scholarly journals Fundus Eye Images Classification for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using Very Deep Convolutional Neural Network

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ítalo Gama ◽  
Alessandra Coelho ◽  
Matheus Baffa
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Early Disease ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The World ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Given

Diabetic retinopathy is an anomaly responsible for causing microvascular and macrovascular damage to the retina and occurs as a consequence of the worsening of diabetes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of avoidable blindness in patients with diabetes worldwide. Early detection is important for the efficiency of treatments. Fundus Eye Image can be used to identify early disease development and monitor the patient’s clinical condition. The diagnostic process using this type of image may require some expertise from the ophthalmologist since not all retina anomalies are clearly visible. Thus, this paper proposes the development of a classification method based on Convolutional Neural Networks, but highly dense and deeper. The proposed method obtained a total of 92% AUC in the given experiments.

scholarly journals The Great Masquerader: Tuberculosis Presenting as Community-Acquired Pneumonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 592-604
Author(s):  
Keertan Dheda ◽  
Edson Makambwa ◽  
Aliasgar Esmail
Keyword(s):  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The World ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractAccording to World Health Organization estimates, tuberculosis (TB) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are both among the top 10 global causes of death. TB and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), if mortality estimates are combined, would rank as the third most common cause of death globally. It is estimated that each year there are approximately 10 million new cases of TB that are associated with approximately 1.2 million deaths, and almost 450 million new episodes of LRTI (synonymous with CAP) with approximately 4 million associated deaths. Globally, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common cause of CAP. However, although well documented, it is not widely appreciated that in several parts of the world, including sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and South America, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an important cause of CAP, if not the most common organism isolated in such settings. Thus, CAP due to M. tuberculosis is not uncommon in some parts of the world with up to a third of cases being attributable to M. tuberculosis. Consequently, TB remains an important clinical entity in the intensive care unit in these settings. Despite its frequency and importance, there are very limited data about TB CAP. In this review we discussed the epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, prognosis, and prevention of TB CAP. The utility of newer diagnostic approaches is highlighted.

Jewish Ethics Regarding Vaccination

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuriel Rashi
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Jewish Tradition ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Jewish Ethics ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract In recent years, more and more religious communities have been refusing to vaccinate their children, and in so doing are allowing diseases to spread. These communities justify resistance to vaccination on various religious grounds and make common cause with nonreligious communities who oppose vaccination for their own reasons. Today this situation is reflected primarily in the spread of measles, and vaccine hesitancy was identified by the World Health Organization as 1 of the top 10 global health threats of 2019. The present article presents the religious and ethical arguments for the obligation within Jewish tradition to vaccinate all children. Apart from the obligation on parents to vaccinate their own children, it includes the ethical arguments based on Judaism that call for parents to become organized and force schools to refuse to accept children who have not been vaccinated and demand vaccination of those who have not been inoculated.

Communication and Education Processes Involved in COPD Patient Engagement within the Italian Health System

2017 ◽  
pp. 29-65
Author(s):  
Virginia Recchia ◽  
Antonio Dodaro ◽  
Rosita B. Maglie ◽  
Carlo G. Leo
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Patient Engagement ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The World ◽  
Advance Care ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Problem Patient

The World Health Organization has estimated that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide. Due to the economic and social extent of the problem, patient engagement must be comprised as a new resource for the achievement of higher health outcomes and lower costs. As many key processes involved in the COPD patient engagement consist of communication and education processes, modelling those processes in a whole framework, including actors and content needs, is a requirement. The main scope of this chapter is contributing to design such a framework within the Italian Health System. Final recommendations suggest to create a synergy among patient engagement and a set of legal tools, namely informed consent, integrated care and advance care planning. The synergy is based on the fact that both patient engagement and those legal tools have a common deep root in the universal principle of patient autonomy.

scholarly journals The worldwide prevalence of the Dupuytren disease: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Salari ◽  
Mohammadbagher Heydari ◽  
Masoud Hassanabadi ◽  
Mohsen Kazeminia ◽  
Nikzad Farshchian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
World Health ◽  
Palmar Fascia ◽  
The World ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Dupuytren Disease

Abstract Background The Dupuytren disease is a benign fibroproliferative disorder that leads to the formation of the collagen knots and fibres in the palmar fascia. The previous studies reveal different levels of Dupuytren’s prevalence worldwide; hence, this study uses meta-analysis to approximate the prevalence of Dupuytren globally. Methods In this study, systematic review and meta-analysis have been conducted on the previous studies focused on the prevalence of the Dupuytren disease. The search keywords were Prevalence, Prevalent, Epidemiology, Dupuytren Contracture, Dupuytren and Incidence. Subsequently, SID, MagIran, ScienceDirect, Embase, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases and Google Scholar search engine were searched without a lower time limit and until June 2020. In order to analyse reliable studies, the stochastic effects model was used and the I2 index was applied to test the heterogeneity of the selected studies. Data analysis was performed within the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software version 2.0. Results By evaluating 85 studies (10 in Asia, 56 in Europe, 2 in Africa and 17 studies in America) with a total sample size of 6628506 individuals, the prevalence of Dupuytren disease in the world is found as 8.2% (95% CI 5.7–11.7%). The highest prevalence rate is reported in Africa with 17.2% (95% CI 13–22.3%). According to the subgroup analysis, in terms of underlying diseases, the highest prevalence was obtained in patients with type 1 diabetes with 34.1% (95% CI 25–44.6%). The results of meta-regression revealed a decreasing trend in the prevalence of Dupuytren disease by increasing the sample size and the research year (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results of this study show that the prevalence of Dupuytren disease is particularly higher in alcoholic patients with diabetes. Therefore, the officials of the World Health Organization should design measures for the prevention and treatment of this disease.

scholarly journals Is It Possible to Prevent Sars-Cov-2 Infection in a Non-Infectious Diseases Ward during the Pandemic on the Example of a Diabetes Clinic Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7593
Author(s):  
Piotr Dziemidok ◽  
Daria Gorczyca-Siudak ◽  
Marzena Danielak
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
21St Century ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diabetes Clinic ◽  
The World ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual

Diabetes is considered an epidemic of the 21st century. On 11 March 2020, two months after the outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) epidemic in China, the World Health Organization announced COVID-19 to be a pandemic. From that time, many hospitals and wards have started to function as both infectious and non-infectious ones; so did the Diabetes Clinic Institute of Rural Health in South-Eastern Poland. Considering the global importance of diabetes and its prevalence worldwide, it seemed important to investigate how the Diabetes Clinic passed through the individual phases of the pandemic, and the possibility of protecting hospitalized patients against future pandemic infection. We present detailed characteristics of the situation in a ward which used to treat non-infectious patients with diabetes only and, nowadays, has been obliged to take into account the risk of spreading SARS-Cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) infection also. Moreover, we suggest solutions to avoid cases of infectious diseases in non-infectious wards in the future.

scholarly journals The correlation between progesterone/MII oocyte ratio on the day of trigger and ICSI outcome

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1104-1108
Author(s):  
Nassrin Malik Aubead
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Implantation Rate ◽  
Endometrial Receptivity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines subfertility as the inability to get pregnant in couples who have more than 12 months maintaining frequent sexual intercourse without the use of contraceptives methods. Subfertility affects approximately 10-15% of couples in fertile age and this figure is increasing. Assess the level of serum progesterone\MII oocyte ratio at the day of a trigger is to determine that if associated with poor ICSI-embryo transfer outcome. A retrospective cohort study carried in the period from Nov.1, 2018 to the end of Nov. 2019, when 50 patients were enrolled within the age between 20-35 years old with mean age (29±5)years and the main age group were in between (25-30) years. The most common cause of subfertility was oligospermia (48.0%) and the HCG was positive in (20.0%) of the patients and negative in (80.0%), Significant association were found between implantation rate and P/MII oocyte ratio (P=0.008), while highly significant association were noticed between pregnancy rate and P/MII oocyte ratio (P<0.001). Progesterone increase should be avoided that lead to advance maturation of the endometrium and impaired endometrial receptivity, so from these results, we concluded that raised serum progesterone\MII oocyte ratio at the day of the trigger is related with reduced ICSI-embryo transfer outcome.

Natural Transmission and Experimental Models of SARS‑CoV‑2 Infection in Animals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica C Noll ◽  
Gabriela M do Nascimento ◽  
Diego G Diel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Viral Pathogenesis ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Preclinical Evaluation ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Since the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, millions of people have contracted SARS-CoV-2 and died from the infection. Several domestic and wild species have contracted the disease as well. From the beginning, scientists have been working to develop vaccines and establish therapies that can prevent disease development and improve the clinical outcome in infected people. To understand various aspects of viral pathogenesis and infection dynamics and to support preclinical evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics, a diverse number of animal species have been evaluated for use as models of the disease and infection in humans. Here, we discuss natural SARS-CoV-2 infection of domestic and captive wild animals, as well as the susceptibility of several species to experimental infection with this virus.

Thai Police Officers: A Survey of Police Attitudes Regarding Traffic Police Training

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seksan Khruakham ◽  
Sutham Cheurprakobkit
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Police Training ◽  
World Health ◽  
Traffic Enforcement ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
The Given

Abstract Traffic accidents have become a major issue in Thailand since the World Health Organization reported in 2018 that Thailand had the second highest death rate of road accidents in the world (over 24,000 deaths each year). Because the effectiveness of traffic enforcement was found to be a key factor that helps reduce the number of traffic accidents, this study examined how well the policy on traffic training programmes has been implemented and how traffic training programmes prepare traffic officials to perform their traffic duties. A random sample of 247 traffic officials was chosen from the four police regions and the Bangkok Metropolitan area to complete a survey. The results of the study show that the implementation of traffic training programmes is inconsistent with the given policy, resulting in traffic officials gaining insufficient knowledge and skills from training to do their work.

scholarly journals Diabetic macular edema

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
Steven J Marks ◽  
Benjamin P Hale
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Common ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
Health Organization

Diabetic retinopathy is a frequent manifestation of long standing diabetes mellitus. According to the World Health Organization diabetes affects nine percent of the adult population worldwide (Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2015). Of all of the common diseases of the eye, diabetic retinopathy has a great impact on the working age population and therefore presents a huge socioeconomic burden in all areas of the world. 

Communication and Education Processes Involved in COPD Patient Engagement Within the Italian Health System

2017 ◽  
pp. 154-181
Author(s):  
Virginia Recchia ◽  
Antonio Dodaro ◽  
Rosita B. Maglie ◽  
Carlo G. Leo
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Patient Engagement ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The World ◽  
Advance Care ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Problem Patient

The World Health Organization has estimated that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide. Due to the economic and social extent of the problem, patient engagement must be comprised as a new resource for the achievement of higher health outcomes and lower costs. As many key processes involved in the COPD patient engagement consist of communication and education processes, modelling those processes in a whole framework, including actors and content needs, is a requirement. The main scope of this chapter is contributing to design such a framework within the Italian Health System. Final recommendations suggest to create a synergy among patient engagement and a set of legal tools, namely informed consent, integrated care and advance care planning. The synergy is based on the fact that both patient engagement and those legal tools have a common deep root in the universal principle of patient autonomy.

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