scholarly journals URAL FACTORY OWNERS OF THE 18TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY: SUCCESSION OPTIONS OF OWNERSHIP RIGHTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
Eugeny G. Neklyudov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
First Case ◽  
Common Ownership ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lateral Lines ◽  
History Of ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
Ownership Rights

Based on extensive information from the history of the Ural mining factory owners Stroganovs, Demidovs, Lazarevs, Vsevolozhsky, Beloselsky-Belozersky, Balashovs, Yakovlevs and Turchaninovs, the paper considers both typical and specific options for the continuity of ownership of factories during the change of generations. It is shown that this procedure in the 18th — early 20th century was regulated by legislation that established binding rules, but at the same time provided its participants with a fairly wide range of options for the transit of ownership. At the same time, the composition of heirs acquired paramount importance, it could be either simple, including only the owner’s sons or daughters, or complex, including persons of both sexes, representatives of several generations or lateral lines of the genus. A significant influence was also exerted by the form of organization of inherited property, which represented either extensive and rather amorphous “mining empires”, which was characteristic of the 18th century, or balanced and stable territorial-economic complexes — mining districts, as in the 19th — early 20th centuries. In the first case, a “natural” division of factories between the heirs became possible, in the second one, the “share” division was more rational while maintaining the common ownership of several heirs. However, this option led to the formation of multiple ownership which was characterized by unpredictability of the further fate of the “family business”. The family’s economic possibilities played a certain role too, making it possible to carry out the monetary and/or property “allocation” of a part of the heirs. This led to a reduction in the number of owners and the achievement of the main goal — the establishment of stable and conflict-free ownership and management of the mining plant estate.

A Review of Chinese Eastern Railway Study in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Weiyun Mа
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

The article reviews research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China. The research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China began in the early 20th century, has a history of more than 100 years. The existing research results mainly focus on the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway and Tsarist Russia's expansion policy, negotiation between China and Russia (Soviet Union) on the railway issue, the contradictions and struggles of Japan and the United States around the railway problem and so on. These documents cover a wide range of issues which almost involve the political, diplomacy, economy and trade, culture and other fields of international relations in the Far East from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, provide a broad vision for the study of Chinese Eastern Railway. But there are problems in the research. Although there are many works on Chinese Eastern Railway, but most discussions are limited to a certain stage, there are few works on the whole history of Chinese Eastern Railway. Not only should we pay attention to the study of the early 20th century in other words the period of the Qing Empire, moreover, we should strengthen the research in the period of the Republic of China and the new China period, this is of great significance to the study of the whole history of Sino — Soviet relations. In addition due to specific historical conditions, part of the Russian data of Chinese Eastern Railway in China was lost, in addition, there is no detailed and authoritative reference book for Russian archives of Chinese Eastern Railway, this situation makes the cited materials in Chinese works appear too old the materials cited in the book seem too old. The authors thank for proofreading and examining the translation A.I. Kobzev, Ph.D. (Philosophy), professor, director of China Department, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, director of TSC of Humanities and Social Sciences and director of Philosophy Department of MIPT (SRI), director of TSC «Oriental Philosophy» of RSUH, Chief researcher of Russian language, literature and culture research center of Heilongjiang University.

scholarly journals Mamki – najemne karmicielki w świetle literatury poradnikowej z drugiej połowy XIX i początku XX wieku

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-111
Author(s):  
Monika Nawrot-Borowska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Small Children ◽  
History Of ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Wet nurses, i.e. hired breast-feeders of babies, were the subject matter of this research. It aims to systematize the advice that was formulated on the pages of “how-to” books regarding the search for, recruitment, and treatment of wet nurses in the homes of one’s charges. The specific duties of wet nurses that were especially expected of them are determined, as well as the errors most frequently committed in their performance, which the authors of how-to books described at length, in order to warn mothers against the incompetence of paid breast-feeders. A comparison of the views of authors of “how-to” books over nearly 70 years will allow us to determine a possible evolution of views regarding wet nursing. The “how-to” books on health, hygiene, and education from the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century (the period approximately from 1850-1918), published in Polish areas and addressed mainly at families, especially mothers, form the source material for the research. The use of this type of literature will allow us to reconstruct the promulgated image of wet nursing without broader reference to providing help for them, which is worth confronting with the “how-to”  recommendations, attempting to determine whether, and to what extent, they were reflected in everyday life (e.g. using epistolary or archival sources, and memoirs). Nevertheless, the authors of “how-to” books also referred to the practice of tending infants and young children, criticizing inappropriate behaviour of wet nurses, while the recommendations formulated by them were to remedy inappropriate behaviour occurring in reality. The issue of wet nursing has not hitherto been analysed in detail in Polish historiography. In recent years, though, a few texts or papers in which one can find more or less extensive information (the less extensive ones predominate) related to breastfeeding by wet nurses in the Polish areas in the Middle Ages, the period of Old Poland, or the partition period, have been published. Thus, it seems even more reasonable to explore this issue, which will help to fill a gap in the development of the history of breastfeeding, nursing, and tending infants and small children.

scholarly journals Variability of the Russian educational axiosphere of the early 20th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 01048
Author(s):  
Natalia P. Khvataeva ◽  
Marina A. Zakharishcheva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Structural Method ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Being the subject of interest of many scientists, the evolution of education is considered as a process, as a set of values that are reflected in the works of educators of each era. In this case, the object of the study is the first half of the 20th century, as the most controversial era in terms of values, represented by a wide range of pedagogical ideas and trends. The article analyzes various texts of educators of the early 20th century to form a holistic view concerning the axiological field of education at that time. The applied methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, abstraction, classification, and modeling, as well as the historical and structural method were dictated by the purpose of the study. The conducted work has resulted in the clarification of the concept of the axiosphere, its components and objective laws, the description of the educational axiosphere of the declared era through the analysis and synergy of values and meanings of educators of that time. The reliability of the result is ensured by the reference to the author’s text of the studied educators, which allowed formulating their values in their own language, so to speak in the first person. The attempt to present the value dominants of different educational figures of the same time as components of a single axiosphere is a fundamentally new approach, since traditionally in the history of education, it is customary to oppose the author’s pedagogical concepts and consider them as autonomous, sometimes contradictory systems.

Public Libraries of the Vladimir and Kostroma Provinces' District Towns in the Second Half of the 19th — early 20th Century

2010 ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey A. Soloviev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Native Population ◽  
History Of

On the history of the first public libraries in the province towns of Vladimirskaya and Kostromskaya provinces in the second half of the 17th century - early 20th century. The author considers main statistical data of libraries and analyses necessity and influence of these libraries and reading rooms on the native population.

ABOUT CUSTOMS BUSINESS IN TURKESTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th -EARLY 20th CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Chinpulat Kurbanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stage Development

The author in this scientific article examines the stage-by-stage development and formation of customs in Turkestan in the second half of the 19th -early 20th centuries. The author studied the history of customs in Turkestan and its role in establishing a single customs line in the future with neighboring khanates. The author focuses on the role of Russia in the establishment of a single customs line and the development of customs in Turkestan

‘... Call the Mute Artifacts to Speech’: New Essays on the History of Archeology

2018 ◽  
pp. 1274-1279
Author(s):  
Elena V. Olimpieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publication Practices ◽  
Controversial Nature

The article reviews O. A. Shashkova’s ‘... Call the Mute Artifacts to Speech.’ Essays on the History of Archaeography of the 15th - Early 20th Century. Wide array of sources and broad geographical frameworks allow Shashkova to present emergence and development of Russian and European archaeography from the 15th to early 20th century intelligibly enough for educational purposes. A whole chapter is devoted to the manuscript tradition and publishing of sources before Gutenberg. When considering the formation of archaeographical tradition, the author uses comparative method. O. A. Shashkova offers a historical overview and analyzes theoretical and practical issues of archaeography. The reviewer notes the significance of the chosen topic due to a need to reconsider the development of publishing in light of modern views on archaeography and to make it accessible to students and non-professionals. She notes traditional academic approach of O. A. Shashkova to presentation of the development publication practices. The review considers the possibility of using the ‘Essays...’ in studying the history of archaeography and offers possible directions for a broader consideration of historical experience, in particular, of Novikov’s publication projects. The review notes the controversial nature of the author’s approach to systematization of her large historical material in order to consider issues concerning the study of archaeographical practices. It stresses that coverage of issues of development of methods of preparation of publications separately from its historical and practical aspects hinders successful mastering of the material by an untrained reader. It concludes that the publication has high practical value for specialists in archaeography and students.

LITERARY ROMANTICISM AS A THEORETICAL ISSUE

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Vera V. Serdechnaia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of literary romanticism. The research aims at a refinement of the “romanticism” concept in relation to the history of the literary process. The main research methods include conceptual analysis, textual analysis, comparative historical research. The author analyzes the semantic genesis of the term “romanticism”, various interpretations of the concept, compares the definitions of different periods and cultures. The main results of the study are as follows. The history of the term “romanticism” shows a change in a number of definitions for the same concept in relation to the same literary phenomena. By the end of the 20th century, realizing the existence of significant contradictions in the content of the term “romanticism”, researchers often come to abandon it. At the same time, the steady use of the term “romanticism” testifies to the subject-conceptual component that exists in it, which does not lose its relevance, but just needs a theoretical refinement. Conclusion: one have to revise an approach to romanticism as a theoretical concept, based on the change in the concept of an individual in Europe at the end of the 18th century. It is the newly discovered freedom of an individual predetermines the rethinking for the image of the author as a creator and determines the artistic features of literary romanticism.

The Ismaili Tradition in Iran: 13th Century to the Present

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Beben
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive

The Ismailis are a minority community of Shiʿi Muslims that first emerged in the 8th century. Iran has hosted one of the largest Ismaili communities since the earliest years of the movement and from 1095 to 1841 it served as the home of the Nizārī Ismaili imams. In 1256 the Ismaili headquarters at the fortress of Alamūt in northern Iran was captured by the Mongols and the Imam Rukn al-Dīn Khūrshāh was arrested and executed, opening a perilous new chapter in the history of the Ismailis in Iran. Generations of observers believed that the Ismailis had perished entirely in the course of the Mongol conquests. Beginning in the 19th century, research on the Ismailis began to slowly reveal the myriad ways in which they survived and even flourished in Iran and elsewhere into the post-Mongol era. However, scholarship on the Iranian Ismailis down to the early 20th century remained almost entirely dependent on non-Ismaili sources that were generally quite hostile toward their subject. The discovery of many previously unknown Ismaili texts beginning in the early 20th century offered prospects for a richer and more complete understanding of the tradition’s historical development. Yet despite this, the Ismaili tradition in the post-Mongol era continues to receive only a fraction of the scholarly attention given to earlier periods, and a number of sources produced by Ismaili communities in this period remain unexplored, offering valuable opportunities for future research.

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