Do we form or deform? Qualitative Investigation in Public Hospitals of Madrid

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Jesús Gómez Camuñas ◽  
Purificación González Villanueva
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Information Collection ◽  
Qualitative Investigation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
Depth Interviews

<div><br></div><div> <p><i>Qualitative design</i> with an <b>ethnographic approach</b>, to achieve the objective of the study.</p> <p><i>Data collection</i></p> <p>The data has been collected through these information collection techniques:</p> <p><b>Participant observation</b> consisting of analysis of documents, interviews with subjects and informants, participation in the field, direct observation and introspection <sup>13</sup>; registering systematically in a journal, together with the field notes.</p> <p><b>In-depth interviews</b> are carried out, through two techniques:</p> <p>Unstructured interviews with open questions.</p> <p>Semi-structured interviews through a Guide of questions, extracted from previous observation sessions or interviews.</p> <p>These interviews are, in turn, <u>formal</u> and <u>informal</u>, conducted individually or in groups <sup>13</sup>:</p> <p>In the formal ones, the participants are asked to sign the informed consent in order to be recorded and their consent after the transcription of the same.</p> <p>Informal interviews are carried out during the entire period of stay in the unit or center, to any participant who voluntarily chooses to talk with the researcher, having prior knowledge of the realization of the same and study information.</p> </div>

scholarly journals Challenges of Obtaining Informed Consent in Emergency Ward: A Qualitative Study in One Iranian Hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayyereh Davoudi ◽  
Nahid Dehghan Nayeri ◽  
Mohammad Saeed Zokaei ◽  
Nematallah Fazeli
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Consent Process ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Emergency Ward

Background and Objective:Regarding the fact that emergency ward has unique characteristics, whose uniqueness affects informed consent processes by creating specific challenges. Hence, it seems necessary to identify the process and challenges of informed consent in the emergency ward through a qualitative study to understand actual patients’ and health care providers’ experiences, beliefs, values, and feelings about the informed consent in the emergency ward. Through such studies, new insight can be gained on the process of informed consent and its challenges with the hope that the resulting knowledge will enable the promotion of ethical, legal as well as effective health services to the patients in the emergency ward.Method:In this qualitative study, research field was one of the emergency wards of educational and public hospitals in Iran. Field work and participant observation were carried out for 515 hours from June 2014 to March 2016. Also, conversations and semi-structured interviews based on the observations were conducted. The participants of the study were nurses and physicians working in the emergency ward, as well as patients and their attendants who were involved in the process of obtaining informed consent.Results:Three main categories were extracted from the data: a sense of frustration; reverse protection; and culture of paternalism in consent process.Conclusion:Findings of this study can be utilized in correcting the structures and processes of obtaining informed consent together with promotion of patients' ethical and legal care in emergency ward. In this way, the approaches in consent process will be changed from paternalistic approach to patient-centered care which concomitantly protects patient’s autonomy.

Do we form or deform? Qualitative Investigation in Public Hospitals of Madrid

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Jesús Gómez Camuñas ◽  
Purificación González Villanueva
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Business Growth ◽  
Small Hospital ◽  
Student Learn ◽  
Depth Interviews

<div><i>Background</i>: the creative capacities and the knowledge of the employees are components of the intellectual capital of the company; hence, their training is a key activity to achieve the objectives and business growth. <i>Objective</i>: To understand the meaning of learning in the hospital from the experiences of its participants through the inquiry of meanings. <i>Method</i>: Qualitative design with an ethnographic approach, which forms part of a wider research, on organizational culture; carried out mainly in 2 public hospitals of the Community of Madrid. The data has been collected for thirteen months. A total of 23 in-depth interviews and 69 field sessions have been conducted through the participant observation technique. <i>Results</i>: the worker and the student learn from what they see and hear. The great hospital offers an unregulated education, dependent on the professional, emphasizing that they learn everything. Some transmit the best and others, even the humiliating ones, use them for dirty jobs, focusing on the task and nullifying the possibility of thinking. They show a reluctant attitude to teach the newcomer, even if they do, they do not have to oppose their practice. In short, a learning in the variability, which produces a rupture between theory and practice; staying with what most convinces them, including negligence, which affects the patient's safety. In the small hospital, it is a teaching based on a practice based on scientific evidence and personalized attention, on knowing the other. Clearly taught from the reception, to treat with caring patience and co-responsibility in the care. The protagonists of both scenarios agree that teaching and helping new people establish lasting and important personal relationships to feel happy and want to be in that service or hospital. <i>Conclusion</i>: There are substantial differences related to the size of the center, as to what and how the student and the novel professional are formed. At the same time that the meaning of value that these health organizations transmit to their workers is inferred through the training, one orienting to the task and the other to the person, either patient, professional or pupil and therefore seeking the common benefit.</div>

scholarly journals The construction of the risk of falling among and by older people

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAIRE BALLINGER ◽  
SHEILA PAYNE
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
Physical Risk ◽  
Complex Health Problems

Risk is frequently invoked in contemporary accounts of ill health, but its construction is often constrained by a rationalist perspective that focuses on physical causes and functional outcomes, and that presents risk as external to the self and predictable. This paper describes an empirical study of the ways in which risk was realised and managed in a day hospital for older people. An ethnographic approach, with participant observation and semi-structured interviews, and discourse analysis were used to explore these issues with the staff and fifteen users. Whilst the service providers were orientated to the management of physical risk, as through the regimes for administering medication and their attention to risk reduction in the physical environment, the service users were more concerned with the risk to their personal and social identities, and they more frequently described its manifestations in inter-personal exchanges, sometimes as infantalisation and stereotyping. The paper develops this understanding of the potential for falls among older people to elucidate a broader interpretation of risk, and reveals that it is commonly constructed as a challenge to a person's self-image and identity. Such constructions help to explain older people's responses to complex health problems and to the services and treatments that attempt to solve them.

scholarly journals Working on the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study of Physical Therapists’ Experience in Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domingo Palacios-Ceña ◽  
César Fernández-de-las-Peñas ◽  
María Palacios-Ceña ◽  
Ana I de-la-Llave-Rincón ◽  
Lidiane L Florencio
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Physical Therapists ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Purposeful Sampling ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract Objective Knowledge of the experiences of health care professionals who have actively worked on the first line of the COVID-19 pandemic could help in identifying specific professional duties focused on health assistance objectives. No qualitative study has yet been published describing the experience of physical therapists during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to describe and explore the experiences and perspectives of physical therapists working in public hospitals in Madrid, Spain, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A qualitative exploratory study was conducted based on an interpretive framework. Thirty physical therapists working at 11 national public hospitals during the COVID-19 outbreak were recruited by purposeful sampling and snowball techniques. In-depth interviews and researchers’ field notes were used to collect data. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify emerging themes. Results After identifying 3912 codes and 13 categories, 3 themes emerged. First theme was “Call of Duty,” COVID-19 infection dramatically spread, the hospitals were contaminated and overwhelmed, and all floors were converted into COVID-19 wards. Second theme was “Working in War Time.” Every day, therapists were given “the war report,” receiving their orders, meeting protective personal equipment requirements, and doing a job with fear. Third theme was “When I Arrive at Home.” Working during the pandemic had an impact on the therapists’ families and the information shared with them. Conclusions Physical therapists described the COVID-19 outbreak as an apocalyptic and unexpected war. Comprehensive support is needed for all frontline health care professionals. The COVID-19 outbreak revealed that health care systems were not prepared for a pandemic. Impact This is the first qualitative study to be published describing the experience of physical therapists during the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals ¿Por qué migrar? La realidad de una comunidad de jornaleros agrícolas migrantes en México

2021 ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Graciela Morales Trujillo ◽  
Guillermina Natera Rey
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Agricultural Laborers ◽  
Migrant Farm ◽  
Article Analyse

Este artículo analiza el porqué de la migración de campesinos e indígenas convertidos en jornaleros agrícolas en México, un tema de suma importancia, ya que, de acuerdo con autores como Barrón y Hernández (2016), para muchas comunidades y familias rurales e indígenas, la migración interna representa la única estrategia de supervivencia en el país. Para abordar el tema, se da cuenta de la realización de un estudio cualitativo con enfoque etnográfico y técnicas de recolección de datos como la observación participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas, cuyos resultados se sometieron a un análisis temático. De acuerdo con este estudio, los jornaleros agrícolas del Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, migran por tres razones principales: pobreza, tradición migratoria y violencia, con la característica de que se desplazan en unidades familiares, en una migración circular permanente.  Palabras clave: Migración Interna, Jornaleros Agrícolas, Pobreza, Violencia Why migrate? The reality of a community of migrant farm laborers in MexicoSummaryThis article analyzes the reasons for the migration of peasants and indigenous people who have become agricultural laborers in Mexico, an issue of utmost importance, since, according to authors such as Barrón and Hernández (2016), for many rural and indigenous communities and families, the internal migration represents the only survival strategy in the country. To address the issue, a qualitative study with an ethnographic approach and data collection techniques such as participant observation and semi-structured interviews was carried out, whose results were subjected to a thematic analysis. According to this study, agricultural laborers from Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, migrate for three main reasons: poverty, migratory tradition and violence, with the characteristic that they move in family units, in a permanent circular migration.Keywords: Internal migration, Agricultural laborers, Poverty, Violence Pourquoi migrer? La réalité d’une communauté de journaliers agricoles migrants au MexiqueRésuméCet article analyse la raison de la migration de paysans et indigènes devenus journaliers agricoles au Mexique, un thème de grande importance car selon quelques auteurs comme Barrón et Hernández (2016), pour beaucoup de communautés et familles rurales et indigènes, la migration interne représente la seule stratégie de survivance dans le pays. Pour aborder le thème, on rend compte de la réalisation d’une étude qualitative avec une approche ethnographique et des techniques de recollection de données comme l’observation participative et des interviews semi structurées dont les résultats ont été analysés thématiquement. Selon cette étude, les journaliers agricoles de Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, migrent à cause de trois raisons principales : pauvreté, tradition migratoire et violence, avec la caractéristique qu’ils se déplacent en unité circulaire permanente.Mots clés : Migration Interne, Journaliers Agricoles, Pauvreté, Violence

scholarly journals Caregivers’ perception of dignity in teenagers with autism spectrum disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 2035-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Mohammadi ◽  
Mahnaz Rakhshan ◽  
Zahra Molazem ◽  
Najaf Zareh ◽  
Mark Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Targeted Sampling ◽  
Data Saturation ◽  
Field Notes

Introduction: Maintaining dignity is one of patients is one of the main ethical responsibilities of caregivers. However, in many cases, the dignity of patients, especially autistic teenagers is not maintained. The extent to which dignity needs are met for this group within the Iranian care system is difficult to determine as dignity is an abstract concept, and there are few related research studies reported. Objectives: The objective of this study is to find out caregivers perspectives on dignity in teenagers with autistic spectrum disorder. Research design: This study uses a qualitative research design. The data were collected through individual, semi-structured interviews and field notes developed during the interviews. In order to analyze the data, qualitative conventional content analysis was used. Participants and research context: In all, 16 professional caregivers for autistic teenagers working in public hospitals were recruited based on a targeted sampling method to reach data saturation from February 2016 to July 2017. Findings: The findings of this study were presented in three main themes, “privacy,” “respecting individual identity,” and “comprehensive support,” and 11 categories. Ethical consideration: This study’s protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of medical universities located in Southeast of Iran and the required ethical principles were followed throughout. Discussion and conclusion: Based on the findings of this study from the perspective of caregivers, autistic teenagers need to be cared for and educated in a respectful environment where their privacy is maintained, their individual identities are respected, and they receive comprehensive familial, social, and financial support. These conditions would maintain the dignity of such teenagers and would result in appropriate behavioral outcomes. Therefore, it is suggested that a cultural, professional and institutional background in which all components of the autistic teenager’s dignity are protected and emphasized be provided.

Intergenerational Dynamics in Teenage Alcohol use

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Hulvej Jørgensen ◽  
Tine Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Ethnographic Case Study ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Friendship Groups ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
N 93 ◽  
And Control

Aim The paper examines teenage alcohol use from an intergenerational perspective through an ethnographic case study of interaction between teenagers and adults. Methods Two periods of ethnographic fieldwork were conducted in a rural Danish community of approximately 6000 inhabitants. The fieldwork included 50 days of participant observation among 13–16-year-olds (n=93) as well as semi-structured interviews with small self-selected friendship groups. The present paper presents an analysis of field notes from a night of participant observation that is used as an emblematic example of informants' alcohol use and their interaction with adults. Theoretically, the paper adopts French philosopher Michel de Certeau's conceptual framework for understanding the practice of everyday life, in particular his distinction between strategic and tactical action. Results Two scenarios are described and taken to represent two different adult approaches to teenage drinking. In Scenario I, adults accept a group of teenagers' drinking in the home, and in Scenario II adults create an alcohol-free space which they guard against the intrusion of intoxicated teenagers. In both cases, however, adults use their intergenerational position in order to strategically contain teenage drinking. Meanwhile, teenagers act tactically by adjusting their alcohol use in time and space. Further, the use of alcohol marks a shift in the interaction between adults and teenagers in so far as it enables teenagers to create and control a place of their own and hence signal their independence from adults. Conclusion The paper points to the creative, tactical agency of teenagers in response to adult strategies. It is illustrated how teenage alcohol use becomes a transformative factor for adult–teenager relationships, and in particular how teenagers rework intergenerational power differences by taking on drinking.

Preferences around the disclosure of dying: A vision from Portuguese society

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Ana Patrícia Hilário
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Good Death ◽  
Social Embeddedness ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Preference ◽  
Palliative Care Units ◽  
Awareness Of Dying ◽  
Depth Interviews

AbstractObjectiveThis paper aims to explore the extent to which the “revivalist” discourse of a good death, which promotes an awareness of dying shapes the lived realities of palliative care patients and their families in Portugal.MethodAn ethnographic approach was developed. Participant observation was carried out in 2 palliative care units, and this was complemented by in-depth interviews. Ten terminally ill patients, 20 family members, and 20 palliative care professionals were interviewed.ResultsThe “revivalist” good death script might not be suitable for all dying people, as they might not want an open awareness of dying and, thereby, the acknowledgment of imminent potential death. This might be related to cultural factors and personal circumstances. The “social embeddedness narrative” offers an alternative to the “revivalist” good death script.Significance of resultsThe “revivalist” discourse, which calls for an open awareness of dying, is not a cultural preference in a palliative care context in Portugal, as it is not in accord with its familial nature.

Succumbing, surviving, succeeding? Women managers in academia

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Marcia Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
Women Managers ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Professional Lives ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Senior Women ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
To Come

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address an under-explored and under-theorised aspect of gender work in UK academia in that it looks at the professional lives of middle and senior women managers and leaders who are responsible for initial teacher training in their institutions. As Maguire (2002) and Murray (2002, 2006) point out, within academia, teacher trainers occupy a particularly under-researched space despite some recent interest (Korthagen and Vasalos, 2005; Thompson, 2007). Design/methodology/approach – This research draws on a larger study which explored how 22 middle and senior managers and leaders in ten institutions in England try to come to terms with carrying out their roles in the education marketplace. In-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with these women and data were also collected from field notes from participant observation undertaken at three of the institutions. Findings – Whereas some women are moving into positions of authority in the education marketplace, some existing women managers are being marginalised within new internally differentiated layers of managerial structures. Simultaneously, many women who manage teacher training are engaged in a struggle for survival individually and professionally. Those who succeed have managed to re-invent themselves to endorse neo-liberal discourses. Originality/value – Original empirical research which sheds new light on previous discourses related to women managers in neo-liberal academia.

scholarly journals Chaos in the Clinic:Applications of Choas Theory to a Qualitative Study of a Veterinary Practice

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Craven Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Observation Study ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Veterinary Practice ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
Veterinary Technicians ◽  
And Gender

This paper is the result of a twelve hour participant observation study of a local, private veterinary practice in southeastern Pennsylvania. Field notes and semi-structured interviews, the result of naturally occurring conversation between me and practice members, were taken over a twelve week period, one hour of site visit each week. Using a grounded theory methodology, categories of social interaction among veterinarians, veterinary technicians, clerical staff, owners and animal clients were assembled, discarded and re-assembled. The resulting categories were analyzed using the conceptual framework of chaos theory and the principles of uncertainty. It appears that the most striking feature of the intra-site analysis centers around the chaotic notion of similarity of patterns or fractals, those patterns that repeat at smaller and smaller scales. In this micro-sociological analysis, these patterns or fractals are presented as behavior patterns within this veterinary practice. The analysis of the similarity of behavior is based on intra-practice comparative data of roles and status and gender. The triangulation of owner, veterinary worker and animal is a fascinating one; from a chaotic perspective it is a subject ripe with the possibilities of patterned order within disorder.

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