Counting on COVID-19 vaccine: Insights into the current strategies, progress and future challenges

Emergence of a novel coronavirus viz., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 and its subsequent substantial spread, produced coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. Given its unprecedented infectivity and pathogenicity, COVID-19 pandemic had a devastating impact on human health and its clinical management. It led to development and speedy trials of several vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 at an exceptional pace; as a result, several COVID-19 vaccines were made commercially available in the 2021 first half. Although, several COVID-19 vaccines showed promising results, crucial in-sights into their epidemiology, protective mechanism and propensity of reinfection are not largely reviewed. In the present report, we provided insights into the prospects of vaccination against COVID-19 and assessed diverse vaccination strategies including DNA, mRNA, protein subunits, vector-based, live attenuated, and inactivated whole/viral particle-based vaccines, imi-tating COVID-19 infection. Next, we reviewed major aspects of various available vaccines ap-proved by the WHO and by local administration to use against COVID-19. Moreover, we com-prehensively assessed the success of these approved vaccines and also their untoward effects in-cluding the possibility of reinfection. We also provided an update on the vaccines that are under development and could be the promising candidate. Conclusively, we provided insights into the COVID-19 vaccine epidemiology, their potency and propensity for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, while a careful review of their current status, strategies, success and future challenges was also presented.

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Counting on COVID-19 Vaccine: Insights into the Current Strategies, Progress and Future Challenges

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9111740 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1740

Author(s):

Ramesh Kandimalla ◽

Pratik Chakraborty ◽

Jayalakshmi Vallamkondu ◽

Anupama Chaudhary ◽

Sonalinandini Samanta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Present Report ◽

World Health ◽

Current Status ◽

Protective Mechanisms ◽

Protein Subunits ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

The emergence of a novel coronavirus viz., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 and its subsequent substantial spread produced the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. Given its unprecedented infectivity and pathogenicity, the COVID-19 pandemic had a devastating impact on human health, and its clinical management has been a great challenge, which has led to the development and speedy trials of several vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 at an exceptional pace. As a result, several COVID-19 vaccines were made commercially available in the first half of 2021. Although several COVID-19 vaccines showed promising results, crucial insights into their epidemiology, protective mechanisms, and the propensities of reinfection are not largely reviewed. In the present report, we provided insights into the prospects of vaccination against COVID-19 and assessed diverse vaccination strategies including DNA, mRNA, protein subunits, vector-based, live attenuated, and inactivated whole/viral particle-based vaccines. Next, we reviewed major aspects of various available vaccines approved by the World Health Organization and by the local administrations to use against COVID-19. Moreover, we comprehensively assessed the success of these approved vaccines and also their untoward effects, including the possibility of reinfection. We also provided an update on the vaccines that are under development and could be promising candidates in the future. Conclusively, we provided insights into the COVID-19 vaccine epidemiology, their potency, and propensity for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, while a careful review of their current status, strategies, success, and future challenges was also presented.

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Current Trends and Future Strategies for the Global Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

Coronaviruses ◽

10.2174/2666796702666210208184121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 02 ◽

Author(s):

Ashutosh Chauhan ◽

Ankit Kumar ◽

Sandeep Goyal ◽

Sunil Kumar Joshi ◽

Deepak Kumar Semwal

Keyword(s):

Relevant Information ◽

Current Status ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Current Trends ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Preclinical Trials ◽

The Usa ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Treatment Procedures

ABSTRACT: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) might have originated from the recombination of a Pangolin-CoV-like virus with a Bat-CoV-RaTG13-like virus and then transmitted to the human at Wuhan city of China. On February 11, 2020, the WHO announced a name for the new coronavirus disease as COVID-19. Finally, the WHO declared the novel coronavirus outbreak a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. Within a few months, SARS-CoV-2 had spread across the world in 220 Countries, areas or territories. The main objective of this work is to review the existing knowledge about COVID-19, its updated status, available treatment procedures and future challenges. The available literature based on the COVID-19 was thoroughly reviewed and concise evidence-based information was explored for the public interest. Various authentic databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar together with the official sites of some Govt. Organizations were carefully searched for all relevant information about the current status of COVID-19 including the published research on coronavirus. More than 68 million people are already infected including around 20% severely ill with almost 1.5 million casualties due to this virus and expected to infect approximate 70% population worldwide. Currently, maximum confirmed cases and death are reported in the USA. The epicentre of the pandemic was initially shifted from China to Europe then to the USA, Brazil and now India. In between, understanding of pathogenesis and mode of transmission has been developed; repurposing drugs are being validated and development of a new vaccine is underway. The study concludes that there is no established treatment available for COVID-19, although 26 clinical and 139 preclinical trials are underway to develop vaccines globally. Although three vaccines are in advance stage of development, their efficacy and adverse effect yet to be validated and recorded. Recently, Pfizer vaccine has been started vaccination for emergency uses in England and Bahrain, and the United State of America will start it soon. Meanwhile, prevention, rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts are practiced worldwide to control its spread.

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COVID-19 Vaccines: Fabrication Techniques and Current Status

Coronaviruses ◽

10.2174/2666796702666210728150704 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 02 ◽

Author(s):

Ayushi Mahajan ◽

Lakhvir Kaur ◽

Gurjeet Singh ◽

RK Dhawan ◽

Lovepreet Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acids ◽

Viral Vectors ◽

Review Article ◽

Current Status ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

The World ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Potential Vaccine ◽

Novel Coronavirus

: The year 2020 was the most challenging period for all due to the havoc caused by the outbreak of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Scientists and researchers all around the world have endeavored every possible approach to find solutions in context to therapeutics and vaccines to control the spread of this life-threatening virus. The acceleration instigated by the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutated strains has leveraged the use of numerous platform technologies for the development of vaccines against this unfathomable disease. Vaccines could play an important role in mitigating the effects of COVID-19 and reducing the ongoing health crisis. Various innovative platforms like proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, and viral vectors have been exploited to fabricate vaccines depicting almost 90% of efficacy like BNT162b2, AZD1222, Ad5-nCoV, etc. Some of these vaccines are multipotent and have shown potent activity against newly emerged malicious strains of SARS-CoV-2 like B.1.351andB.1.1.7. In this review article, we have gathered key findings from various sources of recently popularized vaccine candidates which will provide an overview of potential vaccine candidates against this virus and will help the researchers to investigate possible ways to annihilate this menace and design new moieties.

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Strategies and Challenges in the Development of Coronavirus Disease-2019 Vaccine

Epidemiology - Open Journal ◽

10.17140/epoj-6-122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Pratibha Gupta ◽

Keyword(s):

The Novel ◽

S Protein ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

Nucleic Acid Vaccine ◽

Effective Interventions ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus infection (coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)) emerged from Wuhan in the Hubei Province of China in late 2019. Millions of people were infected with COVID-19 pandemic due to the long incubation period of the virus inside the human body and the dearth of available treatments or vaccines. High transmission rates created havoc, which highlighted the urgent need for effective interventions to stop the spread and clinical impact of the virus on patients and populations. Previous research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) provides information on vaccination strategies that could inform how governments approach the elimination of this novel coronavirus. Numerous efforts have been made to develop vaccines against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and SARS. The spike glycoprotein or S protein is the critical target for most of the drugs and vaccines against coronavirus. The virus uses the spike (S) protein for entering the host cell, by interacting with the receptor called angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Various vaccine platforms are available such as nucleic acid vaccine, protein-based vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines and live or attenuated vaccines, with each having their advantages and disadvantages. This review focuses on the overview of different vaccine candidates used, those currently in development, and the challenges encountered while developing effective vaccines.

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Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Narrative Review Based on Current Status

Anti-Infective Agents ◽

10.2174/2211352518999201020202540 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

Author(s):

Rina Das ◽

Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽

Meenakshi Dhanawat

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

World Health ◽

Current Status ◽

Future Research ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

First Case ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Abstract:: A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared and expanded globally by the end of year in 2019 from Wuhan, China, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. During its initial stage, the disease was called the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 February 2020. The WHO declared worldwide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a pandemic on March 2020. On 30 January 2020 the first case of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in India. Now in current situation the virus is floating in almost every part of the province and rest of the globe. -: On the basis of novel published evidences, we efficiently summarized the reported work with reference to COVID-19 epidemiology, pathogen, clinical symptoms, treatment and prevention. Using several worldwide electronic scientific databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Science direct, Scopus, etc were utilized for extensive investigation of relevant literature. -: This review is written in the hope of encouraging the people successfully with the key learning points from the underway efforts to perceive and manage SARS-CoV-2, suggesting sailent points for expanding future research.

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Technologies for Water Reuse: Current Status and Future Challenges

Water ◽

10.3390/w13060832 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 832

Author(s):

Mauro Capocelli ◽

Vincenzo Piemonte

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Food Production ◽

Current Status ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Future Challenges

Water is fundamental for the quality of both ecosystems and society, and plays a key role for energy and food production, a prerequisite for the sustainable development [...]

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Bioactive glass coatings obtained by thermal spray: Current status and future challenges

Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio ◽

10.1016/j.bsecv.2021.04.001 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Beatriz Garrido ◽

S. Dosta ◽

Irene Garcia Cano

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Glass ◽

Thermal Spray ◽

Current Status ◽

Future Challenges

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Nonisolated Electric Vehicle Chargers: Their Current Status and Future Challenges.

IEEE Electrification Magazine ◽

10.1109/mele.2021.3070935 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 23-33

Author(s):

Jin Wang ◽

Yue Zhang ◽

Mohamed Elshaer ◽

William Perdikakis ◽

Chengcheng Yao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Current Status ◽

Future Challenges

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Synthesis and immunological evaluation of synthetic peptide based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates

Chemical Communications ◽

10.1039/d0cc08265a ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qingyu Zhao ◽

Yanan Gao ◽

Min Xiao ◽

Xuefei Huang ◽

Xuanjun Wu

Keyword(s):

Synthetic Peptide ◽

Spike Protein ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

The Novel ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

Peptide Epitopes ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Immunological Evaluation

For prevention of the coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, an effective vaccine is critical. Herein, several potential peptide epitopes from the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 have...

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