scholarly journals Why We Lack in Basic Sanitation? An Assessment of Challenges in Ajmer and Solution Strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Gupta ◽  
Namita Singh Malik
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Policy Document ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Solution Strategies ◽  
Urban Sanitation ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Promotional Materials ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Ajmer District

Purpose of the study: The paper attempts to find the answer to the question – Why do we lack in basic sanitation? What are the reasons for it? Paper introspects the challenges encountered in sanitation services for Ajmer district in Rajasthan. It identifies the key bottlenecks of the sanitation system to the ground realities of implementation for a non-metropolitan city. The article also outlines the way forward which is suggested to make the sanitation system in the city more available to all. Methodology: The paper is drawn on policy document analysis, urban sanitation policy and other Indian government promotional materials on urban sanitation, Indian municipalities, and a number of public-private partnerships. The paper reviews the extant literature on urban sanitation and thereafter examines challenges met in Ajmer district of Rajasthan. Main findings: It emphasizes the major challenges of access to sanitation, lack of private sector engagement, lack of regulation and standardization, treatment of wastewater and septage, low infrastructure, weak institutional framework etc. The Paper also proposes suggestions for meeting these challenges so that a proper system of sanitation may emerge. Applications of this study: This study will be useful for all those agencies who are involved with sanitation system governance. The paper contributes to the literature by addressing a neglected theme of investigating the challenges and their probable solution strategies about Ajmer district of Rajasthan. The study will provide background of various challenges faced in various cities in Indian perspectives and how they can be dealt by proposed suggestions. This study will be beneficial in the area of sanitation systems, urban governance, etc. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is significant in highlighting the type of challenges and what could be possible solutions in Indian perspectives with special reference to Ajmer.

scholarly journals Why We Lack in Basic Sanitation? An Assessment of Challenges in Ajmer and Solution Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Gupta ◽  
◽  
Namita Singh Malik
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Policy Document ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Solution Strategies ◽  
Urban Sanitation ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Promotional Materials ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Ajmer District

Purpose of the study: The paper attempts to find the answer to the question – Why do we lack in basic sanitation? What are the reasons for it? Paper introspects the challenges encountered in sanitation services for Ajmer district in Rajasthan. It identifies the key bottlenecks of the sanitation system to the ground realities of implementation for a non-metropolitan city. The article also outlines the way forward which is suggested to make the sanitation system in the city more available to all. Methodology: The paper is drawn on policy document analysis, urban sanitation policy and other Indian government promotional materials on urban sanitation, Indian municipalities, and a number of public-private partnerships. The paper reviews the extant literature on urban sanitation and thereafter examines challenges met in Ajmer district of Rajasthan. Main findings: It emphasizes the major challenges of access to sanitation, lack of private sector engagement, lack of regulation and standardization, treatment of wastewater and septage, low infrastructure, weak institutional framework etc. The Paper also proposes suggestions for meeting these challenges so that a proper system of sanitation may emerge. Applications of this study: This study will be useful for all those agencies who are involved with sanitation system governance. The paper contributes to the literature by addressing a neglected theme of investigating the challenges and their probable solution strategies about Ajmer district of Rajasthan. The study will provide background of various challenges faced in various cities in Indian perspectives and how they can be dealt by proposed suggestions. This study will be beneficial in the area of sanitation systems, urban governance, etc. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is significant in highlighting the type of challenges and what could be possible solutions in Indian perspectives with special reference to Ajmer.

scholarly journals Re-conceptualizing sustainable urban sanitation in Uganda: why the roots of ‘Slumification’ must be dealt with

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Japheth Nkiriyehe Kwiringira ◽  
Robert Kabumbuli ◽  
Henry Zakumumpa ◽  
James Mugisha ◽  
Mathias Akugizibwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Urban Sanitation ◽  
Urban Livelihoods ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Institutional Challenges

Abstract Background Country-wide urbanization in Uganda has continued amidst institutional challenges. Previous interventions in the water and sanitation sector have not addressed the underlying issues of a poorly managed urbanization processes. Poor urbanisation is linked to low productivity, urban poverty, unemployment, limited capacity to plan and offer basic services as well as a failure to enforce urban standards. Methods This ethnographic study was carried out in three urban centres of Gulu, Mbarara and Kampala. We explored relationships between urban livelihoods and sustainable urban sanitation, using the economic sociology of urban sanitation framework. This framework locates the urbanization narrative within a complex system entailing demand, supply, access, use and sustainability of slum sanitation. We used both inductive and deductive thematic analysis. Results More than any other city in Uganda, Kampala was plagued with poor sanitation services characterized by a mismatch between demand and the available capacity for service provision. Poor slum sanitation was driven by; the need to escape rural poverty through urban migration, urban governance deficits, corruption and the survival imperative, poor service delivery and lack of capacity, pervasive (urban) informality, lack of standards: ‘to whom it may concern’ attitudes and the normalization of risk as a way of life. Amidst a general lack of affordability, there was a critical lack of public good conscience. Most urbanites were trapped in poverty, whereby economic survival trumped for the need for meeting desirable sanitation standards. Conclusions Providing sustainable urban livelihoods and meeting sanitation demands is nested within sustainable livelihoods. Previous interventions have labored to fix the sanitation problem in slums without considering the drivers of this problem. Sustainable urban livelihoods are critical in reducing slums, improving slum living and curtailing the onset of slumification. Urban authorities need to make urban centres economically vibrant as an integral strategy for attaining better sanitation standards.

scholarly journals Global challenges in water, sanitation and health

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 41-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine L. Moe ◽  
Richard D. Rheingans
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Sanitation Systems

The year 2005 marks the beginning of the “International Decade for Action: Water for Life” and renewed effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce by half the proportion of the world's population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation by 2015. Currently, UNICEF and WHO estimate that 1.1 billion people lack access to improved water supplies and 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation. Providing safe water and basic sanitation to meet the MDGs will require substantial economic resources, sustainable technological solutions and courageous political will. We review five major challenges to providing safe water and sanitation on a global basis: (1) contamination of water in distribution systems, (2) growing water scarcity and the potential for water reuse and conservation, (3) implementing innovative low-cost sanitation systems, (4) providing sustainable water supplies and sanitation for megacities, and (5) reducing global and regional disparities in access to water and sanitation and developing financially sustainable water and sanitation services.

scholarly journals An Approach Incorporating User Preferences in the Design of Sanitation Systems and Its Application in the Rural Communities of Chiapas, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1024
Author(s):  
Thalía Turrén-Cruz ◽  
Juan Alejandro García-Rodríguez ◽  
Rodrigo E. Peimbert-García ◽  
Miguel Ángel López Zavala
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Human Aspects ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
Sanitation Systems

Globally, the numerous efforts exerted toward providing basic sanitation services to people have not been sufficient to achieve universal coverage. In developing countries worldwide, many policies, strategies, initiatives, and projects on basic sanitation have failed, despite important investments. Of the several reasons explaining the failure, it is remarkable to note that such approaches have focused mainly on improving the technology of the sanitation system without considering the human aspects, such as user preferences. Moreover, there is currently no comprehensive approach that ensures the provision of a sanitation service that users want or need to satisfy their needs. In this regard, this study proposed an approach to identify the variables and indicators that represent user preferences in the selection and creation of more holistic sanitation strategies, technologies, systems, and services. The proposed approach was applied in rural communities of Chiapas, the poorest state of Mexico, and was effective in identifying user preferences, which suggests that it could be an intrinsic part of the design, planning, and implementation process toward leading rural communities to achieve sustainable development goals on universal basic sanitation. The evaluation results also demonstrated that among the preferences linked to the technical features, esthetics, costs of the system, and socioeconomic-related aspects were the most important to be considered in the provision of basic sanitation. The study points out the necessity of understanding how culture, preferences, practices, and socioeconomic conditions directly affect the possibilities for users to gain access to basic sustainable sanitation services.

scholarly journals Financial innovations and sanitation services: the battle between low-income users and shareholders

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (47) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Alberto De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
State Action ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Financial Innovations ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

AbstractThis article aims to show how changes in the model for financing basic sanitation affect social inequality and urban segregation, and to discuss alternatives that minimise the impact these changes have on low-income populations. The investigation focuses on mediations between sanitation policy and general urban policies in the more ample process of valorising capital, involving different scales of geography and forms of state action. Widespread privatisation and public–private partnerships have altered the role that rates charged to users play in financing sanitation systems. This, in turn, has an impact on low-income populations’ access to these systems. The study concludes that new models of financing tend to privilege spaces in the city that are attractive to private capital, and that investments in sanitation are supported by financial innovations that depend on the collective force of remunerating shareholders and maintaining investors’ expectations. Finally, the article approaches solutions that ensure low-income families’ access to public services, with special emphasis on subsidised rate systems based on the stratification of urban areas adopted in Colombia. The article concludes that this experiment presents both positive and negative aspects that may serve as starting points toward potential solutions for Brazil.

scholarly journals SMART CITY PARADIGM IN INDIA: GWALIOR A CASE STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-347
Author(s):  
Dr. Smita Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Promotional Materials ◽  
Multiple Challenges

Purpose of the study: Paper introspects, the challenges encountered in the making of Gwalior city as Smart city. It compares the key bottlenecks of Smart City Mission as policy in urbanization landscape to the ground realities of implementation for a non -metropolitan city. The article also outlines the various way-forward which Gwalior city designed in its ambit for successful implementation of Smart city project. Methodology: Dealing with methodology, the paper has been drawn on policy documents analysis, city selection process, Indian Government promotional materials on smart city, several Indian Municipalities and a number of public-private partnerships Main Findings:  It emphasizes the major challenges of debt financing, Institutional, market & business, community engagement, urban policy, land acquisition and quest for ideas, innovation in urban and IT landscape and desirable solutions. Paper emphasizes all these multiple challenges that were encountered and efforts which were made to meet the implementation of Smart and sustainable city for Gwalior citizens. Applications of this study: This study will be useful for all those agencies who are involved in transforming cities into smart cities. The study will provide a background of various challenges in regard to Indian smart city paradigm and how those can be dealt with. This study will help in the area of smart city, sustainability, urban governance, etc. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study explores how challenges can be met in Indian perspective with special reference to Gwalior.

scholarly journals Multiple criteria decision analysis for sanitation selection in South African municipalities

Water SA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3 July) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Salisbury ◽  
Chris Brouckaert ◽  
Dave Still ◽  
Chris Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Analysis ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Multiple Criteria ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Systems

A multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was developed for the selection of sanitation systems. This decision support system was aimed at assisting municipal engineers to design and implement sustainable solutions to meet a municipality’s obligation to provide free basic sanitation (FBS). Multi-attribute value theory (MAVT) was selected as the method most suited to the problem under consideration. Criteria which determine the sustainability of sanitation were selected from the literature and a spreadsheet-based MCDA with stakeholder and expert user interfaces was developed. Stakeholders determine the weighting of each indicator and expert users determine the values to be entered for the alternatives against each indicator. The partial values are aggregated using a weighted sum function. Research carried out into the implementation of FBS by the eThekwini Municipality that includes the city of Durban was analysed. This informed the allocation of indicator values to the sanitation alternatives under consideration: ventilated improved pit latrines (VIPs) and urine diversion dehydrating toilets (UDDTs). An innovative scenario analysis method was used to determine the effect of different weightings and/or values, representing changes in stakeholder involvement, resource recovery and political support for ecological sanitation. The MCDA was found to provide a guiding framework for municipal engineers in their efforts to implement sustainable sanitation. The process of deriving values for the MCDA is likely to prove even more useful than the overall value scores of the options under consideration.

Legislative Impact on Land Markets in Cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-213
Author(s):  
Abhay Pethe ◽  
Ramakrishna Nallathiga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Land Markets ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Indian Cities ◽  
Do So

Land has recently been looked upon as having substantial value in the Indian cities, especially in Mumbai. However, the allocation of land is a contested area with conflicting views and experiences. Governments intervene in land allocation through legislations for achieving equity but they do so without understanding the institutional structure and changing political, social and economic order. The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act (ULCRA) is a piece of legislation through which Indian government made an attempt to redistribute urban land by limiting private ownership of it and confiscating the surplus. A critical review of its performance in India points to the difficulty of achieving such lofty goals in the complex real world, wherein different players actively use a variety of tactics to protect their interest, and also negotiate the outcome in the event of its repeal. The weak institutional capacity of the government and the changing governance framework render the outcomes detrimental. The experience of Mumbai city presented further points to the fact that the multiple actors thus have evolved their strategies to protect their interests through lobbying, corruption and legal wrangling. The experience of ULCRA, therefore, points to ground-level impediments to implementation of law and varied responses of the actors so as to preserve (or, even enhance) their particular interests. ULCRA also went against the decentralization of urban governance that began after the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.

Securing 2020 vision for 2030: climate change and ensuring resilience in water and sanitation services

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Howard ◽  
Katrina Charles ◽  
Kathy Pond ◽  
Anca Brookshaw ◽  
Rifat Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Drinking-water supply and sanitation services are essential for human health, but their technologies and management systems are potentially vulnerable to climate change. An assessment was made of the resilience of water supply and sanitation systems against forecast climate changes by 2020 and 2030. The results showed very few technologies are resilient to climate change and the sustainability of the current progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) may be significantly undermined. Management approaches are more important than technology in building resilience for water supply, but the reverse is true for sanitation. Whilst climate change represents a significant threat to sustainable drinking-water and sanitation services, through no-regrets actions and using opportunities to increase service quality, climate change may be a driver for improvements that have been insufficiently delivered to date.

scholarly journals Intestinal helminthiasis as a relevant factor on immunological markers status of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEIDA VERDUGUEZ-ORELLANA ◽  
Ernesto Rojas Cabrera ◽  
Mery Arteaga Terrazas ◽  
Fidelia Barrientos Laura ◽  
Miguel Guzman-Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Immunological Markers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Basic Sanitation

Abstract Background: The intestinal helminths and the tegumentary leishmaniasis are frequent in rain forest area of Bolivia by absence of basic sanitation services and the natural presence of sand fly, vector of Leishmania parasites. Each one of these infections triggers a specific immune response by the host, nevertheless there is scant information regarding the behaviour of immune response during simultaneous Leishmania and intestinal helminths infections. The purpose of this study was contributing to the knowledge on this matter. Results: Forty-four cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and thirty controls entered in the study. The percentage of eosinophils from peripheral blood and plasma concentration of IgE and TNF-α were increased at after antimony treatment, respect the values presented before treatment in Albendazole and Non Albendazole groups, those increases were not statically significant. A decrease between before and after antimony treatment was observed in the ratio CD4/CD8 in both groups, but only in the receiving Albendazole group it was presented differences statistically significant.Conclusions: Several changes in the status of immunological markers including the number of eosinophils were found after the antimony treatment of patients. No additional clinical, neither immunological benefit of Albendazole treatment could be documented probably because the contact of individuals with helminths is long-standing.

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