CONTEMPORARY ASSORTMENT OF APPLE IN CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION AND PROSPECTS OF GENE POOL OF ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FRUIT CROP BREEDING IN SELECTION

1970 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
N. G. Krasova ◽  
А. М. Galasheva ◽  
Е. Yu. Korolyev
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Scab Immunity ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Central Chernozem

Studies (1972-2019) were carried out on the apple gene pool of VNIISPK by methods of the field assessment of the main production and biological indicators according to generally accepted methods of culivar study. The objects were apple cultivars of various genetic and ecological-geographical origin. A significant improvement in the zoned apple assortment in the Central Chernozem Region was revealed due to the addition of scab-immune, triploid cultivars that combine scab immunity with a triple set of chromosomes, as well as columnar cultivars. Changing conditions require constant updating of the assortment due to the use of new sources of valuable traits in breeding. High resistance to scab (Rvi6 gene) of Moldovan cultivars Koremolda, Koremodet, Romanian cultivars Romus 3 and Romus 4, and Latvian cultivars Baiba, Gita, Dace, Edite was revealed. Wijeik, Tuskan (England), Valuta, Vostorg, Girlianda, Kaskad, Lukomor, Moskovskoye Ozherelie, Poezia, Priokskoye and Sozvezdie can be valuable sources when creating new columnar cultivars (Co gene). The sources of early fruiting, productivity, high commodity and consumer qualities, genotypes with a compact low crown are selected. Valuable sources of high commodity and consumer qualities of fruit of winter ripening cultivars are Gubernskoye, Kondratievskoye, Paskhalnoye, Pervenetz Rtisheva bred at Saratov Experimental Station of Gardening; Belarusian cultivars – Antey, Alesya, Belarusian Sladkoye, Belarusian Malinovoye, Imant, Zorka and foreign cultivars Breburn, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Ligol, Fuji and Honey Crisp. The use of cultivars that are resistant to abiotic and biotic environmental factors in breeding, in combination with sources of high quality fruit, will allow creating new cultivars for intensive biologized fruit orchards that ensure competitiveness and high profitability of production.

RESULTS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN BREEDERS OF DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS IN CREATION OF NEW GENERATION APPLE TREE

1970 ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva ◽  
L. I. Dutova ◽  
Е. V. Ulianovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
The North ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
New Generation

The experience in cooperation of breeders of different institutions in creating cultivars is shown. It is not always when the breeding institution has the necessary initial forms for selection. In this regard, there is a need to conduct separate stages of selection in different breeding institutions. For this purpose, a provision on authorship and continuity in the integrated work of several institutions in fruit breeding has been developed (Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding. Annex. – Orel, 1995. – pp. 492-498). Breeding work of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) and North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking can serve as a positive experience of creating new apple cultivars by two institutions. As a result of the joint work of these two institutions, 22 apple cultivars have been created, of which 9 have already been included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use (zoned), including three cultivars for the conditions of the Middle zone of Russia – Aleksandr Boiko, Maslovskoye and Yablochny Spas and six cultivars for the conditions of the North Caucasus – Vasilisa, Karmen, Margo, Orfey, Soyuz and Talisman. Brief economical and biological characteristics of these cultivars are given in this paper. The obtained practical results indicate that in some cases, when creating modern cultivars that meet the requirements of production, it is necessary to use the knowledge of breeders, the source material and equipment of different breeding institutions, and carry out separate stages of the selection process in different institutions.

scholarly journals Intensification of the breeding process and acceleration of the introduction of apple cultivars into production

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Sedov
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Long Period ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Small Production ◽  
Russian Research

Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) is the main supplier of new apple cultivars for the middle zone of Russia. 54 zoned apple cultivars of different dates of maturing have been created at the Institute and included in the State Register of breeding achievements. The reasons of a very long period from the beginning of the breeding process (hybridization) to the wide introduction of a cultivar into broad production are considered in this pa-per. Examples of acceleration and intensification of the breeding process are given. If in 1950s at VNIISPK it took 39-49 years (43, on the average) from the hybridization to transfer a cultivar to the State Register, then in 1980s-1990s it took just 18-23 years (21, on the average). The techniques and methods of reducing this period are given in this paper. Often not less period passes from the inclusion of a cultivar in the State Register (zoning) before introduction of a cultivar in wide production. To reduce this period, it is proposed in the original institution to lay plots of small production cultivar testing of 20-30 trees in each of the 3 repetitions (60-90 trees) for each new cultivar and the control cultivar simultaneously with the transfer of a cultivar to the State Register.

RESULTS OF INTRODUCTION OF SPECIES OF THE FAMILY ROSACEAE JUSS. GENE POOL ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FRUIT CROPS BREEDING

1970 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Emelyanova ◽  
М. F. Tsoy ◽  
G. А. Pavlenkova ◽  
А. N. Firsov ◽  
L. I. Masalova
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Far East ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Introduced Plants ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rosaceae Family ◽  
Central Chernozem ◽  
Russian Research ◽  
Research Institute

More than 280 species, genotypes and varieties of wood plants representing 31 families are grown in the arboretum at the Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding. At present, the task of study and introduction of qualitatively new range of plants capable to grow in new constantly changing conditions is urgent. The analysis of ecological and biological features of 23 species of introduced plants of Rosaceae family of different ecological and geographical origin from the VNIISPK collection has been done. 10 highly ornamental genotypes resistant to a complex of unfavorable factors of the environment have been allocated for use in the greenbelt setting of the settlements in the Central Chernozem region of Russia including the Orel region. According to our data the Far East zone is the most perspective one for the introduction of wood plants of Rosaceae family. It includes 6 promising species (50% of the studied species of this zone): Cotoneaster lucidus, Cotoneaster divaricatus, Potentilla fruticose, Padus Maackii, Spirea gemmate and Spirea japonica.

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY AND ACTUAL YIELD OF NON-NATIVE VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRY

1970 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
M. I. Zubkova
Keyword(s):  
Average Weight ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Central Chernozem Region ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Early Ripening ◽  
Actual Yield ◽  
Central Chernozem ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars ◽  
Russian Research

The aim of this study was to determine the biological productivity, actual yield and taste characteristics of introduced strawberry cultivars in conditions of the Orel region and to select promising genotypes for commercial use and breeding. The studies were carried out in 2016-2017 in the fields of the Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding in the Orel region. 8 Russian strawberry cultivars and 18 foreign cultivars were studied. Strawberry cultivars admitted for use in the Central-Chernozem region, i.e. Rubinovy Kulon (early ripening), Urozhainaya TzGL (average ripening) and Zenga Zengana (late ripening), were taken as control cultivars. The cultivars were placed in three repetitions in the amount of 10 plants in each repetition. The soil of the plots was dark-grey forest. Previously the field was planted with mustard. The location of the plots was randomized. Drip irrigation was used. The spacing of planting was 0.2 m X 1.0 m. The biological productivity was studied according to three indications: the amount of flower buds per plant, the amount of flowers per plant and the average weight of berries per plant. Clary, Alba, Solovushka, Asia, Sonata, Berginya, Molling Pandora, Alfa and Malvina had the greatest average weight of berries. Alba, Solovushka, Sara, Asia, Sonata and Bereginya had maximal indications of biological productivity. The greatest actual yield was observed in Vima Zanta, Solovushka, Sara and Berginya. Rosinka and Urozhainaya TzGL were the best ones in berry taste; Alba and Bereginya were the best ones in berry appearance; Sara and Antea had the most fragrant berries. Alba, Solovushka, Asia, Tzaritza, Bereginya and Sonata are the most promising strawberry cultivars according to the complex of the indications for growing in the Central -Chernozem region.

scholarly journals Growing technology of crowned trees of columnar apple cultivars at Russian research institute of fruit crop breeding

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-101
Author(s):  
S. A. Korneyeva ◽  
E. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
The Third ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Russian Research ◽  
Research Institute

Relevance. Selection of columnar apple cultivars and development of adapted elements of their cultivation technology are one of the promising areas of the research work of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. The result of 36 years of the target selection work was the creation of 5 columnar apple cultivars accepted in the State Register of breeding achievements: ‘Priokskoye’, ‘Poezia’, ‘Vostorg’, ‘Girlianda’ and ‘Orlovskaya Yesenia’. All cultivars are characterized by high precocity, productivity and immunity to scab. The special habit of the columnar shape of the apple tree determines a special type of planting that is characteristic only for it, providing for super-dense placement of trees.Results. Our research experimentally demonstrates the possibility of reducing the total number of plants per hectare while maintaining a high density of fruit wood in the orchard. These technologies will significantly reduce the amount of necessary planting material, therefore, reduce the initial cost of laying a columnar apple orchard. Thus, when growing columnar cultivars in the crown of a 3–4-98 semi- dwarf rootstock with a tree planting density of 3333 trees per hectare, the number of columnar branches corresponds to the plantation with a density of 20,000 columnar trees per 1 ha. The study of this technology showed that the cultivars entered fruiting in the third year after grafting of 2-year-old skeletal trees; the yield of the studied columnar cultivars for the first 10 years of fruiting averaged 81.6 t/ ha. Annual fruiting was observed throughout the entire observation period. Another promising option is to grow columns in the form of crowned plants on a dwarf rootstock 62–396. The crown on average consists of 5 branches, while the total number of columnar branches reaches 12 500 PCs/ha. The proportion of trees that entered fruiting in the third year after grafting depended on the depth of seedling planting. For normal planting, it was 28%, which is twice the same value for deep planting (15 cm below the root neck).

DIRECTIONS AND SUMMARIZED THE APPLE SELECTION

1970 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Production Test ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Scab Immunity ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
State Test ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
High Production

Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) is the main supplier of new apple cultivars that meet high requirements of the up-to-date fruit-growing in the central part of Russia. By the present, 54 apple cultivars with different dates of fruit maturation have been developed at the Institute and included in the State Register of breeding achievements admitted for use. For the first time in Russia and in the world, a series of triploid apple cultivars have been released and included in the State Register. These cultivars are characterized by more regular fruiting by years, high marketable and consumer qualities of fruit and higher autogamy. More than 20 apple cultivars having scab immunity (Vf) have been developed. The first Russian scab immune cultivar Imrus is widely introduced into production. Triploid cultivars released at the Instiute and having immunity to scab deserve special attention. Five columnar apple cultivars Priokskoye, Poezia, Vostorg, Girlianda and Orlovskaya Yesenia have been developed for intensive and super intensive orchards and included in the State Register (zoned). A large interdisciplinary team of the Institute is working to create cultivars that meet high production requirements. The team of scientists includes breeders, biochemists, cytoembryologists, technologists for processing of fruits, physiologists, phytopathologists, agrochemists and staff of other specialties. The Institute is working on the problem of intensification and acceleration of the process, which makes it possible to reduce the period from hybridization to the transfer of the cultivar to the state test and its inclusion in the State Register (zoning). To do this, it is proposed that the originator institutions already lay small production test plots when the cultivar is transferred to the state test. The priority task of the Institute in the coming years is to create triploid columnar cultivars that are immune to scab.

scholarly journals Volga apple varieties assessment

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Nina Glebovna Krasova ◽  
Anna Mironovna Galasheva
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Storage Life ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Apple Varieties ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
National Selection ◽  
Long Storage ◽  
Russian Research

A large apple gene pool has been collected at the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding including apple varieties of national selection, new breeding domestic and foreign varieties and genotypes of various genetic and ecological origins. The study of Volga apple varieties has allowed assessing them in the Orel region. The varieties with the long storage life of high-quality fruit have been identified: Gubernskoye, Kondratievskoye, Paskhalnoye, Pervenetz Rtisheva of the Saratov experimental station of horticulture. The varieties may be used for further breeding when creating high-quality domestic apple varieties with the fruit of long storage life and consumption.

REPLENISHMENT OF AN APPLE TREE ASSORTMENT WITH DEEP WINTER VARIETIES

1970 ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
State Testing ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
State Register ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Term Storage

Large-scale and purposeful work on the development of new apple cultivars has been carried out at Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding since 1956. Over a long period of time, 55 apple cultivars of different fruit maturation periods were created and included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use (zoned). Apple cultivars with fruits capable of long-term storage in refrigerator are of particular interest. Cultivars fruits of which can store until mid-March or longer include zoned cultivars: Aleksandr Boiko, Den Pobedy, Kulikovskoe, Ministr Kisilev, Sinap Orlovsky, as well as Zhdanovskoe, which is passing state testing. The article provides a brief description of six cultivars and a more complete characteristic of new cultivar Zhdanovskoe. Triploid cultivar Sinap Orlovsky is included in the state register in four regions of Russia, Kulikovskoe – in three regions, Svezhest - in two regions while Aleksandr Boiko, Den Pobedy, Kulikovskoe and Ministr Kisilev are included in the state register only in the Central Chernozem region. Zhdanovskoe, which is passing state testing, is also of interest for industry. Its fruit are stored in the refrigerator till mid-March. Among the listed cultivars there are 5 triploid cultivars, including 2 triploid cultivars that are immune to scab. It is known that triploid cultivars are prone to more regular fruiting over the years and have larger and more marketable fruits, and the introduction of scab-immune cultivars into widespread production improves the environmental situation in the orchard and provides cleaner products. The primary task of breeding institutions and production is to give these cultivars a comprehensive assessment.

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