The Hungarian Revolution of 1848-1849 in the historical retrospective after 170 years

The Revolution of 1848-1849 in Hungary was a serious challenge to the entire European order established at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as the result of the Napoleon wars. The unfavorable outcome of the revolution was first of all a result of the lack of interest of the major European powers (Russia including) in destroying the Habsburg monarchy, which was a guarantor of stability on the continent due to its middle position in Europe. The main lesson of the events in the Habsburgs monarchy (including Hungary) in 1848-1849 is seen in the fact that for the first time in the European history, they showed so clearly the destructive power of nationalism. The mismatch of the goals of the national movements with their specific programs led to the sharp collisions. Later this experience was taken into consideration by the ideologues of the national movements of various peoples of the Danube region. This report not only evaluates the international significance of the Hungarian revolution of 1848-1849 in a retrospective after 170 years and assesses its place in the Hungarian historical memory. An attempt is made to dispel some stereotypes concerning the policy of the Russian Empire in the region. It is established that its non-interference in the internal affairs of the neighboring empire was of a fundamental nature due to the fear of creating a new “European question”. The choice in favor of the military action was made only after long hesitations for the fear of the collapse of the Habsburg Empire.

Political Terrorism in the Russian Empire in 1901-1911 and Its Role in the Historical Memory of Russia

Izvestiya of Altai State University ◽

10.14258/izvasu(2020)6-08 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 51-56

Author(s):

Т. Rocchi

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Historical Memory ◽

Historical Context ◽

Russian Empire ◽

Russian Revolution ◽

Socialist Revolution ◽

Criminal Violence ◽

Political Terrorism ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The first outbreak of mass political terrorism in the 20th century took place in the Russian Empire, especially in the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. However, these events have not received proper attention in the historical memory of Russia and Europe and in the history of world terrorism. The author examines the factors enabling the continued existence of a huge “blank spot” in the memory of Russia and the world. The under-evaluation of the significance of terrorism in the first decade of the 20th century is closely connected with the under-evaluation of the First Russian Revolution as an independent revolution. In the Soviet Union, historians emphasized that the Revolution of 1905-1907 was “the dress rehearsal” for the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917. In post-Soviet Russia, many historians and publicists consider the Revolution of 1905-1907 “the dress rehearsal” for the “Golgotha” of 1917. There is a strong tendency to idealize the autocracy and right-wing movements and to demonize socialists and liberals. Many solid monographs and articles about terrorism are now being published in Russia. However, we still do not have exhaustive investigations covering the entire period of terrorism between 1866 (attempted assassination of Tsar Alexander II on April 4, 1866 by the revolutionary D.V. Karakozov) and 1911, examining the ideologies and tactics of different parties and movements, the government’s policies on political crimes, the relationships of society, especially among different political movements, to terrorism, and the differences between terrorism and other types of mass violence such as mass protest movements of different strata of the population and criminal violence. Only through a painstaking and multi-sided analysis of the terrorist phenomenon in the European-wide historical context we can determine the place of terrorism in the historical memory of Russia and Europe.

The Consulate General of the Georgian Democratic Republic in Odessa in 1918 – 1921: Main Activities, Figures, Value

Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki ◽

10.15407/mzu2017.26.436 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 436-447

Author(s):

Oleksandr Muzychko ◽

Keyword(s):

Democratic Republic ◽

Historical Memory ◽

Economic Cooperation ◽

Russian Empire ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Extreme Conditions ◽

Base Study ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The purpose of this paper is to study the activities of the Georgian Consulate in Odessa (1918-1921), based on positivism methodology. This theme is carefully illuminated by us for the first time in historiography. The study made the following conclusions: 1) the foundation of the Georgian Consulate in Odessa was due to the long process of existence of the Georgian community in this city; 2) there were stages in the existence of the Consulate: September 1918 - March 1919 - the establishment of the Consulate, mainly for activities aimed at the transport intermediation for former soldiers and refugees, and economic cooperation; March-August 1919 - the activity in extreme conditions of Communist terror, and assistance to inmates; September 1919 - January 1920 - a break in the existence of the Consulate, which was closed by supporters of the Russian Empire restoration; January 1920 - February 1921 - activity in Odessa of “the Special economic mission of the Georgian democratic Republic”, which was actually a form of activity of recovered Consulat. The Georgian Consulate in 1918-1921 in Odessa laid a solid ideological Foundation for the modern phenomenon – the establishment in 1998 of the Consulate General of Georgia in Odessa, which still operates today. Further Studios of this theme must be unfolded in the direction of expansion of the source base, study of Russian and Georgian archives, private family collections, which primarily should contain valuable sources for additional disclosure of the topic. The practical significance of the results achieved lies in the fact that the study can be used for the contemporary diplomatic service of Ukraine and Georgia, the formation of the policy of historical memory, with the aim of honoring anniversaries of events related to important aspects of the Georgian Consulate’s activity in Odessa.

European Experience in Organization of Military Libraries in the Russian Empire

Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)] ◽

10.25281/0869-608x-2021-70-5-525-538 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 525-538

Author(s):

Anatoly M. Panchenko

Keyword(s):

Russian Empire ◽

Periodical Press ◽

Legal Documents ◽

Military Literature ◽

European Experience ◽

History Of ◽

Russian Military ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The Military ◽

Due to the lack of comprehensive research in the area of use of the experience of military libraries in Europe, the article for the first time examines the ways of studying it and the forms of implementation when establishing military libraries in the Russian Empire. The purpose of the study is to identify the influence of Europe on the military librarianship in Russia.The author collected data from dozens of pre-revolutionary publications, articles from the military periodical press and regulatory documents that allowed to characterize the source base of the study as representative.The article presents the history of military libraries of European states. The results of research show that the main ways to obtain information about them were: the study of foreign military literature and the military periodical press; analysis of regulatory and legal documents (statutes, rules, manuals, regulations, catalogues) regulating the activities of these libraries; foreign business trips of officers and generals in order to familiarize themselves with the structure and functioning of foreign armies and their libraries; reports of Russian military agents; participation in international exhibitions of books and textbooks.The author revealed dozens of articles indicating that the experience of creating and operating of military libraries abroad was widely covered in the Russian military periodical press. The military Department of Russia closely followed these processes, adopting and implementing the best and useful of them taking into account Russian realities. The study of the creation of military libraries in Europe became a prerequisite for their organization in Russia. The European experience was reflected in the ways of budgeting and acquisition, in the forms of management and supervision over them, the formation of regulatory framework and in the variety of their types.The conducted research expanded the understanding of the state of military librarianship in European countries, about the ways of studying their experience by the Russian military Department and the forms of its practical application in the structure of military libraries of the Russian Empire.

Pirogov in the caucasus (To the 170th anniversary of the use of ethereal anesthesia in military field conditions).

Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) ◽

10.18821/0023-2149-2018-96-4-375-379 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 96 (4) ◽

pp. 375-379

Author(s):

S. B. Manyshev ◽

Xenia В. Manysheva

Keyword(s):

Medical Care ◽

Medical Practice ◽

Russian Empire ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Inhalation Anesthesia ◽

The Caucasus ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The Military ◽

The article is devoted to the jubilee of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov’s stay in the Caucasus. Based on a wide range of literature and the first time archival sources introduced into scientific circulation, the authors gave a brief outline of the development of anesthesia in world medical practice. The variants and cases of etheric anesthesia in the Caucasus in the field are described in detail. The article also reflects the difficulties that Nikolai Pirogov encountered when introducing etheric anesthesia into medical practice. The authors point to the criticism that sounded towards Nikolai Pirogov and his methods both from the lips of medical colleagues and ordinary military men. Particular attention is paid to innovative proposals in the field of medical care in military field conditions. One of Nikolay Pirogov’s earlier notes on the organization of medical aid on the battlefield is analyzed, in which the surgeon describes a fundamentally important and new method for sorting the wounded. It was thanks to the tireless work of the great surgeon in the Caucasus that ethereal anesthesia began to be introduced throughout the Russian Empire, which greatly facilitated both the work of doctors and the fate of patients. At the same time, he points out those restrictions, which, according to N.I. Pirogov had to be observed during the application of anesthesia in the military field: this is a closer monitoring of patients, as well as the uninterrupted supply of medical services to medicines. The result of N.I. Pirogov in the Caucasus was the lifting of restrictions on the use of inhalation anesthesia in Russia.

Cantonment of troops and housing service in Belarus (mid 1850s – mid 1870s)

Journal of the Belarusian State University. History ◽

10.33581/2520-6338-2021-1-36-58 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 36-58

Author(s):

Aliaksandr B. Arlukevich

Keyword(s):

Daily Life ◽

Russian Empire ◽

Housing Allowance ◽

Housing Service ◽

The Subject ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The Military ◽

The article reveals the essence of one of the phenomena of the era of Alexander’s reforms which on the scale of the Russian Empire was most common in Belarus but until now has not become the subject of research by Belarusian historians. According to the sources identified in the archives and book repositories of Belarus, Russia, Lithuania the military post due to the special geostrategic position of the Belarusian provinces in the mid 1850s – mid 1870s was an integral attribute of the daily life of hundreds of thousands of their inhabitants. In the present study is the first to assess the extent of involvement of the population in Belarusian provinces in support of troops of the Russian Empire housing allowance, sets out the principles and forms of army civilian infrastructure and food within the housing service, the role of local civil administration and selfgovernment in the cantonment of the troops on the ground. For the first time most of the used ones are mentioned.

Muslim documents from the French archive of Alimardan Topchubashov

Genesis исторические исследования ◽

10.25136/2409-868x.2021.2.32216 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Irina Leonidovna Babich

Keyword(s):

Russian Empire ◽

The State ◽

October Revolution ◽

Primary Sources ◽

Russian History ◽

The Caucasus ◽

History Of ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

First Time ◽

This article analyzes the archival materials of France, which belonged to the Caucasian emigrants (after the October Revolution). Having immigrated to Europe, they took with them the archives, which contained the documents that covered various aspects of history of the Russian Empire. This is the first article in Russia that carries out an analysis of all the documents on the topic. The goal consists in examination of the documents from the archive of the prominent Azerbaijani figure Alimardan Topchubashov (Paris, France), which reflect life of the Russian Muslims prior to the 1917 Revolution. Before the Revolution, Topchubashov i (having a degree in Law) was one of the active supporters of modernization of Islamic life in the Caucasus; therefore, his archive contains the materials on this aspect of life of the citizens of the Russian Empire (deputy to the State Duma in 1906, initiator of creation of the Muslim faction in State Duma, initiator of the Muslim congresses in Russia). The aforementioned documents are analyzed in the Islamic context of the Russian history for the first time. The conclusion is made that the Muslim part of the archive of Alimardan Topchubashov is a unique compilation of primary sources, which give an general outlook on life of the Muslims in the Russian Empire, including Caucasus over the period from 1890 to 1917. The author unites these documents into three groups. The developed by Alimardan Topchubashov program of the fundamental changes in life of the Muslims is described in these documents.

A day in the calendar. Celebrations and memorial days as an instrument of national consolidation in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century - Central-European Studies ◽

The centennial jubilee of the Revolution of 1848 in the context of the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict

10.31168/2619-0877.2018.1.3 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 67-92

Author(s):

Aleksandr Stykalin

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

National Movements ◽

Centennial Anniversary ◽

Danube Region ◽

Revolution Of 1848 ◽

Social Turmoil ◽

First World ◽

The Revolution of 1848–1849 is still perceived in Hungary as one of the cult events of national history. In the European context, it became the first largescale social turmoil that demonstrated clearly the destructive power of nationalism. The mismatch of the goals of the different national movements, each formulating their own program, led to sharp collisions which echoed up to the First World War. Later, prominent representatives of European political thought reconsidered this experience. The article shows how the centennial anniversary of the Revolution, which was to be celebrated at the highest level in the interest of expanding the cooperation in the Danube region, unexpectedly coincided with the onset of an acute international conflict in which Hungary was involved - and in turn that affected the celebrations profoundly.

The origins of developing private civil cartography in Russia

Geodesy and Cartography ◽

10.22389/0016-7126-2019-948-6-54-64 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 948 (6) ◽

pp. 54-64

Author(s):

M.Yu. Orlov

Keyword(s):

Economic Structure ◽

Russian Empire ◽

The Political ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

Xix Century ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The Military ◽

First Time ◽

Privately Owned ◽

Technical Revolution

In the middle of the XIX century in Russia there wasa boom of commercial or civil cartography. The author describes the reasons as well as the background for such a strong growth. The influence of the general political and economic situation in the Russian Empire on the appearance of the first privately-owned publishers of maps was considered in detail. The Depot of maps established in 1797 by Paul I, later (1812) rearranged into the Military Topographical Depot, monopolized all cartographic activities in Russia. The require for cartographic products among the civilian population, as well as the scarcity of funding from the treasury of issuing maps, forced the Military Topographical Depot to sell part of its products and prepare not only topographic maps, but also training maps and atlases for release. The author considers the publication of an open catalog of maps and atlases by the military department in 1858, which had a strong influence on the development of the cartographic market in details. For the first time, the expenditures and revenues from the publication of maps and atlases were shown; the dynamics of increasing sales and their dependence on changes in the political and economic structure of Russia are studied. The technical revolution in printing at the beginning of the 19th century, the emergence of lithography and new printing machines made it possible to increase the circulation of maps and reduced their cost. The inability of the military to meet the demand for maps and atlases was used by the first entrepreneurs who were the founders of civilian cartography. The causes of appearing private cartographic institutions are discussed.

Transition of the Rusins of Austria-Hungary to the bosom of Orthodoxy in the end of 19th - beginning of 20th century: Lost perspective for Russia

OOO Zhurnal Voprosy Istorii ◽

10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi90 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽

pp. 196-205

Author(s):

Vadim Mikhailov ◽

Konstantin Losev

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Cultural Identity ◽

Russian Empire ◽

Orthodox Church ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

World War ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The Military ◽

Church Policy

The article is devoted to the issue of Church policy in relation to the Rusyn population of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Austro-Hungarian administration towards the Rusyn Uniate population of the Empire underwent changes. Russia’s victories in the wars of 1849 and 1877-1878 aroused the desire of the educated part of the Rusyns to return to the bosom of the Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, even during the World War I, when the Russian army captured part of the territories inhabited by Rusyns, the military and officials of the Russian Empire were too cautious about the issue of converting Uniates to Orthodoxy, which had obvious negative consequences both for the Rusyns, who were forced to choose a Ukrainophile orientation to protect their national and cultural identity, and for the future of Russia as the leader of the Slavic and Orthodox world.

Битвазапрошлое:храмсвятогоГеоргия вИзраавэпицентре церковно-политическойборьбыконцаXIXв.

Istoricheskii vestnik ◽

10.35549/hr.2019.2017.35088 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 256-281

Author(s):

E.M. Kopot`

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

19Th Century ◽

Russian Empire ◽

Foreign Affairs ◽

Late 19Th Century ◽

History Of ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

First Time ◽

The Church

The article brings up an obscure episode in the rivalry of the Orthodox and Melkite communities in Syria in the late 19th century. In order to strengthen their superiority over the Orthodox, the Uniates attempted to seize the church of St. George in Izraa, one of the oldest Christian temples in the region. To the Orthodox community it presented a threat coming from a wealthier enemy backed up by the See of Rome and the French embassy. The only ally the Antioch Patriarchate could lean on for support in the fight for its identity was the Russian Empire, a traditional protector of the Orthodox Arabs in the Middle East. The documents from the Foreign Affairs Archive of the Russian Empire, introduced to the scientific usage for the first time, present a unique opportunity to delve into the history of this conflict involving the higher officials of the Ottoman Empire as well as the Russian embassy in ConstantinopleВ статье рассматривается малоизвестный эпизод соперничества православной и Мелкитской общин в Сирии в конце XIX века. Чтобы укрепить свое превосходство над православными, униаты предприняли попытку захватить церковь Святого Георгия в Израа, один из старейших христианских храмов в регионе. Для православной общины он представлял угрозу, исходящую от более богатого врага, поддерживаемого Римским престолом и французским посольством. Единственным союзником, на которого Антиохийский патриархат мог опереться в борьбе за свою идентичность, была Российская Империя, традиционный защитник православных арабов на Ближнем Востоке. Документы из архива иностранных дел Российской Империи, введены в научный оборот впервые, уникальная возможность углубиться в историю этого конфликта с участием высших должностных лиц в Османской империи, а также российского посольства в Константинополе.