scholarly journals Trends in the improvement of methods and equipment for the assessment of flax raw material (review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-652
Author(s):  
N. S. Shimanskaya ◽  
I. V. Uschapovsky ◽  
S. V. Prokofiev
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Flax Fiber ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Fiber Flax ◽  
Technological Value ◽  
Russian Scientific Research Institute

The article provides the results of the analysis of methods and instrument equipment for the assessment of quality parameters of retted flax straw and flax fiber. The traditional methods and equipment are presented. The devices developed for flax fiber quality testing used in the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus and Ukraine are described. Methods, equipment and modern technologies used to determine the quality of flax fiber in European countries, Canada and the United States are provided. The role of modern developments to improve the efficiency of flax production is noted. Promising methods and devices for determining the main quality indicators are identified. The use of the method of automated forecasting of technological value of fiber flax stalks makes it possible to conduct a comprehensive quality assessment based on morphological and anatomical analysis. Modern capabilities of electronic scanning microscopy provide the control of the chemical composition and structural elements of flax stems at various stages of growth and development, as well as during maceration. The use of infrared spectrometry provides high accuracy in determining humidity, strength, fiber content, and long fiber yield.However, along with high-precision equipment, there is the need for equipment and devices that allow determining the main technological indicators in the field with minimal labor, time and money costs. Research in this direction was previously carried out at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Bast Crops Processing and in Kostroma State Technological University. However, the developments of the scientists were not tested in the production process and were not mass-produced. High speed and objective measurement methods will provide the accurate indicators during the process of maceration and primary processing of retted straw that will increase the technological value and competitiveness of flax fiber.

scholarly journals Studying Quality Characteristics of Flax Fiber Depending on Deseeding Device Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Galkin ◽  
Denis G. Fadeev ◽  
Igor V. Uschapovsky
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Flax Fiber ◽  
Fiber Flax ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Vegetation Stage ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Flax Straw

Introduction. The processe of harvesting fiber flax is characterized by tough interactions of the work tools of the flax puller and parts of plants. Different principles and design of work tools for taking out seed bolls from the stem, used in flax harvesting machines, have both advantages and disadvantages. Single-drum comb deseeders are the most effective, but the level of damage to the stems caused during the working of these mechanisms is high. The purpose of this work is the experimental substantiation of constructive changes in the comb deseeder, which allows reducing damage to the stems of the flax fiber in the process of combing and improving the quality of the flax material. Materials and Methods. Fields and laboratories studies of flax harvesting and technological tests of flax straw and fiber were carried out according to the existing methods and standard protocols (GOST). The influence of the harvesting combine speed and deseeder type (the drum for the taking flax balls off by the stems’ combing and for the transporting removed balls to hopper) on the yield and quality of the fiber were determined. The fiber flax variety Alexim (cultivated by All Russian Research Institute for Flax Production, Torzhok) was used as a plant object and the harvesting was carried out in the vegetation stage “yellow stem” – “full ripeness”. Results. The classical design of the combing drum with four ridges for deseeding was changed to three ones that means only one of ridges should be in the layer of flax stems during the combing process. That design could decrease damage to the stems when deseeding stems. Instrumental assessment of fiber shows that after the deseeding by the threeridges drum the quality of flax straw was 0.97–1.09 numbers that was by 0.19–0.28 numbers higher than after using four-ridges drums. Conclusions. The obtained data indicate that the reducing of the load on the flax stems has a positive effect on the quality of the fibrous products. The yield of long fiber increases by 1.27–1.54% (abs.), and the fiber quality – by 0.3 numbers.

scholarly journals Screening of flax gene pool samples by fiber yield and their adaptability to the conditions of the Central Non-Black Earth Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 688-696
Author(s):  
E. A. Traburova ◽  
T. A. Rozhmina ◽  
I. A. Andreeva
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Flax Fiber ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Fiber Flax ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Stable Yield ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Favorable Weather

The research was carried out in 2017-2019 in the conditions of the Smolensk region on sod-podzolic medium loamy slightly acidic soil. The study included 25 varieties and lines of fiber flax of domestic and foreign selection. The mid-ripening variety Impuls (Russia) was used as a standard, whose yield, depending on the test year, was 1.07...1.29 t/ha. As shown by the calculations of the index of environmental conditions, the most favorable conditions for fiber flax developed in 2018 (Ij = +0.46), and stress conditions, caused by excessive moisture during the critical period of plant growth and development (GTC = 1.7), in 2017 (Ij = -0.55). On average, over the years of research, the yield of fiber, depending on the genotype, varied in the range of 1.00...1.97 t/ha. The highest yield on average for three years of testing (1.78...1.97 t/ha) and average yield in contrasting conditions were characteristic of the varieties Cesar, Sinel, Dobrinya (Russia), Marylin (Holland), Andrea, Altea (France). Under favorable weather conditions (2018), a high potential for the yield of flax fiber compared to the average value (121.5...133.3 %) was obtained in the varieties Cesar, Dobrinya, Sinel (Russia), Belita (Belarus), Andrea, Altea (France), Marylin (Holland). Under stressful conditions (2017), high adaptability was found in the samples of the Russian selection Cesar (173.4 %), Sinel (168.0 %), Dobrinya (151.1 %), Tost 3 (128.7 %), Alfa, Universal (127.7 %). The varieties Surskiy (bi = 2.2), Belita (Belarus), l. 323-02 (Russia), Marylin (Holland) − 1.7, Alexandrit (Russia), Andrea (France) – 1.5. Were characterized by high responsiveness to cultivation conditions (bi> 1). Russian varieties with a relatively stable yield: Cesar, Sinel – 0.7, Alpha – 0.6, Lider, Smolich, Tost 3, Universal – 0.5, Impuls – 0,2 did not show reaction to changes in growing conditions (bi <1). Thus, the domestic varieties Cesar, Dobrinya and Sinel have the highest yield of flax fiber and adaptability to the soil and climatic conditions of the Central Non–Black Earth Region. Expansion of fiber flax acreage under these varieties will provide strengthening of the domestic raw material base.

scholarly journals Effect of Fertilisation on the Quality of Dried Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and Lovage (Levisticum officinale)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Natalia Matłok ◽  
Józef Gorzelany ◽  
Adam Figiel ◽  
Maciej Balawejder
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Vacuum Microwave ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Total Antioxidant Potential

The study presents the effects of fertilisation on selected quality parameters of the dried material obtained from plants of lovage and coriander. During the crop production process, the plants were treated with two fertilisers containing substances potentially acting as elicitors. The dried material was obtained in course of a drying process carried out in optimum conditions and based on the CD-VMFD method which combines convective pre-drying (CD) at a low temperature (40 °C) with vacuum-microwave finish drying with the use of 240 W microwaves (VMFD). The quality of the dried material was evaluated through measurement of the total contents of polyphenols, total antioxidant potential (ABTS and DPPH method), and the profile of volatile compounds (headspace-solid phase microextractio-HS-SPME) as well as assessment of the colour. It was found that by applying first fertilisation (with organic components) it is possible to significantly increase the contents of both bioactive compounds and volatile substances responsible for the aroma. It was determined that the higher content of bioactive compounds was related to the composition of the first fertiliser, presumably the extract from common nettle. The study showed that the application of the first fertiliser contributed to enhanced quality parameters of the raw material obtained.

scholarly journals Benchmark of the Trends of Spatial Inequality in World Megaregions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6456
Author(s):  
Ziqi Liu ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Liwen Liu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Investment Strategy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
International Learning ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
Index Measure

There have been growing concerns around the world over the rising spatial inequality (SI) amid fast and vast globalization. This paper presents an effort to benchmark the conditions and trends of spatial inequality in 37 megaregions in the United States, Europe, and China. Furthermore, the study selected three megaregion examples and analyzed the effect of developing high-speed rail (HSR) as an infrastructure investment strategy on reshaping the spatial pattern of job accessibility. The study measures spatial inequality with the Theil index of gross regional product and with the rank-size coefficient of polycentricity. Results show that spatial inequality exists and varies in magnitude within and between megaregions. On average, Chinese megaregions exhibited the level of spatial inequality about two times or more of those in the U.S. and European megaregions. The decade between 2006 and 2016 saw a decrease in the Theil index measure of megaregional inequality in China, but a slight increase in the United States and Europe. Fast growing megaregions exhibit high levels and rising trends of spatial inequality regardless of the country or continent setting. HSR helps improve mobility and accessibility; yet the extent to which HSR reduces spatial inequality is context dependent. This study presents a first attempt to assess and compare the spatial inequality conditions and trajectories in world megaregions aiming at promoting international learning.

scholarly journals Neural Modeling of the Distribution of Protein, Water and Gluten in Wheat Grains during Storage

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5050
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Szwedziak ◽  
Ewa Polańczyk ◽  
Żaneta Grzywacz ◽  
Gniewko Niedbała ◽  
Wiktoria Wojtkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Neural Modeling ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Stored Wheat

An important requirement in the grain industry is to obtain fast information on the quality of purchased and stored grain. Therefore, it is of great importance to search for innovative solutions aimed at the monitoring and fast assessment of quality parameters of stored wheat The results of the evaluation of total protein, water and gluten content by means of near infrared spectrometry are presented in the paper. Multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) and neural modeling were used to analyze the obtained results. The results obtained show no significant changes in total protein (13.13 ± 0.15), water (10.63 ± 0.16) or gluten (30.56 ± 0.54) content during storage. On the basis of the collected data, a model artificial neural network (ANN) MLP 52-6-3 was created, which, with the use of four independent features, allows us to determine changes in the content of water, protein and gluten in stored wheat. The chosen network returned good error values: learning, below 0.001; testing, 0.015; and validation, 0.008. The obtained results and their interpretation are an important element in the warehouse industry. The information obtained in this way about the state of the quality of stored grain will allow for a fast reaction in case of the threat of lowering the quality parameters of the stored grain.

Feasibility of High Speed Furnace Drawing of Optical Fibers

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 852-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Cheng ◽  
Yogesh Jaluria
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibers ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Flow Instability ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Domain Boundary ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Furnace Temperature ◽  
Fiber Drawing ◽  
Heated Zone ◽  
Additional Information

The domain of operating conditions, in which the optical fiber-drawing process is successful, is an important consideration. Such a domain is mainly determined by the stresses acting on the fiber and by the stability of the process. This paper considers an electrical resistance furnace for fiber drawing and examines conditions for process feasibility. In actual practice, it is known that only certain ranges of furnace temperature and draw speed lead to successful fiber drawing. The results obtained here show that the length of the heated zone and the furnace temperature distribution are other important parameters that can be varied to obtain a feasible process. Physical behavior close to the boundary of the feasible domain is also studied. It is found that the iterative scheme for neck-down profile determination diverges rapidly when the draw temperature is lower than that at the acceptable domain boundary due to the lack of material flow. However, the divergence rate becomes much smaller as the temperature is brought close to the domain boundary. Additional information on the profile determination as one approaches the acceptable region is obtained. It is found that it is computationally expensive and time-consuming to locate the exact boundary of the feasible drawing domain. From the results obtained, along with practical considerations of material rupture, defect concentration, and flow instability, an optimum design of a fiber-drawing system can be obtained for the best fiber quality.

scholarly journals Address of the President Sir Henry Dale, C.B.E., at the Anniversary Meeting, 1 December 1941

1942 ◽  
Vol 179 (978) ◽  
pp. 233-260 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Technical College ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pure Mathematics ◽  
Symbolic Structure ◽  
The Church ◽  
Insight Into

This is the first occasion on which I have had the great honour of addressing the Royal Society on this anniversary of its foundation. According to custom, I begin with brief mention of those whom death has taken from our Fellowship during the past year, and whose memories we honour. Alfred Young (1873-1940), distinguished for his contributions to pure mathematics, was half brother to another of our Fellows, Sydney Young, a chemist of eminence. Alfred Young had an insight into the symbolic structure and manipulation of algebra, which gave him a special place among his mathematical contemporaries. After a successful career at Cambridge he entered the Church, and passed his later years in the country rectory of Birdbrook, Essex. His devotion to mathematics continued, however, throughout his life, and he published a steady stream of work in the branch of algebra which he had invented, and named ‘quantitative substitutional analysis’. He lived to see his methods adopted by Weyl in his quantum mechanics and spectroscopy. He was elected to our Fellowship in 1934. With the death of Miles Walker (1868-1941) the Society loses a pioneer in large-scale electrical engineering. Walker was a man of wide interests. He was trained first for the law, and even followed its practice for a period. Later he studied electrical engineering under Sylvanus Thompson at the Finsbury Technical College and became his assistant for several years. Thereafter, encouraged by Thompson, he entered St John’s College, Cambridge, with a scholarship, and graduated with 1st Class Honours in both the Natural Sciences and the Engineering Tripos. Having entered the service of the British Westinghouse Company, he was sent by them to the United States of America to study electrical engineering with the parent company in Pittsburgh. On his return to England he became their leading designer of high-speed electrical generators

Some Guidance for Hull Form Selection for SWATH Ships

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 239-252
Author(s):  
G. Robed Lamb
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Hull Form ◽  
Stage Design ◽  
Seakeeping Performance ◽  
The World ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Early Stage Design

Even though in 1987 there were only a dozen SWATH (smali-waterplane-area twin-hull) craft and ships afloat around the world, word of their markedly superior seakeeping performance is spreading rapidly. The number of SWATH vessels is likely to double within five years. As in many other areas of technology, the United States and Japan are the acknowledged leaders in the development and practical application of the SWATH concept. This paper reviews the characteristics of existing SWATH craft and ships from the standpoint of the stated seakeeping objective. Hull form differences between four SWATH craft and ships, including the Navy's SSP Kairnalino, are analyzed and interpreted. Important considerations for the early-stage design of a SWATH ship are discussed. Differences in the range of feasible hull form geometries for coastal areas and unrestricted ocean operations, and for low-speed versus moderately high-speed applications, are pointed out.

Design of High-Speed Railway Bridges with Earthquakes in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghong Cao ◽  
Todd Ude ◽  
Daniel Getter ◽  
Brendan Gill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Speed ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Railway Bridges
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