Does apple canker develop independently on leaf scars of a single apple shoot?

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2S) ◽  
pp. S9-S19
Author(s):  
Xiangming Xu ◽  
Leone Olivieri ◽  
Alan C. Gange ◽  
Lizelle Vorster ◽  
Don Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latency Period ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Binomial Distributions ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Single Shoot ◽  
Canker Development ◽  
Apple Canker

European apple canker, caused by Neonectria ditissima, causes serious damage to apple trees, particularly young trees. Canker management is difficult because of the limited availability of effective fungicides, the long latency period, inoculum abundance and host resistance in commercial cultivars as well as the need for costly manual pruning interventions. To understand disease aggregation for more effective pruning management, we assessed whether canker infection and subsequent lesion development on leaf scars are independent from each other on the same shoot. Four inoculation experiments were conducted: one in glasshouse, and three in orchards. On each shoot, 10 consecutive leaf scars were inoculated and assessed for visible cankers over time in situ. Number of cankers developed per shoot as well as spatial distribution of these cankers within a shoot was statistically analysed. Most data of the number of visible canker lesions on a single shoot failed to fit binomial distributions (indicator for independence) and were fitted much better by beta binomial distributions. In a number of cases (4–20%), there appeared to be positive association between lesion development on neighbouring leaf scars. However, in one experiment where laboratory incubation and isolation of N. ditissima from inoculated but asymptomatic leaf scars (after eight months’ field incubation) were used the results suggested independence of canker development on a single shoot.  We conclude that apparent aggregation of canker lesions on individual shoots is likely to originate from host responses. Such aggregation of canker lesions on individual shoots should be taken into consideration for field disease assessment and management.

scholarly journals Metastatic Extraskeletal Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma of the Pancreas: Report of an Unusual Case with Review of Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saloni Naresh Shah ◽  
Ashok Parameswaran ◽  
Prasanna Kumar Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Unusual Case ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma ◽  
Pancreatic Tumors ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Extraskeletal Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma

AbstractExtraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (ESMC) metastasizing to the pancreas in isolation is a rare occurrence. We report a 49-year-old gentleman who had undergone excision of an ESMC of the thigh in 2009 and presented with sudden onset abdominal pain and icterus in 2019. Radiological imaging revealed calcified mass of the pancreas with multiple nodules with extension into the adipose tissue. Distal pancreatectomy was performed and the pathology revealed a bimorphic tumor composed of undifferentiated round blue cells with abrupt transition to hyaline cartilage, typical of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. To the best of our knowledge, there are only seven prior cases of metastatic ESMC of the pancreas in the English literature. Surgical intervention appears to be the preferred modality of treatment for metastatic pancreatic tumors. These patients may have long latency period before metastasizing and seem to have a good survival period post excision.

scholarly journals Paracoccidioidomycosis Diagnosed in Europe—A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Gernot Wagner ◽  
Deddo Moertl ◽  
Anna Glechner ◽  
Verena Mayr ◽  
Irma Klerings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latency Period ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Systemic Mycosis ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
Full Text Screening

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis that is endemic in geographical regions of Central and South America. Cases that occur in nonendemic regions of the world are imported through migration and travel. Due to the limited number of cases in Europe, most physicians are not familiar with paracoccidioidomycosis and its close clinical and histopathological resemblance to other infectious and noninfectious disease. To increase awareness of this insidious mycosis, we conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence on cases diagnosed and reported in Europe. We searched PubMed and Embase to identify cases of paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosed in European countries. In addition, we used Scopus for citation tracking and manually screened bibliographies of relevant articles. We conducted dual abstract and full-text screening of references yielded by our searches. To identify publications published prior to 1985, we used the previously published review by Ajello et al. Overall, we identified 83 cases of paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosed in 11 European countries, published in 68 articles. Age of patients ranged from 24 to 77 years; the majority were male. Time from leaving the endemic region and first occurrence of symptoms considerably varied. Our review illustrates the challenges of considering systemic mycosis in the differential diagnosis of people returning or immigrating to Europe from endemic areas. Travel history is important for diagnostic-workup, though it might be difficult to obtain due to possible long latency period of the disease.

“Re-Emergence” of Silicosis and Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis in Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-92
Author(s):  
Beris Penrose
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Dust Exposure ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis ◽  
Coal Workers

Some reporters, politicians, and doctors have described current cases as a “re-emergence” of these diseases, based on the notion that they had been eliminated. However, silicosis persisted in centuries-old industries like sandblasting and stonemasonry and coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP) continued in coal mining. Until recently, their presence was obscured by a combination of factors such as misdiagnosis, especially if there was a history of smoking; the failure to follow up workers thought to have silicosis or CWP; the long latency period between dust exposure and disease onset that can conceal the link between the two; and the lack of data collection that may have revealed their presence. As the recent Queensland government inquiry into CWP noted, current cases are more accurately a reidentification.

Firing patterns of human flexor carpi radialis motor units during the stretch reflex

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1179-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Calancie ◽  
P. Bawa
Keyword(s):  
Motor Unit ◽  
Stretch Reflex ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Response Probability ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Single Motor Unit ◽  
Single Motor ◽  
Motoneuron Pool ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Long Latency Reflex

Single motor unit and gross surface electromyographic responses to torque motor-produced wrist extensions were studied in human flexor carpi radialis muscle. Surface EMG typically showed two "periods" of reflex activity, at a short and long latency following stretch, but both periods occurring before a subject's voluntary reaction to the stretch. The amplitude of EMG activity in both reflex periods increased monotonically with an increase in the torque load. The amplitude of the short-latency reflex response was very dependent on the motoneuron pool excitability, or preload. The amplitude of the long-latency reflex response also varied with the preload, but could, in addition, be modulated by the subject's preparatory set for a voluntary response to the imposed displacement. When a single motor unit that was not tonically active began to fire during the stretch reflex, it did so primarily during the long-latency period. When caused to fire repetitively by voluntary facilitation of the motoneuron pool, that same unit now showed activity during both periods of the stretch reflex. Further increases in either motoneuron pool facilitation or in perturbation strength resulted in a monotonic increase in response probability of a single motor unit during the short-latency period. However, the response probability of a single unit during the long-latency reflex period did not always vary in a monotonic way with increases in either torque load or motoneuron pool facilitation. For an additional series of experiments, the subject was instructed on how to respond voluntarily to the upcoming wrist perturbation. The three instructions to the subject had no effect on the response probability of a single motor unit during either the background or short-latency periods of the stretch reflex. However, prior instruction clearly affected a unit's response probability during the long-latency reflex period. Changes in the firing rate of motor units, and in the recruitment or derecruitment of nontonic units, contributed to this modulation of reflex activity during the long-latency period.

scholarly journals Exhibition of Local but Not Systemic Induced Phenolic Defenses in Vitis vinifera L. Affected by Brown Wood Streaking, Grapevine Leaf Stripe, and Apoplexy (Esca Complex)

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piebiep Goufo ◽  
Ana C. Marques ◽  
Isabel Cortez
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Induced Responses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Leaf Stripe ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Arachidonic Acids

Balance between constitutive and induced responses provides plants flexibility to cope with biotic stresses. This study tested the hypothesis that invasion of grapevine wood by esca-associated fungi induces the production of defensive compounds as part of locally- and systemically-induced responses. In a vineyard, different symptomatic expressions of “Esca complex” in Vitis vinifera L. ‘Malvasia’ were evaluated in annual inspections. Then, levels of phenolics and fatty acids were determined in asymptomatic leaves of brown wood streaking (BWS) and grapevine leaf stripe (GLSD) vines, and in symptomatic leaves of GLSD and apoplectic vines; the results were compared with levels in healthy vines. In asymptomatic leaves of BWS and some GLSD vines, levels of phenolics decreased, independent of the total phenolic group. Such responses were usually associated with an increase in levels of linoleic, γ-linolenic and arachidonic acids, well-known signal transduction mediators. In symptomatic leaves, levels of phenolics increased, which is consistent with a locally-induced response; the onset of symptoms coincided with the highest increases e.g., 35% for quercetin-3-O-glucuronide. Thus, the long latency period between trunk invasion by fungi and visible foliar damage and the year-to-year fluctuation in symptomatic expressions observed with “Esca complex” might be partially attributed to a better utilization of constitutive defenses.

scholarly journals BCR/ABL P210 and P190 cause distinct leukemia in transgenic mice

Blood ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 86 (12) ◽  
pp. 4603-4611 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Voncken ◽  
V Kaartinen ◽  
PK Pattengale ◽  
WT Germeraad ◽  
J Groffen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Transgenic Animals ◽  
Hematopoietic Tissue ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Overt Disease

DNA constructs encoding BCR/ABL P210 have been introduced into the mouse germ line using microinjection of one-cell fertilized eggs. Kinetics of BCR/ABL P210 expression in transgenic mice were very similar to those of BCR/ABL P190 constructs in transgenic mice. mRNA transcripts were detectable early in embryonic development and also in hematopoietic tissue of adult animals. Expression of BCR/ABL in peripheral blood preceded development of overt disease. P210 founder and progeny transgenic animals, when becoming ill, developed leukemia of B, T-lymphoid, or myeloid origin after a relatively long latency period. In contrast, P190-transgenic mice exclusively developed leukemia of B-cell origin, with a relatively short period of latency. The observed dissimilarities are most likely due to intrinsically different properties of the P190 and P210 oncoproteins and may also involve sequences that control transgene expression. The delayed progression of BCR/ABL P210-associated disease in the transgenic mice is consistent with the apparent indolence of human chronic myeloid leukemia during the chronic phase. We conclude that, in transgenic models, comparable expression of BCR/ABL P210 and BCR/ABL P190 results in clinically distinct conditions.

Radiation-Induced Primary Brain Lymphoma: A Case Report

1995 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe E. Stein ◽  
Nissim Haim ◽  
Menachem Ben-Shachar ◽  
Dorith Goldsher ◽  
Zvi Bernstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latency Period ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Whole Brain Irradiation ◽  
Brain Lymphoma ◽  
Brain Irradiation ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Primary Brain Lymphoma ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency

A patient who developed primary brain lymphoma 6 years following whole brain irradiation due to a low-grade glioma is described. The patient had no evidence of congenital or acquired immunodeficiency state and achieved a good and prompt response to aggressive chemotherapy, including high-dose methotrexate. The previous radiation therapy is implicated in the etiology of the lymphoma because of the geometric coincidence, the relatively long latency period and the different histology. A brief review of current literature is reported.

Renal Metastasis from Thyroid Carcinoma 35 years after Detection of the Primary Tumor

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Insabato ◽  
Dolores Di Vizio ◽  
Gaetano De Rosa ◽  
Domenico Prezioso ◽  
Franco Corcione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Primary Tumor ◽  
Renal Mass ◽  
Renal Tumor ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Renal Neoplasms ◽  
Renal Metastasis ◽  
Secondary Tumor ◽  
Long Latency

A case of a solitary, unilateral, large metastatic renal tumor found 35 years after the detection of primary thyroid carcinoma is presented. Renal metastasis from thyroid carcinoma detected during life is extremely rare, and there may be a long latency period before the appearance of a secondary tumor. The possibility of a secondary tumor should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal neoplasms, even when the tumor is a large, unilateral, solitary renal mass.

scholarly journals A v-H-ras-dependent hemopoietic tumor model involving progression from a clonal stage of transformation competence to autocrine interleukin 3 production.

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1183-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Nair ◽  
I D Diamantis ◽  
J F Conscience ◽  
V Kindler ◽  
P Hofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latency Period ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Rnase A ◽  
Interleukin 3 ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Tumor Phenotype ◽  
Mast Cell Line ◽  
Mouse Mast Cell ◽  
Transformation Competence

Autocrine interleukin 3 (IL-3)-secreting tumors were generated from an IL-3-dependent mouse mast cell line (PB-3c) after introduction of the v-H-ras oncogene. Tumor progression was characterized by four distinct phenotypes. The first corresponded to immortalized mast cells unresponsive to the oncogenic effect of v-H-ras. The second was expressed in a clonable subpopulation of PB-3c cells and was marked by the competence to form v-H-ras-dependent tumors (immortalized transformation competence). The third was a direct effect of v-H-ras expression on all PB-3c cells and was characterized in vitro by a reduced IL-3 requirement. Upon injection of v-H-ras-expressing, transformation-competent cells into mice, the final, fully malignant phenotype developed with a long latency period and was marked in vitro by independence of exogenous IL-3 and by autocrine IL-3 stimulation. Northern (RNA) blot analysis and an RNase A-T1 protection assay showed that IL-3 production was strictly associated with the tumor phenotype. Two of six tumors showed an alteration at the 5' region of the IL-3 gene. We conclude that v-H-ras required complementation by IL-3 gene rearrangement or an alternate event to generate autocrine mastocytomas.

scholarly journals Grb2 and Shc Adapter Proteins Play Distinct Roles in Neu (ErbB-2)-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis: Implications for Human Breast Cancer

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1540-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Dankort ◽  
Bart Maslikowski ◽  
Neil Warner ◽  
Nubufumi Kanno ◽  
Harold Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Metastases ◽  
Mammary Tumorigenesis ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Mammary Tumors ◽  
Adapter Proteins ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Her 2

ABSTRACT Amplification of the Neu (ErbB-2 or HER-2) receptor tyrosine kinase occurs in 20 to 30% of human mammary carcinomas, correlating with a poor clinical prognosis. We have previously demonstrated that four (Y1144 Y1201, Y1227 and Y1253) of the five known Neu autophosphorylation sites can independently mediate transforming signals. The transforming potential of two of these mutants correlates with their capacity to recruit Grb2 directly to Y1144 (YB) or indirectly through Shc to Y1227 (YD). Here, we demonstrate that these transformation-competent neu mutants activate extracellular signal-regulated kinases and stimulate Ets-2-dependent transcription. Although the transforming potential of three of these mutants (YB, YD, and YE) was susceptible to inhibition by Rap1A, a genetic antagonist of Ras, the transforming potential of YC was resistant to inhibition by Rap1A. To further address the significance of these ErbB-2-coupled signaling molecules in induction of mammary cancers, transgenic mice expressing mutant Neu receptors lacking the known autophosphorylation sites (NYPD) or those coupled directly to either Grb2 (YB) or Shc (YD) adapter molecules were derived. In contrast to the NYPD strains, which developed focal mammary tumors after a long latency period with low penetrance, all female mice derived from YB and YD strains rapidly developed mammary tumors. Although female mice from several independent YB or YD lines developed mammary tumors, the YB strains developed lung metastases at substantially higher rates than the YD strains. These observations argue that Grb2 and Shc play important and distinct roles in ErbB-2/Neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document