science. The structure of the review is built on three basic conceptual directions: 1) definition of the term "computer simulation"; 2) computer simulations as an experiment; 3) the epistemic value of simulations. Such a review can become the subject of discussion for Russian researchers interested in the impact of computer simulations on science and philosophy.

Russian philosophy of law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Walicki
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World View ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Scottish Enlightenment ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
American Constitution ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The One

Russian thought is rarely associated with philosophy of law. The intellectuals of pre-revolutionary Russia are known rather for their uncompromising critique of legalism, passing sometimes into a genuine ‘legal nihilism’. Indeed, both right-wing and left-wing Russian thinkers – the Slavophiles and Dostoevskii on the one hand, the populists and anarchists (from Bakunin to Tolstoi) on the other – saw modern rational law as an instrument of egoistic bourgeois individualism, destroying the values of communal collectivism still preserved among the Russian peasantry. This attitude found expression not only in different forms of programmatic anti-capitalism but also in a tendency to discredit civil rights and political liberty as a mere mask for capitalist exploitation. Capitalist development and the juridicization of social bonds it involved were perceived as something peculiar to the West, coming to Russia from without and as such not worthy of acceptance. Law and legal rights were criticized in Russia from many quarters and for various reasons: in defence of an idealized autocracy or in defence of true freedom, on behalf of the Russian soul or on behalf of universal progress towards socialism, in the name of Christ or in the name of Marx. In this manner right-wing and left-wing Russian intellectuals supported one another in creating a peculiar tradition of the censure of law. However, it would be wrong to draw from these facts a conclusion of an inherent hostility between the ‘Russian mind’ and the ‘spirit of law’. The ‘juridical world-view’ of the Enlightenment was well represented in imperial Russia. The modernizing Russian autocrats – Peter the Great and Catherine the Great – believed firmly in the power of rational legislation and won admiration from among leading European thinkers (Leibniz, Voltaire, Diderot) fir setting a good example for Western monarchs. The first radical critic of Russian autocracy, Aleksandr Radishchev (1749–1802), was in turn a theorist of natural law, a firm believer in inalienable human rights, and an enthusiastic worshipper of the American constitution. Under the reign of Alexander I (1801–25), who himself thought seriously about the introduction of constitutional rule in Russia, admiration for law was very strong among Russia’s intellectual elite. Radischchev’s disciples, Ivan Pnin and Vasilii Popugaev, inspired also by the Scottish Enlightenment, advocated the idea of a ‘civil society’ with a developed system of private law and legally safeguarded human rights. Nikita Murav’ev and Pavel Pestel, ideological leaders of the two trends within the Decembrist movement (named so after the abortive uprising of December l825), expressed their ideas in the form of detailed constitutional projects. A common feature of these projects, otherwise very different, was a pronounced juridical rationalism, sharply contrasting with all variants of a sceptical attitude towards law.

Dekadencka Madonna, Biała Diablica, Lorelei... Zinaida Gippius w egodokumentach współczesnych

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (0) ◽  
pp. 112-126
Author(s):  
Iwona Krycka-Michnowska
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Literary Portraits ◽  
The One ◽  
Significant Figures ◽  
Zinaida Gippius

The paper is devoted to Zinaida Gippius’s literary portraits left on the pages of ego-documents, especially memoirs. She was one of the most significant figures of the Russian Silver Age. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, the writer created her own legend and image based on internal conflict, which in turn influenced the diversity of her portraits in memoirs. Their analysis leads to the conclusion that these portraits fit into the stereotyped, ambivalent perception of a woman, and majority of the authors reveal the tendency to mythologize and dehumanize her heroine: on the one hand her divinization, and on the other – reification. It also proves that the memoirist had perpetuated and widened the legend about her.

Masks of the Poet, Myths of the People: The Performance of Individuality and Nationhood in Georgian and Russian Modernism

Slavic Review ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-590
Author(s):  
Harsha Ram
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Greek Tragedy ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Commedia Dell'arte ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Perceived Needs ◽  
The People ◽  
Russian Symbolism ◽  
The One

Georgian and Russian modernisms engaged in a conversation that was by no means one-way and in which the chronological development and aesthetic premises of Russian symbolism became curiously inverted. Piecing together this forgotten dialogue allows us to recover a neglected crosscultural and properly Eurasian dimension of the Silver Age. Russians and Georgians alike invoked the mask as a theatrical form and myth as a narrative structure to articulate problems of individual, collective, and national identity. Mask and myth shared two distinct and somewhat incompatible genealogies, the one deriving from the Italian commedia dell'arte and the other from Friedrich Nietzsche's reading of Greek tragedy, both of which corresponded in turn to a typically Russian tension between the “decadent” and “mythopoetic” redactions of symbolism. These genealogies were critically adapted by the Georgians in an attempt to address the perceived needs of Georgian national culture. Aesthetic and philosophical problems concerning the semiotics of the name, the nature of the poetic persona, and the structure of myth came to be related to wider questions proper to an era of crisis and transition: modernity and historical belatedness, the dynamics of cultural importation, the gendered nature of nationhood, and the vexed relationship between popular culture and modernism as an elite cultural formation.

FROM MYSHKIN TO MARXISM: THE ROLE OF DOSTOEVSKY RECEPTION IN LUKÁCS'S REVOLUTIONARY ETHICS

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 927-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD WESTERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Political Ethics ◽  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
Spiritual Community ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

For European literati of the early twentieth century, Fyodor Dostoevsky represented a mythically Russian spirituality in contrast to a soulless, rationalized West. One such enthusiast was Georg Lukács, who in 1915 began a never-completed book about Dostoevsky's work, a model of spiritual community that could redeem a fallen world. Though framing his analysis in the language and themes of broader Dostoevsky reception, Lukács used this idiom innovatively to go beyond the reactionary implications this model might connote. Highlighting similarities with Max Weber's account of political ethics, I argue that Lukács developed an ethic derived from his reading of Dostoevsky, which focused on the idea of a hero defined by an ability to resolve the specific ethical dilemma of adherence to duty and moral law on the one hand, and, on the other, the need to restore spontaneous human community at a time when the social institutions embodying such laws had fallen into decay. Crucially, he deployed the same framework after his conversion to Marxism to justify revolutionary terror. However different his position from Dostoevsky's, it was through engagement with these novels that Lukács not only clarified his thought but also came to identify Lenin as a Dostoevskyan hero figure.

scholarly journals The strange case of Fyodor Dostoevsky and Robert Stevenson in the Victorian Age: A protest against the depersonalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (41) ◽  
pp. 74-84
Author(s):  
Alexander Kondratiev ◽  
Olesуa Rudneva ◽  
Andrew Tolstenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Moral Choice ◽  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
The World ◽  
Victorian Age ◽  
The Ideal

In the article, the authors touch upon the problem of moral choice in the works of Dostoevsky and Stevenson. Comparative analysis showed that Dostoevsky's character strives more towards the ideal of all-humanity and to the deeds within the framework of Christian orthodoxy. In “The Double” Golyadkin who was rooted in the tradition of folk perception of the world, tries to preserve his moral look and attempts to reach a new level of self-determination. Stevenson created his own artistic version of the fate of the dual hero. The successful Dr. Henry Jekyll himself gave birth to Mr. Hyde to enjoy the fullness of sinful temptations, but life did not succumb to the presumptuous correction. The moral choice of the heroes of Dostoevsky and Stevenson, due to various reasons, to reach the heights of success and sink to the very bottom, testifies to the futility of claims to spiritual emasculation of a person and depersonalization in the bureaucratic world.

scholarly journals PSYCHOBIOGRAPHY EXPERIENCE OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE POST-WAR GENERATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (18) ◽  
pp. 16-30
Author(s):  
B.V. Markov ◽  
◽  
A.M. Sergeev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One

The Philosophical Dialogue is dedicated to the analysis of the historical development of Russian philosophy over the past half century. The authors investigated the attitude of ideas and people in the conditions of historical turning point in the late 20th and early 21st century. Philosophy in a borderline situation allows us to compare and evaluate the past and the present. On the one hand, archetypes, attitudes, moods and experiences, formed as a reception of the collective experience of the past era, have been preserved in the minds of thinkers of the post-war generation – in the consciousness, and may be in the neural networks of the brain. On the other hand, the new social reality – cognitive capitalism – radically changes the self-description of society. It is not to say that modernity satisfies people. Despite the talk about the production of cultural, social, human capital, they feel not happy, but lonely and defenseless in a rapidly changing world. Not only philosophical criticism, but also the wave of protests, which also engulfed the "welfare society", makes one wonder whether it is worth following the recipes of the modern Western economy. On the one hand, closure poses a threat to stagnation, the fate of the country of the outland outing. On the other hand, openness, and, moreover, the attempt to lead the construction of a networked society is nothing but self-sacrifice. Russia has already been the leader of the World International, aiming to defeat communism around the world. But there was another superpower that developed the potential of capitalism. Their struggle involved similarities, which consisted in the desire for technical conquest of the world. The authors attempted to reflect on the position of a country that would not give up the competition, but used new technologies to live better. To determine the criteria, it is useful to use the historical memory of the older generation to assess modernity. Conversely, get rid of repeating the mistakes of the past in designing a better future.

Shell morphology, shell texture and species discrimination of Caribbean Tucetona (Bivalvia, Glycymeridae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 658-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal E. Tschudin
Keyword(s):  
Structural Features ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consistent System ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Hinge Plate ◽  
Lamellar Texture ◽  
The One ◽  
Sectional Shape

Previous descriptions of Tucetona lack a consistent system using diagnostic characters and only two recent Caribbean ‘species’ are recognized. In this study, textural and structural features of the Tucetona shell are examined and used as the basis for comparison to other glycymerids and in the recognition of morphospecies. Standard diagnostic characters based mainly on the cross-sectional shape of ribs and on hinge teeth ontogeny are presented and used to distinguish six recent Caribbean morphospecies. The shell texture has been examined by light and scanning electron microscopy, showing the interior of glycymerid hinge teeth structured by two bundles of crossed lamellar texture. Whereas European Glycymeris examined for comparison correspond in their hinge plate textures to the one found in Tucetona, differences from a Caribbean Glycymeris sp. are described. Simple lamellar, crossed-lamellar and cone complex crossed-lamellar textures showed the same basic crystallite subunits.

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