Natural Transmission and Experimental Models of SARS‑CoV‑2 Infection in Animals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica C Noll ◽  
Gabriela M do Nascimento ◽  
Diego G Diel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Viral Pathogenesis ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Preclinical Evaluation ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Since the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, millions of people have contracted SARS-CoV-2 and died from the infection. Several domestic and wild species have contracted the disease as well. From the beginning, scientists have been working to develop vaccines and establish therapies that can prevent disease development and improve the clinical outcome in infected people. To understand various aspects of viral pathogenesis and infection dynamics and to support preclinical evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics, a diverse number of animal species have been evaluated for use as models of the disease and infection in humans. Here, we discuss natural SARS-CoV-2 infection of domestic and captive wild animals, as well as the susceptibility of several species to experimental infection with this virus.

scholarly journals HCV Detection, Discrimination, and Genotyping Technologies

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrikant Warkad ◽  
Satish Nimse ◽  
Keum-Soo Song ◽  
Taisun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 71 million people were living with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection worldwide in 2015. Each year, about 399,000 HCV-infected people succumb to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. Therefore, screening of HCV infection with simple, rapid, but highly sensitive and specific methods can help to curb the global burden on HCV healthcare. Apart from the determination of viral load/viral clearance, the identification of specific HCV genotype is also critical for successful treatment of hepatitis C. This critical review focuses on the technologies used for the detection, discrimination, and genotyping of HCV in clinical samples. This article also focuses on advantages and disadvantages of the reported methods used for HCV detection, quantification, and genotyping.

scholarly journals Differences and Similarities between Coronaviruses: A Comparative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maad M. Mijwil ◽  
Ayser Shamil Alsaadi ◽  
Karan Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The Past ◽  
Preventive Vaccine ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Future Reference

Today, humans fight powerful and active viruses that never take hold and do not know defeat, named coronaviruses. These viruses have start in 2002 and continued to grow and have changed their chains dramatically until now. They are known for having many similar features in common, and there are also structural differences between them. The most important reason that has turned coronaviruses into a pandemic is that this disease is easily transmitted by droplets near infected people, which leads to the spread of this virus faster worldwide. The more details known about coronaviruses that have profoundly affected humanity in the past and present and the diseases they cause, the more benefit in help designing an immune response or preventive vaccine to these viruses in the near future. In this article, coronaviruses, how they have been started and spread, and what differences and similarities are between them will be briefly covered here. The information of this investigation is taken from articles and the world health organization and are reviewed here. The goal is to document this information for future reference.

DAMPAK COVID -19 TERHADAP PENERAPAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
Miftahul Ulfah
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
World Health ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Even Order ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACTThe spreading of a new corona virus named Covid-19 has caused so many death tolls to almost all countries in the world. Researchers suspect that this virus originated from the traditional market in China's Wuhan City selling a wide variety of fresh wet animals traded for consumption, including bats and pangolins which ultimately transmit the virus to humans. The World Health Organization has confirmed that Covid-19 transmission through droplets or sparks from infected people through talking, sneezing or coughing. With such causes, world governments recommend and even order the citizens to always maintain health and hygiene by washing hands, wearing masks, and covering mouths when sneezing or coughing. While in Islam, there are also procedures for behaving to maintain health and cleanliness. This literature study used qualitative method to examine the relevance of the global pandemic to the Islamic character education. This study then found that the influence of Covid-19 on the application of character education and Islamic education. This conclusion could be seen from the factors that influence the majority of characters carried out during the Covid-19 plague including instincts, habits, wills and conscience.Keywords: Application, Character Education, Covid-19, Islamic Education

Overview of Nonhuman Primate Models of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita M Trichel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
World Health ◽  
Relevant Model ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Moderate Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Preclinical Animal Models

COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Since then, SARS-CoV-2 has triggered a devastating global health and economic emergency.In response, a broad range of preclinical animal models have been used to identify effective therapies and vaccines. Current animal models do not express the full spectrum of human COVID-19 disease and pathology, with most exhibiting mild to moderate disease without mortality. NHPs are physiologically, genetically, and immunologically more closely related to humans than other animal species; thus, they provide a relevant model for SARS-CoV-2 investigations. This overview summarizes NHP models of SARS-CoV-2 and their role in vaccine and therapeutic development.

scholarly journals Evolving potential vaccine candidates amid COVID-19 pandemic: Pipeline to Lifeline

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1323-1333
Author(s):  
Anshu Kumar Yadav ◽  
Akila Prashant ◽  
Prashant Vishwanath ◽  
Surinder Singh ◽  
Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Docking Studies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
World Health ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Clinical Phase ◽  
Preclinical Phase ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Health Organization

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is globally explored to decode its genomic functionality along with elucidating immunogenic pathways to design and develop an efficient vaccine. Potential immunogenic targets have been screened and validated through preclinical evaluation using experimental models. Computational platform and molecular docking studies are also being conducted to study the immunodynamic mechanisms which involve suitable epitopes of host target cells that respond to the potential vaccine candidate eliciting an immune-mediated reaction. Although SARS-CoV-2 possesses genetic similarities with previously known human coronaviruses, the emergence of novel mutational changes in the immunodominant region of the receptor-binding domain of viral spike protein resulted in high transmissibility and fatality. On a periodical basis, the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes the update on evolving vaccine candidates and encouraging several vaccine developers including multinational companies to join the worldwide campaign against the COVID-19 pandemic. As per the latest WHO landscape draft of evolving vaccine candidates, around 180 teams with respective vaccine candidates across the world are working by utilizing multiple developmental platforms, out of which 35 candidates have entered clinical phase trial and 145 candidates are under the preclinical phase of evaluation. They are also being tested for undesired immunopotentiation without compromising their safety and efficacy. These vaccine candidates along with their advantages and various challenges have been reviewed in this article.

scholarly journals Virtual Screening of Naturally Occurring Antiviral Molecules for SARS-CoV-2 Mitigation Using Docking Tool on Multiple Molecular Targets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiwani Rana ◽  
Sanjay Sharma ◽  
Kalyan Sundar Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Targets ◽  
World Health ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The World ◽  
Docking Tool ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
3Cl Protease

<p>The coronavirus catastrophe (COVID-19) caused by a novel strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has turned the world upside down at an unprecedented level and has been declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). It has resulted huge number of fatalities and infections due to the severe lower respiratory tract sickness in the infected people. Research across the world is in progress to identify inhibitors against various molecular targets associated with this viral infection. Among these targets, a very important one is a cysteine like protease or 3CL protease (3CLpro) and that is required for the replication of the virus. In the present study, initially we have investigated the potential of twenty naturally occurring antiviral molecules to function as inhibitors against the activity of main viral protease (3CLpro) so as to put a halt on viral replication. The investigation has been carried out through docking of the molecules with 3CLpro. Based on the results, three most potential molecules (bilobetin, ginkgetin and sciadopitysin) have been screened. Further these molecules were subjected for checking their activity on other molecular targets like a papain like protease (PLpro), spike protein S1, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In addition to 3CLpro inhibition, ginkgetin was predicted as an inhibitor of PLpro also. But none of these three compounds was found effective on rest other molecular targets. </p>

scholarly journals Smallpox - past or not past?

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 272-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Kuljic-Kapulica
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
World Population ◽  
Variola Virus ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Natural Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Smallpox is a potentially deadly illness caused by the variola virus, an orthopoxvirus. Severe illness followed by blister-like body rash is the sign of smallpox. Smallpox symptoms develop about 12 days after exposure. V. variole can spread very readily by aerosol, which may lead to explosive epidemics. For centuries, smallpox has been a worldwide cause of death, killing about 30% of the infected people. In 1972, the epidemic of smallpox in ex-Yugoslavia was the largest postwar smallpox epidemic in Europe. The total number of the affected was 175, out of whom 35 with fatal outcome, accounting for 20% of mortality. However, after a decade-long vaccination effort, the last natural case of smallpox occurred in 1977 The only way to prevent smallpox epidemic is by vaccination and patients' isolation. The possibility of future bioterrorism attacks, which may cause a new outbreak of smallpox and return variola, is very serious. World population is not immune, because of lack of vaccination. In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the disease fully eradicated.

scholarly journals Fundus Eye Images Classification for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using Very Deep Convolutional Neural Network

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ítalo Gama ◽  
Alessandra Coelho ◽  
Matheus Baffa
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Early Disease ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The World ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Given

Diabetic retinopathy is an anomaly responsible for causing microvascular and macrovascular damage to the retina and occurs as a consequence of the worsening of diabetes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of avoidable blindness in patients with diabetes worldwide. Early detection is important for the efficiency of treatments. Fundus Eye Image can be used to identify early disease development and monitor the patient’s clinical condition. The diagnostic process using this type of image may require some expertise from the ophthalmologist since not all retina anomalies are clearly visible. Thus, this paper proposes the development of a classification method based on Convolutional Neural Networks, but highly dense and deeper. The proposed method obtained a total of 92% AUC in the given experiments.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 on Iraqi Community: a descriptive study based on data reported from the Ministry of Health in Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (09) ◽  
pp. 1244-1251
Author(s):  
Mohammed Hadi Ali Al-Jumaili
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Death Cases

Introduction: Coronavirus is a new pandemic disease that has emerged in Wuhan, China, and then spreads around the world. The cases number of the COVID-19, which have been daily reported in Iraq, has risen slowly. However, no confirmed study has been undertaken to evaluate the situation of the COVID-19 in concerning the confirmed cases, death cases, and recovered. Methodology: The current study is undertaken to describe and assess the COVID-19 of the present situation in Iraq out of the range of the confirmed, deaths and recovered cases from the date 21 February to 30 April 2020 in Iraq. Results: The study findings have revealed that there is a gradual increase of COVID-19 cases onwards until the top peak in 7th Apr. in which the cases reach 684, then decrease regularly. The total infected people of the study scope is 2085 persons according to the Ministry of Health in Iraq, while the World Health Organization (WHO) states 2003 person. The spatial distribution quantile map showed the hot spots in the province of Babylon, Maysan, and Diyala. However, less was found in three provinces (Nineveh, Salahaddin, and Al Anbar). The result shows that 39% recovered and 3% death cases out of total infected people. Conclusions: COVID-19 in Iraq comes to be limited via the procedures of Iraqi government. However, the infected people will be increased gradually and many international reports that predict the end of this pandemic in the world will be doubtful as there are many vaccines developed and under development which led to reduce to effect of this pandemic.

scholarly journals Food Safety Concerns in “COVID-19 Era”

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Carlotta Ceniti ◽  
Bruno Tilocca ◽  
Domenico Britti ◽  
Adriano Santoro ◽  
Nicola Costanzo
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The World ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Health Organization

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the COVID-19 outbreak can be characterized as a pandemic. Human-to-human transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus may initially be blamed as the first cause of spread, but can an infection be contracted by ingestion of contaminated food or touching contaminated food surfaces? Recently cold-chain food contamination has been indicated as a possible source of many human cases in China. However, the risk of a food-related COVID-19 infection is still debated since the virus may reach people through a fresh product or packaging, which have been touched/sneezed on by infected people. This review summarizes the most recent evidence on the zoonotic origin of the pandemic, reports the main results regarding the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through food or a food chain, as well as the persistence of the virus at different environmental conditions and surfaces. Emphasis is also posed on how to manage the risk of food-related COVID-19 spread and potential approaches that can reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 contamination.

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