The Paradox of Peasants Resistance in Wonogoro Malang South, East Java Indonesia

The resistance of the peasants is inseparable from the social class that is intertwined in it so that this resistance is only a tool of the interests of the actors to secure land. The resistance of Wonogoro farmers in opposing social forestry was due to the redistribution of 2 hectares of land. This study uses a theoretical analysis of class dynamics and agrarian change in rural areas. Seeing the social class of farmers who can mobilize farmers to oppose social forestry based on control over land tenure. This research uses a critical paradigm. The research location is in the Wonogoro area, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. This study used purposive sampling with 20 respondents. The results of the research are the mystification of peasant resistance as shown by the mobilization of proletarian farmers by capital farmers. The mystification of peasants 'resistance shows the disparity of the peasants' social class with land management. Unbalanced land management is due to massive privatization. Unequal land tenure forms the social class of farmers. The capital peasant class by controlling the land can control the proletarian peasants as agricultural laborers. The resistance of farmers against social forestry shows that there is the mobilization of resistance by capital farmers to secure land with a 2-hectare land redistribution scheme.

The Dilemma of Agricultural Mechanization and the Marginalization of Women Farmworkers in Rural Areas

Agricultural mechanization is one of the efforts to accelerate agricultural development through technological changes in agriculture. However, mechanization replaced human labor. The development of agricultural equipment and machinery technology (= Alsintan), which produces agricultural processing machines, has created a new role that replaces agricultural laborers' position. Women farmworkers are the most disadvantaged by mechanization. This study used a qualitative research method with a case study in Gadingsari Village, Bantul. This study shows that agricultural mechanization in Gadingsari Village has shifted the working mechanism of agriculture, to cultivate rice fields from human power to Alsintan, such as tractors, grinding machines, and threshing machines. Apart from leaving the traditional agricultural processing system, this change directly affects female agricultural laborers' employment opportunities because machinery has replaced the job and because men operate the majority of Alsintan. Hence, the dilemma: Changes in agricultural technology accelerate agricultural development, but at the same time increasingly marginalize female agricultural laborers. In the concept of a risk society, gender-biased technology places women at risk of modernity. Consequently, reflection on these risks is needed to find ways to accelerate inclusive agricultural development and promote gender equality

DIVERSIFIKASI NAFKAH DI PEDESAAN DALAM KONTEKS RELASI DESA-KOTA

This study aims to describe the diversification of livelihoods as a strategy achieved by the rural dweller to maintain and improve their standard of living. This issue is important to be studied in order to explore various alternative ways of the fundamental problem that is passed by them. There are four problems related to socio-economic life in rural areas, namely low labor productivity, land ownership that is getting narrower along with the large number of small farmers, relatively low household income and lower wages for agricultural laborers than construction and industrial workers. As a consequence, subsistence farming has weak prospects and cannot be relied on as the only source of livelihood for the rural population. Even though agricultural sector is no longer being promoted as a source of income, some rural residents continue to pursue farming while carrying out various supporting activities to fullfill their needs. In fact, there is a tendency for them to take advantage of the opportunities that exist in order to improve their standard of living. The rural population actually has various levels in maintaining the existence of life and increasing the standard of living of their household in accordance with the unique social, economic, ecological and cultural arrangements in an area. One of them is the focus of this research, namely the diversification of household livelihoods in rural areas in the context of rural-urban relations. We hope to find a formula that can support the capability of rural residents to diversify their livelihoods in response to urban development. To realize this goal, the research team has conducted investigations on: a portfolio of livelihood activities of rural small people in the context of the struggle for survival and improvement of their standard of living and (b) diversification of livelihoods carried out by small people in the context of rural-urban relations. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan diversifikasi mata pencarian sebagai strategi yang dilakukan oleh penduduk pedesaan untuk mempertahankan dan meningkatkan taraf hidupnya. Isu ini penting untuk dikaji guna menggali berbagai alternatif cara dari permasalahan mendasar yang dilalui mereka. Ada empat masalah yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan sosial ekonomi di pedesaan, yaitu produktivitas tenaga kerja yang rendah, kepemilikan lahan yang semakin sempit seiring dengan banyaknya petani kecil, pendapatan rumah tangga yang relatif rendah dan upah buruh tani yang lebih rendah dibandingkan buruh bangunan dan industri. Akibatnya, pertanian subsisten memiliki prospek yang lemah dan tidak dapat diandalkan sebagai satu-satunya sumber mata pencarian penduduk pedesaan. Meskipun sektor pertanian tidak lagi digalakkan sebagai sumber pendapatan, sebagian penduduk pedesaan tetap bertani sambil melakukan berbagai kegiatan penunjang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Bahkan, ada kecenderungan mereka memanfaatkan peluang yang ada untuk meningkatkan taraf hidupnya. Penduduk pedesaan sebenarnya memiliki berbagai tingkatan dalam mempertahankan eksistensi kehidupan dan meningkatkan taraf hidup rumah tangganya sesuai dengan keunikan tatanan sosial, ekonomi, ekologi dan budaya di suatu wilayah. Salah satunya yang menjadi fokus penelitian ini, yaitu diversifikasi mata pencarian rumah tangga di pedesaan dalam konteks hubungan desa–kota. Kami berharap dapat menemukan formula yang dapat mendukung kemampuan penduduk pedesaan untuk mendiversifikasi mata pencarian mereka dalam menanggapi pembangunan perkotaan. Untuk mewujudkan tujuan tersebut, tim peneliti telah melakukan investigasi terhadap: (a) portofolio kegiatan mata pencarian masyarakat kecil pedesaan dalam rangka perjuangan untuk bertahan hidup dan peningkatan taraf hidup mereka dan (b) diversifikasi mata pencarian yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat kecil di konteks hubungan desa–kota.

Marketable dan Merketed Surplus Beras di Kabupaten Banyumas

Efforts to increase rice production must be integrated from the upstream sub-system, the farming sub-system, the downstream sub-system and the support sub-system. Upstream sub-system development is very important and cannot be ignored. Ownership of land by farmers is very small with an area of less than 0.5 hectares, most farmers are actually only landless farm laborers who depend on their work as agricultural laborers. Rice farmers in Banyumas Regency cannot be clearly defined as a producer when looking at the consumption side of the farmer. This study aims to determine the performance of rice farming, determine the magnitude of marketable surpluses and marketed surpluses of rice and analyze the factors that influence the marketed surpluses of rice in Banyumas Regency. Data analysis uses marketable analysis and marketed rice surplus, multiple linear analysis. The results showed an average area of land owned by 0.21 ha, with a productivity of 4,823.69 kg / Ha (GKP), 4,149.34 kg / Ha (GKG), 2,603.30 kg / Ha (Rice). The marketable value of rice surplus is 22,624.20 kg / MT or 85.67 percent of the total product and the marketed value of rice surplus is 13,422.83 kg / MT or 59.33 percent of the marketable surplus value. Product allocation is more used to pay for harvest labor and family food consumption. The results of multiple linear regression analysis with the model obtained Y = -146.89 + 0.87X1-1.94X2 + 4.94X3 + 1X4-83.80X5-0.009X6 + 2.95X7-7.23X8-1.6X9 + 34 , 3X10-0.007X11 + e. Marketed rice surpluses in Banyumas Regency are influenced by the variable amount of products and farming costs in nature.

PERAN GANDA DAN KONTRIBUSI EKONOMI PEREMPUAN BURUH TANI HORTIKULTURA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN KELUARGA

The results of research on women's involvement in supporting agricultural household economic activities in rural areas have encouraged women to perform multiple functions. This dual role is a quite complex problem for women. On the one hand, they have to carry out their functions as wives and mothers, on the other hand, women have to earn a living helping their husbands support the family economy. The objectives of this study were: (1) To describe the allocation of female working time as farm laborers and as housewives; (2) Describing the size of women's income contributions; and (3) Describe how big the family of women agricultural workers has achieved family welfare. The research location was chosen deliberately and using snowball techniques involving 30 respondents as farm laborers with the criteria coming from a complete family (having a husband and income). The main motivation of housewives in rural areas is to leave their domestic sphere, to work as horticultural farm laborers because their husband's income is still insufficient to meet family needs, so he follows the invitation of his colleagues to work. Part-time from their activities as agricultural laborers, the contribution to the total family income reaches 46 percent (not deducted from food allowance) and 45 percent (deducted by food allowance). The percentage of working time spent on productive activities is around 4.21 hours/day, while for reproductive activities it reaches 19.79 hours/day. Meanwhile, from the results of this study, it was also revealed that 78 percent of the families of female agricultural laborers were still in the underprivileged category.

Perubahan Orientasi Keberfungsian Lahan dan Nilai Sosial Petani Pasca Gempa dan Likuifaksi di Sulawesi Tengah

The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method using the case study method. Qualitative descriptive research aims to describe, summarize various conditions and phenomena of social reality that exist in society which are the object of research and draw these social realities to the surface. Data analysis includes descriptive analysis and economic analysis related to changes in recommended commodities according to land conditions after conversion of agricultural land functions and associated social values ​​analyzed. The results showed that 65 percent of farmers lost their agricultural land as a whole and the remaining 35 percent still owned their land intact. Farmers who lost their land changed jobs to become agricultural laborers, construction workers, breeders, traders and others who did not even work as much as 10 percent. Farmers who still cultivate agricultural crops choose to plant horticultural crops, namely eggplant, chilies, kale, string beans and green beans. Total revenue of farmers after the earthquake and liquefaction decreased by 35.46 percent. However, from the income side, there was an increase in post-earthquake income by 0.97 percent. The values ​​that change after a disaster are the value of rationality, economic value, the value of solidarity or mutual assistance and the value of education.

Rural Social Safety Nets for Migrant Farmworkers in Michigan, 1942–1971

ABSTRACT In the 1960s, farmers pressed trespass charges against aid workers providing assistance to agricultural laborers living on the farmers’ private property. Some of the first court decisions to address these types of trespass, such as the well-known and frequently taught State v. Shack (1971), limited the property rights of farmers and enabled aid workers to enter camps where migrants lived. Yet there was a world before Shack, a world in which farmers welcomed onto their land rural religious groups, staffed largely by women from the local community, who provided services to migrant workers. From the 1940s through the 1960s, federal, state, and local law left large gaps in labor protections and government services for migrant agricultural laborers in Michigan. In response, church women created rural safety nets that mobilized local generosity and provided aid. This article uses Michigan as a case study to argue that these informal safety nets also policed migrant morality, maintained rural segregation, and performed surveillance of community outsiders, thereby serving the farmers’ goals of having a reliable and cheap labor force—ultimately strengthening the economic and legal structures that left agricultural workers vulnerable.

COVID-19 in Rural India, Algeria, and Morocco: A Feminist Analysis of Small-Scale Farmers' and Agricultural Laborers' Experiences and Inventive Practices

In this paper we present a situated analysis of the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the life of small-scale farmers and agricultural laborers in India, Algeria, and Morocco. We draw on data collected through phone interviews since April 2020. Inspired by feminist scholars, we analyze our findings thinking with—and entangling—the concepts of intersectionality, resilience and care. We firstly document the material impacts of the lockdown measures, focusing particularly on the experiences of single women farmers and laborers, whose livelihood and well-being have been notably compromised. Secondly, we unfold how different agricultural actors have come up with inventive ways to respond to the unexpected situation which they are facing. In doing so, we highlight the importance of considering the multiple and entangled socionatural challenges, uncertainties, and marginalizations that different agricultural actors experience, as well as the transformative potential of their inventive practices, which are often motivated and informed by notions of care.

¿Por qué migrar? La realidad de una comunidad de jornaleros agrícolas migrantes en México

Este artículo analiza el porqué de la migración de campesinos e indígenas convertidos en jornaleros agrícolas en México, un tema de suma importancia, ya que, de acuerdo con autores como Barrón y Hernández (2016), para muchas comunidades y familias rurales e indígenas, la migración interna representa la única estrategia de supervivencia en el país. Para abordar el tema, se da cuenta de la realización de un estudio cualitativo con enfoque etnográfico y técnicas de recolección de datos como la observación participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas, cuyos resultados se sometieron a un análisis temático. De acuerdo con este estudio, los jornaleros agrícolas del Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, migran por tres razones principales: pobreza, tradición migratoria y violencia, con la característica de que se desplazan en unidades familiares, en una migración circular permanente. Palabras clave: Migración Interna, Jornaleros Agrícolas, Pobreza, Violencia Why migrate? The reality of a community of migrant farm laborers in MexicoSummaryThis article analyzes the reasons for the migration of peasants and indigenous people who have become agricultural laborers in Mexico, an issue of utmost importance, since, according to authors such as Barrón and Hernández (2016), for many rural and indigenous communities and families, the internal migration represents the only survival strategy in the country. To address the issue, a qualitative study with an ethnographic approach and data collection techniques such as participant observation and semi-structured interviews was carried out, whose results were subjected to a thematic analysis. According to this study, agricultural laborers from Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, migrate for three main reasons: poverty, migratory tradition and violence, with the characteristic that they move in family units, in a permanent circular migration.Keywords: Internal migration, Agricultural laborers, Poverty, Violence Pourquoi migrer? La réalité d’une communauté de journaliers agricoles migrants au MexiqueRésuméCet article analyse la raison de la migration de paysans et indigènes devenus journaliers agricoles au Mexique, un thème de grande importance car selon quelques auteurs comme Barrón et Hernández (2016), pour beaucoup de communautés et familles rurales et indigènes, la migration interne représente la seule stratégie de survivance dans le pays. Pour aborder le thème, on rend compte de la réalisation d’une étude qualitative avec une approche ethnographique et des techniques de recollection de données comme l’observation participative et des interviews semi structurées dont les résultats ont été analysés thématiquement. Selon cette étude, les journaliers agricoles de Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, migrent à cause de trois raisons principales : pauvreté, tradition migratoire et violence, avec la caractéristique qu’ils se déplacent en unité circulaire permanente.Mots clés : Migration Interne, Journaliers Agricoles, Pauvreté, Violence

Business Information Technology Models for Women Farmer Group in Indonesia

The existence of women farmer groups in the use of land for agriculture, such as existing fruit and vegetables, deserves a response to the follow-up, considering that the activities of women farmer groups have great potential. However, the professions as farmers and agricultural laborers, the income of female farmers and agricultural laborers does not necessarily depend on the season. With the ability to manage further processed agricultural products, they can have reliable income and use a marketing system that is adjusted to the times. This research is a model trial with the title "Business Information Technology Models for Women Farmer Group in Indonesia" with the aim of minimizing disparities in the village. By utilizing knowledge, skills and technology, it is hoped that poverty and disparity can be minimized or even eliminated. This research at a macro level provides benefits to stakeholders, namely human resources who supply raw materials, female farmers who are metamorphosed into entrepreneurs, so that domestic and foreign consumers will get superior regional products with high quality.