scholarly journals Nation-State Contexts and Authoritarian Value Changes of Ethnic Chinese

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-54
Author(s):  
Baodong Liu ◽  
Porter Morgan ◽  
Dimitri Kokoromytis
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Family Resources ◽  
Value System ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Value Changes

The recent global populist wave has reignited interest in how authoritarianism gains momentum in different nation-state contexts. A central question remains: under which conditions do individuals abandon or embrace authoritarian values? In the context of ethnic Chinese, this paper argues that Confucianism still plays a pivotal role in shaping attitudes and values. Specifically, it asserts that the Confucian value of meritocracy maintains importance in the ethnic Chinese value system. The study utilized the Chinese social media platform WeChat to deploy a four-question, snowball sample survey of 1,763 ethnic Chinese in seven regions from around the globe to evaluate their levels of authoritarianism. It tested six hypotheses derived from previous theories concerning assimilation, individual/ family resources, group competition, communist influence, and generational gap. The empirical results, however, provide the strongest support for the theory of meritocratic and conditional authoritarianism, which suggests that ethnic Chinese around the world will become more authoritarian when they perceive a threat to their status quo and will become less authoritarian when they perceive threats to their upward mobility. Keywords: ethnic Chinese, authoritarianism, political culture, immigration, meritocracy

Goal Selection for Counseling with Potentially Religious Clients by Professional and Student Counselors in Explicitly Christian or Secular Settings

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everett L. Worthington ◽  
Gary G. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Work Setting ◽  
Treatment Goals ◽  
Value System ◽  
Goal Selection ◽  
Christian Counselors ◽  
Student Counselors ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Spiritual Issues ◽  
Value Changes

Research findings suggest that (a) “religious” clients are less likely to benefit from counseling (more dropouts, less beneficial change) than “nonreligious” clients and (b) successful counseling usually results in value changes by clients. It was hypothesized that both of these findings might be due to secular and religious counselors setting different goals for potentially religious clients. In this study, counselors in explicitly Christian or secular settings, on professional or student levels (n = 96), completed questionnaires rating their goals for a fictitious client who denied the importantce of religion, ignored it, acknowledged it responsibly, or acknowledged it but acted bizzarely. The work setting accurately predicted the values of the counselors. Counselors, regardless of setting, responded differentially to clients who perceived the importance of religion differently. Christian counselors were significantly more concerned with spiritual issues and viewed spiritual goals as more important than did secular counselors. Findings suggest that, although both secular and Christian counselors are sensitive to perceptions of individual clients, the value system of the counselors will likely be reflected in the treatment goals they prefer.

DETERMINANTS OF TRANSITIONAL PROCESSES IN MONTENEGRO - GENESIS AND CONSEQUENCES OF MANAGEMENT ASPECT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-234
Author(s):  
Rajko Novićević ◽  
Nikola Abramović
Keyword(s):  
Important Determinant ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Value System ◽  
Transitional Societies ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Cultural Determinants ◽  
Transitional Processes ◽  
Management Aspect ◽  
Value Changes ◽  
Communist Countries

All post-communist countries, or post-communist countries who have faced or have been faced with the process of changing the value system, that is, the changes that affect all the pores of society and, rightly, we can conclude that these changes have the character of revolutionary ones. The different flows, the consequences and the duration of these processes in different transitional societies become significant indicators for the analysis of the determinants that determine its character.The main purpose of this paper is to present the key determinants, the determinants that define the character, essence and in the final attempt to answer the question of the inadequate long duration of this process. It is obvious that Montenegrin society entered the process of transition, perceiving superficially its essence and depth, considering as the fundamental and only important determinant of that process the change of ownership, or title of ownership. After almost three decades, we conclude that the Montenegrin society and the Montenegrin economy are in the process of transition, while at the same time we have the fact that social property has not existed for decades, and that it has received its titles either by state or private.We have not accidentally noted that the transition is a change in the value system of society, which is comprehensive and represents its fundamental determinant. The value system of society is essentially the expression and reflection of cultural determinants and values that are deeply ingrained and exist in its own identity. Thus, the culture of a society, its heritage, is a key determinant for the success and speed of all other processes of whatever character they were.The entry of Montenegrin society into the transition process did not imply the imposition and adaptation of the measures and procedures of transition, but the mere copying of models that were applied or applied with more or less success in other countries that do not have almost any common determinants with the Montenegrin cultural or value system.Thanks to comprehensiveness, scope and ultimate goals, the process of transition in this paper is seen as a process of radical revolutionary value changes and we see it as a condition of building a new value system on the foundations of the ruins of the old socio-communist ideological project. Our approach is essentially economically, and less sociologically, and we risk that many sociologists will not agree with it.

Buddhist Revitalization and Chinese Religions in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan Lee Ooi
Keyword(s):  
Belief System ◽  
Global Capitalism ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Cultural Complexity ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Revitalization Movement ◽  
Chinese Religions ◽  
Exit Option ◽  
Muslim Majority

Buddhist Revitalization and Chinese Religions in Malaysia tells the story of how a minority community comes to grips with the challenges of modernity, history, globalization, and cultural assertion in an ever-changing Malaysia. It captures the religious connection, transformation, and tension within a complex traditional belief system in a multi-religious society. In particular, the book revolves around a discussion on the religious revitalization of Chinese Buddhism in modern Malaysia. This Buddhist revitalization movement is intertwined with various forces, such as colonialism, religious transnationalism, and global capitalism. Reformist Buddhists have helped to remake Malaysia’s urban-dwelling Chinese community and have provided an exit option in the Malay and Muslim majority nation state. As Malaysia modernizes, there have been increasing efforts by certain segments of the country’s ethnic Chinese Buddhist population to separate Buddhism from popular Chinese religions. Nevertheless, these reformist groups face counterforces from traditional Chinese religionists within the context of the cultural complexity of the Chinese belief system.

The Relevance of The Value System in the Performance of Multinational Companies in Karachi, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan Ul Haque , Muneera Moulabuksh , Dr. Syed Zubair Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Value System ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Global Corporations ◽  
Western Values ◽  
Foreign Corporations ◽  
The Impact

This paper aims to explore the multinational companies operating in Pakistan that are convincingly aware of Islamic, cultural, and ethical values. To study a sample survey designed to gather and analyze information on the significance of these values? Do non-Muslim Pakistani multinational executives have scant knowledge of cultural, religious, and moral values? Is the impact of the existence of multinational companies on the local culture of Western values? Do the expectations differ to some degree from those of the locals? Will the contribution of foreign corporations to the host countries make a meaningful contribution to the socio-economic stability and economic growth of the host country? Will the perception of the administrators of global corporations vary from that of multinational clients? The targeted survey consists of two categories, i.e. multinational managers and multinational clients, and found that multinational managers are mainly Muslim in the education sector, while 96 percent of multinational respondents have been residing in the residential sector since birth. When the Asian financial crunch severely affected the region, transnational businesses played a significant role in the rebuilding of Pakistan's economy and caused a considerable export-oriented character in economic development, the economy recovered rapidly compared to any other region with the aid of multinational companies.

The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Chittick
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Ethnic Identification ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Political Legitimation ◽  
Yangzi Region ◽  
New Framework

This work offers a sweeping reassessment of the Jiankang Empire (third to sixth centuries CE), known as the Chinese “Southern Dynasties.” It shows how, although one of the medieval world’s largest empires, Jiankang has been rendered politically invisible by the standard narrative of Chinese nationalist history, and proposes a new framework and terminology for writing about medieval East Asia. The book pays particular attention to the problem of ethnic identification, rejecting the idea of “ethnic Chinese,” and delineating several other, more useful ethnographic categories, using case studies in agriculture/foodways and vernacular languages. The most important, the Wuren of the lower Yangzi region, were believed to be inherently different from the peoples of the Central Plains, and the rest of the book addresses the extent of their ethnogenesis in the medieval era. It assesses the political culture of the Jiankang Empire, emphasizing military strategy, institutional cultures, and political economy, showing how it differed from Central Plains–based empires, while having significant similarities to Southeast Asian regimes. It then explores how the Jiankang monarchs deployed three distinct repertoires of political legitimation (vernacular, Sinitic universalist, and Buddhist), arguing that the Sinitic repertoire was largely eclipsed in the sixth century, rendering the regime yet more similar to neighboring South Seas states. The conclusion points out how the research reorients our understanding of acculturation and ethnic identification in medieval East Asia, generates new insights into the Tang-Song transition period, and offers new avenues of comparison with Southeast Asian and medieval European history.

scholarly journals Pola Budaya Politik Masyarakat Pendatang: Studi Pada Orang Palembang di Kota Pangkalpinang

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dewantara
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
The State ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Immigrant Community ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Political Cultures ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Law

The pattern of political culture is the pattern of people's behavior in the life of the state, nation, state administration, government politics, and the law carried out by the whole community every day. One of these political cultures is influenced by immigrant communities living in one area. This study aims to determine the cultural patterns of the immigrant community, especially the Palembang people in Pangkalpinang City, which are cognitive, affective, and evaluative oriented. Knowing the immigrant community's cultural way in Pangkalpinang City will produce conclusions and prove that the immigrant community (Palembang people) carries out the pattern of political culture in Pangkalpinang City.

scholarly journals LITERACY AND IDENTITY: FROM LIM KIM HOK, AND KHO PING HO TO THE CONTEMPORARY INDONESIAN LITERATURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Zulfikar RH Pohan
Keyword(s):  
Martial Arts ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
New Order ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Chinese Education ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Old Order ◽  
History Of

The history and progress of Indonesian literature become a piece of authentic evidence for ethnic Chinese. Both of them can exert influence on contemporary Indonesian literature at large. It can be seen in the history of Indonesian literacy, romance, martial arts stories (Cerita silat), and Chinese literary writing styles which are still used nowadays. This shows how ethnic Chinese education and Hybrid (Malay-Chinese) in Indonesia have developed rapidly. Before this country was formed into a nation-state with cultural institutions, ethnic Chinese had undergone literary expressions. Moreover, culture at that time was widely accepted for Malay nations, Java, Balinese, etc. Conversely, many identity challenges and contestation during Dutch colonial, Old Order, and New Order pressed the ethnic Chinese in various ways. In addition, this can be understood as a part of cultural exchange. Hence, Indonesian literature is currently strongly influenced by the contact of Malay and Chinese literature.

scholarly journals THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER: THE IMPLICATIONS OF HIERARCHY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR THE COHERENCE AND LEGITIMACY OF INTERNATIONAL DECISION-MAKING

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
E De Wet
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Public Power ◽  
Value System ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
International Legal Order ◽  
Human Rights Norms

The article examines the contours and implications of the emerging international constitutional order. The "constitutional" nature of this order relates to the fact that it contains certain fundamental substantive and structural norms that form a supreme legal framework for the exercise of public power. The substantive elements primarily include the value system of the international legal order, meaning norms of positive law with a strong ethical underpinning (notably human rights norms) that have acquired a special hierarchical standing vis-à-vis other international norms through state practice. The structural elements refer to the subjects of the international legal order that collectively constitute the international community (polity), as well as the mechanisms for enforcement of the international value system. This vision of an international constitutional model is inspired by the intensification in the shift of public decision-making away from the nation state towards international actors of a regional (for example EU) or functional (for example WTO, UN) nature, and its eroding impact on the notion of a “total” constitutional order, where the fundamental substantive and structural norms that form the supreme legal framework for the exercise of public power are concentrated in the nation state. It is also inspired by the belief that such a supreme legal framework is only possible in a system where different national,regional and functional legal orders complement each other in order to form an international constitutional order.

scholarly journals Limited pidgin-type patois? Policy, language, technology, identity and the experience of Canto-pop in Singapore

Popular Music ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liew Kai Khiun
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Language Technology ◽  
Cultural Boundaries ◽  
Regional Music

This article explores the interactions and tensions arising from a vibrant Canto-pop industry exported from Hong Kong to an interventionist nation-state of Singapore bent on discouraging the use of dialects by its ethnic Chinese population. Aside from highlighting the roles of technological and commercial factors behind the regional music networks, it seeks further to position this contemporary relationship within the larger historical and cultural context. The cultural politics involved here is not just an isolated phenomenon between two different cities. More importantly, the language policies of the Singapore government represent a haunting replication of the perennial attempts by central authorities in China to impose a more standardised linguistic and cultural identity on its dialect-speaking peripheries. This identity is based on not just the court language of Mandarin, but notions of ‘Chineseness’. This article goes on to question the extent to which Canto-pop could help foster a more hybridised identity transcending both the current dictates of the modern Singaporean state and the imagined cultural boundaries of a more historically entrenched Sino-centric realm.

It Is Your Business to Rise Up and Preserve the Union

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Engle
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Nation State ◽  
White House ◽  
The Military ◽  
Cooperative Federalism ◽  
The Way

This chapter presents an overview of Lincoln’s journey to the White House, and the governors he met along the way. In addition to introducing the main themes, the chapter also advances the cooperative federalism aspects of Civil War governance and the diffusion of the northern political culture. It sets the stage for nation-state relationship that Lincoln will use to develop armies and establish policies aimed at winning the military contest and establishing reunion.

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