scholarly journals Effect of pentagastrin and gastrin-17 on the secretory function of the gastric glands

2022 ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
M. A. Zhuraeva ◽  
V. A. Aleynik ◽  
N. D. Ashuralieva ◽  
D. S. Kholikova
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Gastric Glands ◽  
Digestive Glands

The regulation of the digestive glands of the stomach and pancreas in the body of animals and humans is provided by peptides, most of which are in various molecular forms. 10 molecular forms of peptides of the gastrin group and 5 peptides of the cholecystokinin (CCK) group have been identified, containing in their structure from 4 to 56 amino acids, the physiological role of which has been little studied. It has been proven that the liver removes up to 85% of short-chain peptides of the gastrin (pentagastrin) and cholecystokinin (CCK-8) groups.

scholarly journals Involvement of d-amino acid oxidase in elimination of free d-amino acids in mice

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Nagata ◽  
R Konno ◽  
Y Yasumura ◽  
T Akino
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations ◽  
Serum And Urine

The physiological role of D-amino acid oxidase was investigated by using mutant ddY/DAO- mice lacking the enzyme. Free D-amino acid concentrations in the mutant mice were significantly higher than those of control ddY/DAO+ mice in kidney, liver, lung, heart, brain, erythrocytes, serum and urine. The results suggest that the enzyme is involved in the catabolism of free D-amino acids in the body, and that free D-amino acids are also excreted into urine.

The Croonian Lecture, 1963 Gluconeogenesis

1964 ◽  
Vol 159 (977) ◽  
pp. 545-564 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Human Adult ◽  
Glucose Formation ◽  
New Formation

I am using the term gluconeogenesis in this lecture to denote any new formation of carbohydrate from non-carbohydrates. These non-carbohydrates include amino acids, as well as the lactate continuously produced in the body, e.g. in blood cells and in the exercised muscles. When lactate is the precursor of carbohydrate the formation of glucose from it constitutes a re-formation rather than a new formation as the lactate has been derived from glucose. But as the enzymic mechanisms of glucose formation from lactate and from amino acids are essentially the same, it is reasonable to treat them jointly. Gluconeogenesis is a biosynthetic process of major importance. I intend to review first some aspects of the physiological role of gluconeogenesis. This will lead to the fact that the amounts of carbohydrate which are synthesized vary within very wide limits—between almost nil and perhaps 200 g per day in the case of the human adult—and this will bring me to the main subject: the question of how the rate of gluconeogenesis is regulated and adjusted to changing needs.

Development of sensitivity to cAMP-inducing hormones in the rat stomach

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (3) ◽  
pp. G231-G239
Author(s):  
C. Gespach ◽  
Y. Cherel ◽  
G. Rosselin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
H2 Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Gastric Glands ◽  
Camp Generation ◽  
Final Maturation ◽  
Noncompetitive Inhibitor ◽  
Regulatory Properties

Development of cAMP responses to secretin, pancreatic glucagon, and histamine was measured in gastric glands of fetal (day 20), postnatal (days 1-30), and adult rats (day 65). cAMP stimulation by these hormones was already detected on day 20 of gestation. cAMP generation showed biphasic variations during the 1st days of life and at the onset of weaning (day 20). Anticipated weaning at day 14 triggered precocious maturation (efficacies) of the cAMP-generating systems sensitive to secretin, glucagon, and histamine without changing the potencies of the hormones. During development, the general characteristics (potency and pharmacological or regulatory properties) of the receptor-cAMP systems studied were comparable with those evidenced in adult rats. At days 5, 20, and 65, vasoactive intestinal peptide and the peptide having N-terminal histidine and C-terminal isoleucine amide (PHI) were about 100 times less potent than secretin (EC50 = 1.5 X 10(-9) M secretin). The histamine action could be blocked by the competitive H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine (70-100% inhibition) as well as by the noncompetitive inhibitor somatostatin (37-62% inhibition). The data indicate that these regulatory hormones (secretin, glucagon(s), histamine, and somatostatin) might have a direct effect on gastric glands and may modulate their biological activities (metabolism, differentiation, proliferation, and exocrine and endocrine secretions) from the neonatal period in rats. The important physiological role of weaning on the final maturation of the cAMP-generating systems in rat gastric glands is underlined.

scholarly journals The Glycine- and Proline-Rich Protein AtGPRP3 Negatively Regulates Plant Growth in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6168
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Liu ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Xin Yan ◽  
Shaobo Li ◽  
Hui Peng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Short Peptides ◽  
Hydrophobic Domain ◽  
Gfp Fusion Protein ◽  
Repeat Domain ◽  
Arabidopsis Plant ◽  
Proline Rich Protein

Glycine- and proline-rich proteins (GPRPs) comprise a small conserved family that is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. GPRPs are relatively short peptides (<200 amino acids) that contain three typical domains, including an N-terminal XYPP-repeat domain, a middle hydrophobic domain rich in alanine, and a C-terminal HGK-repeat domain. These proteins have been proposed to play fundamental roles in plant growth and environmental adaptation, but their functions remain unknown. In this study, we selected an Arabidopsis GPRP (AtGPRP3) to profile the physiological role of GPRPs. Transcripts of AtGPRP3 could be detected in the whole Arabidopsis plant, but greater amounts were found in the rosette, followed by the cauline. The AtGPRP3::GFP fusion protein was mainly localized in the nucleus. The overexpression and knockout of AtGPRP3, respectively, retarded and accelerated the growth of Arabidopsis seedlings, while the increase in the growth rate of atgprp3 plants was offset by the complementary expression of AtGPRP3. CAT2 and CAT3, but not CAT1, interacted with AtGPRP3 in the nuclei of Arabidopsis protoplasts. The knockout of CAT2 by CRISPR-Cas9 retarded the growth of the Arabidopsis seedlings. Together, our data suggest that AtGPRP3 negatively regulates plant growth, potentially through CAT2 and CAT3.

scholarly journals Store-Operated Calcium Channels in Physiological and Pathological States of the Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isis Zhang ◽  
Huijuan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Calcium Channels ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Store Operated Calcium Entry ◽  
Important Pathway ◽  
Molecular Components

Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) are widely expressed in excitatory and non-excitatory cells where they mediate significant store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), an important pathway for calcium signaling throughout the body. While the activity of SOCs has been well studied in non-excitable cells, attention has turned to their role in neurons and glia in recent years. In particular, the role of SOCs in the nervous system has been extensively investigated, with links to their dysregulation found in a wide variety of neurological diseases from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to pain. In this review, we provide an overview of their molecular components, expression, and physiological role in the nervous system and describe how the dysregulation of those roles could potentially lead to various neurological disorders. Although further studies are still needed to understand how SOCs are activated under physiological conditions and how they are linked to pathological states, growing evidence indicates that SOCs are important players in neurological disorders and could be potential new targets for therapies. While the role of SOCE in the nervous system continues to be multifaceted and controversial, the study of SOCs provides a potentially fruitful avenue into better understanding the nervous system and its pathologies.

scholarly journals Key role of l-alanine in the control of hepatic protein synthesis

1987 ◽  
Vol 241 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Pérez-Sala ◽  
R Parrilla ◽  
M S Ayuso
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Liver Protein ◽  
Isolated Liver Cells ◽  
Metabolic Transformation ◽  
Hepatic Protein Synthesis

We investigated the effects of administration of single amino acids to starved rats on the regulation of protein synthesis in the liver. Of all the amino acids tested, only alanine, ornithine and proline promoted statistically significant increases in the extent of hepatic polyribosome aggregation. The most effective of these was alanine, whose effect of promoting polyribosomal aggregation was accompanied by a decrease in the polypeptide-chain elongation time. The following observations indicate that alanine plays an important physiological role in the regulation of hepatic protein synthesis. Alanine was the amino acid showing the largest decrease in hepatic content in the transition from high (fed) to low (starved) rates of protein synthesis. The administration of glucose or pyruvate is also effective in increasing liver protein synthesis in starved rats, and their effects were accompanied by an increased hepatic alanine content. An increase in hepatic ornithine content does not lead to an increased protein synthesis, unless it is accompanied by an increase of alanine. The effect of alanine is observed either in vivo, in rats pretreated with cycloserine to prevent its transamination, or in isolated liver cells under conditions in which its metabolic transformation is fully impeded.

scholarly journals Physiology and clinical importance of the natriuretic peptide system

2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (26) ◽  
pp. 1025-1034
Author(s):  
Gábor Szabó ◽  
János Rigó jr. ◽  
Bálint Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Natriuretic Peptides ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Peptide Family ◽  
Peptide System ◽  
Pressure Changes

In the last three decades many members of the natriuretic peptide family was isolated. The function and physiological role of these peptides are pleiotropic. All natriuretic peptides are synthesized from polypeptide precursors. Together with the sympathetic nervous system and other hormones they play key roles, like an endogenous system in the regulation of the body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure. Changes in this balance lead to dysfunction in the endothel and left ventricle, which can cause severe complications. In many cardiovascular diseases natriuretic peptides serve not only as marker for diagnosis and prognosis but they have therapeutic importance. In the last years the potential use of the elevated BNP levels for diagnosis of pre-eclampsia was examined. In our review we discuss the current understanding of molecular biology, biochemistry and clinical relevance of natriuretic peptides. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1025–1034.

scholarly journals Amino acids targeted based metabolomics study in non-segmental Vitiligo: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rezvan Marzabani ◽  
Hassan Rezadoost ◽  
Peyman Chopanian ◽  
Nikoo Mozafari ◽  
Mohieddin Jafari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Metabolomics Study ◽  
Amino Acid Profiles ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

AbstractIntroductionVitiligo is an asymptomatic disorder that results from the loss of pigments (melanin), causing skin or mucosal depigmentation and impairs beauty.ObjectiveDue to the complexity of the pathogenesis of this disease and various theories including self-safety theory, oxidative stress, neurological theory and internal defects of melanocytes behind it, and finally, the vast role of amino acids in body metabolism and various activities of the body, amino acids targeted based metabolomics was set up to follow any fluctuation inside this disease.MethodologyThe study of amino acid profiles in plasma of people with non-segmental vitiligo using a liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescent detector was performed to find remarkable biomarkers for the diagnosis and evaluation of disease severity of patients with vitiligo. Twenty-two amino acids derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and fluorylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC), were precisely determined. Next, the concentrations of these twenty-two amino acids and their corresponding molar ratios were calculated in 37 patients (including 18 females and 19 males) and corresponding 34 healthy individuals (18 females and 16 males). Using R programing, the data were completely analyzed between the two groups of patients and healthy to find suitable and reliable biomarkers.ResultsInterestingly, comparing the two groups, in the patient group, tyrosine, cysteine, the ratio of tyrosine to lysine and the ratio of cysteine to ornithine were increased while, arginine, lysine, ornithine and glycine ratios to cysteine have been decreased. These amino acids were selected for identification of patients with accuracy of detection of approximately 0.95 using the assessment of logistic regression.ConclusionThese results indicate a disruption of the production of melanin, increased immune activity and oxidative stress, which are also involved in the effects of vitiligo. Therefore, these amino acids can be used as biomarker for the evaluation of risk, prevention of complications in individuals at risk and monitoring of treatment process.

About early diagnosis of vitamin deficiency

1937 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
E. M. Lepsky
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Vitamin Deficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Digestive Disorders

In the expressed form of avitaminosis, we are now observed less and less. Nevertheless, the problem of vitamin deficiencies remains relevant for the practitioner. As the physiological role of vitamins and their importance in pathology becomes more and more clear, the presence of light, "erased" forms, which are more correctly called hypovitaminosis, becomes more and more obvious. Experience shows that the generally accepted ideas about the conditions for the occurrence of avitaminosis should be revised. Not only in the absence or in the absence of one or another vitamin in food, vitamin deficiency can develop. More and more observations are accumulating showing that a weak or even strongly pronounced vitamin deficiency can appear in a person who receives a completely complete diet. This phenomenon, paradoxical at first glance, can take place under the following circumstances: with digestive disorders associated with impaired absorption; with liver diseases (the latter is especially important for vitamin A deficiency, since the conversion of carotene into vitamin A suffers); when the need for vitamins is increased against the norm, for example, in rapidly growing children or in lactating women who excrete significant amounts of vitamin C with milk; with increased destruction of vitamin stores in the body, which is observed with all kinds of infections and other febrile and debilitating diseases. To what has been said, it must also be added that very often our food turns out to be poor in vitamins, due to irrational preparation, improper storage of food, peculiar deviations of appetite, etc. In the earliest stages, when even mild clinical symptoms do not yet exist, modern methods of studying vitamins can the presence of latent hypovitaminosis. This is especially evident in the example of the scourge.

Folates: Modern Pregnant Health Support

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
M.V. Khaitovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Folic Acid Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B9 ◽  
Acid Deficiency ◽  
Health Support ◽  
Spinach Leaves

Folates (folic acid-based chemical compounds) got their name from the Latin “folio” - “leaf”, since they were first synthesized from spinach leaves, in which vitamin B9 is found in maximum quantities. As an important cofactor in carbon metabolism, folates are involved in the most important metabolic processes in the body, in particular, they play a key role in the synthesis of nucleotides and DNA replication. The article provides information on the physiological role of folates, their metabolism and its genetic aspects. The clinical significance of folate deficiency is examined, their sources and doses are described, and the interaction of folic acid and drugs is highlighted. Keywords: folate, metabolism, folic acid deficiency, pregnancy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document