scholarly journals Deasphalting of Atmospheric Iraqi Residue using Different Solvents

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Noha Muhsin Ali ◽  
Tariq Mohammed Naife
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Light Naphtha ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Asphaltene Content ◽  
Duration Time ◽  
Oil Residue ◽  
Solvent Solvent

Different solvents (light naphtha, n-heptane, and n-hexane) are used to treat Iraqi Atmospheric oil residue by the deasphalting process. Oil residue from Al-Dura refinery with specific gravity 0.9705, API 14.9, and 0.5 wt. % sulfur content was used. Deasphalting oil (DAO) was examined on a laboratory scale by using solvents with different operation conditions (temperature, concentration of solvent, solvent to oil ratio, and duration time). This study investigates the effects of these parameters on asphaltene yield. The results show that an increase in temperature for all solvents increases the extraction of asphaltene yield. The higher reduction in asphaltene content is obtained with hexane solvent at operating conditions of (90 °C, 4/1 solvent to oil ratio), where the asphaltene yield was 93%. The highest recorded value of API value at 150 ml for all solvents at the highest temperature and duration time; this value is 32 when using n-heptane solvent at 15/1.

scholarly journals A Tamper-Resistant Algorithm Using Blockchain for the Digital Tachograph

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
Yongbae Kim ◽  
Juyong Back ◽  
Jongweon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
External Memory ◽  
Data Recording ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Suggested Algorithm ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Verification Test

A tachograph in a vehicle records the vehicle operating conditions, such as speed, distance, brake operation conditions, acceleration, GPS information, etc., in intervals of one second. For accidents, the tachograph records information, such as the acceleration and direction of a vehicle traveling in intervals of 1/100 s for 10 s before and after the accident occurs as collision data. A vehicle equipped with a tachograph is obliged to upload operation data to administrative organizations periodically via other auxiliary storage devices like a USB attached external memory or online wireless communication. If there is a problem with the recorded contents, data may be at risk of being tampered with during the uploading process. This research proposed tamper-resistant technology based on blockchain for data in online and offline environments. The suggested algorithm proposed a new data recording mechanism that operates in low-level hardware of digital tachographs for tamper-resistance in light blockchains and on/offline situations. The average encoding time of the proposed light blockchain was 1.85 ms/Mb, while the average decoding time was 1.65 ms/Mb. With the outliers in statistical tests removed, the estimated average encoding and decoding time was 1.32 ms/Mb and 1.29 ms/Mb, respectively, and the tamper verification test detected all the tampered data.

scholarly journals Modeling of a Real-Life Industrial Reactor for Hydrogenation of Benzene Process

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Mirosław K. Szukiewicz ◽  
Krzysztof Kaczmarski
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Reactor Operation ◽  
Reactor Model ◽  
High Scale ◽  
Industrial Reactor ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Insight Into

A dynamic model of the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane reaction in a real-life industrial reactor is elaborated. Transformations of the model leading to satisfactory results are presented and discussed. Operating conditions accepted in the simulations are identical to those observed in the chemical plant. Under those conditions, some components of the reaction mixture vanish, and the diffusion coefficients of the components vary along the reactor (they are strongly concentration-dependent). We came up with a final reactor model predicting with reasonable accuracy the reaction mixture’s outlet composition and temperature profile throughout the process. Additionally, the model enables the anticipation of catalyst activity and the remaining deactivated catalyst lifetime. Conclusions concerning reactor operation conditions resulting from the simulations are presented as well. Since the model provides deep insight into the process of simulating, it allows us to make knowledge-based decisions. It should be pointed out that improvements in the process run, related to operating conditions, or catalyst application, or both on account of the high scale of the process and its expected growth, will remarkably influence both the profits and environmental protection.

scholarly journals Alginate/porous silica matrices for the encapsulation of living organisms: tunable properties for biosensors, modular bioreactors, and bioremediation devices

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Perullini ◽  
Mariano Calcabrini ◽  
Matías Jobbágy ◽  
Sara A. Bilmes
Keyword(s):  
Physical Stability ◽  
Porous Silica ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Radius Of Gyration ◽  
Host Matrix ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Living Organisms

Abstract:The encapsulation of living cells within inorganic silica hydrogels is a promising strategy for the design of biosensors, modular bioreactors, and bioremediation devices, among other interesting applications, attracting scientific and technological interest. These hostguest multifunctional materials (HGFM) combine synergistically specific biologic functions of their guest with those of the host matrix enhancing their performance. Although inorganic immobilization hosts present several advantages over their (bio)polymer-based counterparts in terms of chemical and physical stability, the direct contact of cells with silica precursors during synthesis and the constraints imposed by the inorganic host during operating conditions have proved to influence their biological response. Recently, we proposed an alternative two-step procedure including a pre-encapsulation in biocompatible polymers such as alginates in order to confer protection to the biological guest during the inorganic and more cytotoxic synthesis. By means of this procedure, whole cultures of microorganisms remain confined in small liquid volumes generated inside the inorganic host, providing near conventional liquid culture conditions.Moreover, the fact of protecting the biological guest during the synthesis of the host, allows extending the synthesis parameters beyond biocompatible conditions, tuning the microstructure of the matrix. In turn, the microstructure (porosity at the nanoscale, radius of gyration of particles composing the structure, and fractal dimension of particle clusters) is determinant of macroscopic parameters, such as optical quality and transport properties that govern the encapsulation material’s performance. Here, we review the most interesting applications of the two-step procedure, making special emphasis on the optimization of optical, transport and mechanical properties of the host as well as in the interaction with the guest during operation conditions.

scholarly journals Research on the Energy Efficiency Indicators of Transport Diesel Engines under Transient Operation Conditions

Pomorstvo ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergejus LebedevasPaulius ◽  
Paulius Rapalis ◽  
Rima Mickevicienė
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Power Increase ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Additional Equipment

In this study, we have investigated the efficiency of transport diesel engines CAT3512B-HD in transient braking and acceleration modes in 2M62M locomotives. A comparative analysis of the diesel engine performance has been performed at speeds of power increase and braking ranging from 4–5 kW/s to 17–18 kW/s. A decrease in the fuel economy occurred, and the main reason for it (compared with the steady-state operating condition at qcycl = idem) has been found to be the deterioration of the mechanical efficiency coefficient due to the loss of the additional equipment kinetic energy of the engine. The efficiency decreased by 3–3.5% under power increase operations and by 10–14% in the braking modes. The original methodology for the evaluation of the diesel engine parameters registered by the engine control units (ECU) in the engine operating conditions, mathematical modelling application AVL BOOST, and analytical summaries in artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used. The errors in the obtained results have been 5–8% at a determination coefficient of 0.97–0.99.

scholarly journals Prediction of fatigue limit of journal bearings considering a multi-axial stress state

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Sous ◽  
Henrik Wünsch ◽  
Georg Jacobs ◽  
Christoph Broeckmann
Keyword(s):  
Stress State ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Journal Bearings ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Component Test ◽  
Material Tests

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the applicability of the quadratic failure hypothesis (QFH) on journal bearings coated with a white metal sliding layer on the prediction of safe and unsafe operating conditions. The hypothesis covers operation conditions under static and dynamical loading. Design/methodology/approach Material tests and elastohydrodynamic, as well as structural, simulations were conducted to provide the required input data for the failure hypothesis. Component samples were tested to verify the results of the QFH. Findings The load bearing capacity of journal bearings was analysed for different operating conditions by the use of the QFH. Results allow for the identification of critical and non-critical loading conditions and are in accordance with component test results. Originality/value Today’s design guidelines for journal bearings do not consider a multi-axial stress state and actual stress distribution. The applied hypothesis enables consideration of multiaxiality inside the sliding surface layer, as well as determining the location of bearing fatigue due to material overload.

Numerical Investigations on the Power Generation of Turbo-Expander During the Propane De-Hydrogenation Process

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hwabhin Kwon ◽  
Heesung Park
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hydrogenation Process ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Turbo Expander ◽  
Discharge Pressure

Abstract A turboexpander for the propane de-hydrogenation process with blade and splitter has been numerically investigated. Since the turboexpander expands fluid from higher inlet pressure to lower discharge pressure, the kinetic energy of fluid is converted into useful mechanical energy. The efficiency and power generation with the designed turboexpander have been simulated with different operating conditions. The pressure ratio between inlet and outlet and rotational speed are varied to characterize the performance of the turboexpander as an electrical power generator. The numerical simulations have shown the vortex at the trailing edges of blade and splitter which decreases the efficiency. The rotational speed and the pressure ratio are parameterized to obtain operation conditions which achieve high power generation and efficiency. Consequently, the generated power from 614.12 kW to 693.45kW is obtained at the normal rotational speed and the pressure ratio between 1.75 to 2.22.

Projection of the Neutronic and Thermal Fuel Rod Behavior in a BWR

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Hernandez Lopez ◽  
Javier Ortiz Villafuerte
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Assembly ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fast Neutrons ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Fuel Rods ◽  
Fuel Rod ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
Operation Conditions

Currently, at the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (National Institute for Nuclear Research) in Mexico, it is being developed a computational code for evaluating the neutronic, thermal and mechanical performance of a fuel element at several different operation conditions. The code is referred as to MCTP (Multigrupos con Temperaturas y Potencia), and is benchmarked against data from the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant (LVNPP). In the code, the neutron flux is approximated by six groups of energy: one group in the thermal region (E < 0.625 eV), four in the resonances region (0.625 eV < E < 0.861 MeV), and one group in the fast region (E > 0.861 MeV). Thus, the code is able to determine the damage to the cladding due to fast neutrons. The temperature distribution is approximated in both axial and radial directions taking into account the changes in the coolant density, for both the single and two-phase regions in a BWR channel. It also considerate the changes in the thermal conductivity of all materials involved for the temperature calculations, as well as the temperature and density effects in the neutron cross sections. In the code, fuel rod burnup is evaluated. Also, plutonium production and poison production from fission. In this work, the neutronic and thermal performance of fuel rods in a 10×10 fuel assembly is evaluated. The fuel elements have a content of 235U. The fuel assembly was introduced to the unit 1 of LVNPP reactor core in the cycle 9 of operation, and will stay in during three cycles. In the analysis of fuel rod performance, the operating conditions are those for the cycle 9 and 10, whereas for the current cycle (cycle 11) the reactor is projected to operate during 460 days. The analysis for cycle 11 uses the actual location of the fuel assembly that will have in the core. The results show that the fuel rods analyzed did not reach the thermal limits during the cycles 9 and 10, as expected, and for cycle 11 the same thermal limits are not predicted to be reached.

scholarly journals Detailed monitoring as an essential tool for achieving energy performance targets in operation conditions: the HIKARI case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 22006
Author(s):  
Dimitri Guyot ◽  
Florine Giraud ◽  
Florian Simon ◽  
David Corgier ◽  
Christophe Marvillet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Performance Targets ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Net Zero Energy ◽  
Essential Tool ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Mixed Use

The case study is the HIKARI project, the first net zero energy city block in Europe, gathering offices, housing and shops. The three mixed-use buildings composing the 12 000 m² block pool their energy through shared innovative energy production systems coupled with large capacity energy storage units. HIKARI is fully monitored with more than 10 000 measurement points collected for several years of operating conditions. Through the identification and analysis of an energy consumption drift caused by the malfunctioning of a particular system, we demonstrate the importance of adopting a global approach when conceiving a building, especially if low energy targets are to be reached. The analysis of the monitoring results also highlights the value of detailed monitoring for identifying malfunctions, for assessing the relevance of the technical choices made during the design phase, and as an essential tool for achieving the objective of energy performance under operating conditions.

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