scholarly journals Etherification of Glycerol with C4 and C5 Reactive Olefins

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burcin Ikizer ◽  
Nuray Oktar ◽  
Timur Dogu
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Fuel Additives ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Glycerol Conversion ◽  
Product Distributions ◽  
M 31 ◽  
Autoclave Reactor ◽  
Acidic Resin

In this study etherification of glycerol, with C4 (isobutylene) and C5 (2 Methyl 2 Butene) olefins was investigated for the production of transportation fuel additives. The etherification reactions were carried out in a stainless steel autoclave reactor. Activities of acidic resin catalysts, Amberlyst-36, Dowex DR-2030 and Dowex M-31 were compared. Especially in the absence of any published work for the investigations of experimental conditions on glycerol conversion and product distributions in etherification of glycerol with C5 (2 Methyl 2 Butene) olefin results obtained with C4 and C 5 olefins are quite promising.

The effects of morphology of ferrite and non-metallic inclusions on corrosion behaviour of as-cast 304 stainless steel

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3763 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danbin Jia ◽  
Liangcai Zhong ◽  
Jingkun Yu ◽  
Zhaoyang Liu ◽  
Yuting Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Inclusion Size ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Quenching Temperature ◽  
Δ Ferrite ◽  
Metallic Inclusions

The effects of morphology of ferrite and non-metallic inclusions on corrosion resistance of as-cast 304 stainless steel (304 SS) were investigated. With the decrease in quenching temperature from 1723 K to 1648 K, the different microstructures of the as-cast 304 SS were obtained as the following series: austenitic-lathy δ ferrite, austenitic-colony δ ferrite and austenitic-blocky δ ferrite, and the average inclusion size increased. The electrochemical results show that the sample with the microstructure of austenitic- lathy δ ferrite and smaller size inclusions had a higher corrosion tendency and the lower pitting resistance. Furthermore, the effect of morphology and content of ferrite on corrosion resistance was greater than that of inclusion size under the current experimental conditions. Therefore, a promising method was developed to improve the corrosion resistance of as-cast 304 SS by changing the solidification process.

Cleaning of dried starch adhered to stainless steel using electrocleaning. Optimization of the experimental conditions

Food Control ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Vicaria ◽  
O. Herrera-Márquez ◽  
E. Jurado-Alameda
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Experimental Conditions

Effect of ozone on ruthenium species in alkaline medium – Part III: Oxidative dissolution of ruthenium deposits onto stainless steel

2008 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Floquet ◽  
Catherine Eysseric ◽  
Didier Maurel ◽  
Jean-Michel Fulconis ◽  
Jacques Delagrange
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
304L Stainless Steel ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
Aqueous Alkaline Medium ◽  
Oxidative Dissolution ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing ◽  
Fuel Reprocessing ◽  
By Products

SummarySeveral ruthenium species compounds are typically encountered in waste management from nuclear fuel reprocessing operations. Ozone acting as a strong oxidizing agent in aqueous alkaline medium has some advantages for dissolving solid ruthenium deposits formed in process equipments, without generating troublesome by-products or secondary waste. This study is focused on oxidative dissolution of ruthenium(IV) oxyhydroxyde deposited on 304L stainless steel by ozone in alkaline medium. Oxidative dissolution of these deposits under various experimental conditions shows an analogous behaviour to that observed in a previous study with RuO

scholarly journals In vitro biocompatibility of nickel-titanium esthetic orthodontic archwires

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 789-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Rongo ◽  
Rosa Valletta ◽  
Rosaria Bucci ◽  
Virginia Rivieccio ◽  
Angela Galeotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
In Vitro Biocompatibility ◽  
Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide ◽  
Titanium Wire ◽  
Orthodontic Archwires ◽  
Niti Wires

ABSTRACT Objective:  To investigate the cytotoxicity of nickel-titanium (NiTi) esthetic orthodontic archwires with different surface coatings. Materials and Methods:  Three fully coated, tooth-colored NiTi wires (BioCosmetic, Titanol Cosmetic, EverWhite), two ion-implanted wires (TMA Purple, Sentalloy High Aesthetic), five uncoated NiTi wires (BioStarter, BioTorque, Titanol Superelastic, Memory Wire Superelastic, and Sentalloy), one β-titanium wire (TMA), and one stainless steel wire (Stainless Steel) were considered for this study. The wire samples were placed at 37°C in airtight test tubes containing Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (0.1 mg/mL) for 1, 7, 14, and 30 days. The cell viability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) cultured with this medium was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Data were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance (α  =  .05). Results:  The highest cytotoxic effect was reached on day 30 for all samples. The archwires exhibited a cytotoxicity on HGFs ranging from “none” to “slight,” with the exception of the BioTorque, which resulted in moderate cytotoxicity on day 30. Significant differences were found between esthetic archwires and their uncoated pairs only for BioCosmetic (P  =  .001) and EverWhite (P < .001). Conclusions:  Under the experimental conditions, all of the NiTi esthetic archwires resulted in slight cytotoxicity, as did the respective uncoated wires. For this reason their clinical use may be considered to have similar risks to the uncoated archwires.

scholarly journals Electrocatalytic properties of hydroxyapatite thin films electrodeposited on stainless steel substrates

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 255-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Chennah ◽  
Yassine Naciri ◽  
Hassan Ait Ahsaine ◽  
Aziz Taoufyq ◽  
Bahcine Bakiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Electrolytic Solution ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electrocatalytic Properties ◽  
Ss Substrates

In this work, we have investigated the structural, microstructural, and electrocatalytic properties of hydroxyapatite (HAp) thin films. The HAp films were electrodeposited on stainless-steel (SS) substrates by chronopotentiometry mode from an electrolytic solution. The HAp films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). The electrodeposition and electrochemical processes of the hydroxyapatite (HAp) phase were studied by cyclic voltammetry. This HAp/SS system acting as an anode was used for the first time to electrodegrade Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solutions. To follow the degradation kinetics, we used UV-visible spectroscopy. Several parameters such as the current density and the initial concentration of electrolytic solution were determined to optimize the electrodegradation of RhB. The decrease of RhB concentration followed pseudo-first order kinetics law. The rate of RhB degradation in presence of HAp/SS electrode can reach interesting high performance, depending on the electrocatalysis experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Electro-Precipitation of Actinides on Boron-Doped Diamond Thin Films for Solid Sources Preparation for High-Resolution Alpha-Particle Spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang-Thuan Tran ◽  
Sylvie Pierre ◽  
Jacques de Sanoit ◽  
Michal Pomorski ◽  
Philippe Bergonzo
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Alpha Particle ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Resolution Spectroscopy ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Boron Doped Diamond ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Boron Doped ◽  
Novel Approach

In this work, we investigate a novel approach to prepare high-performance alpha-particle solid sources fabricated on diamond thin support layers, offering the properties of diamond such as a low-Z material with corrosion and mechanical hardness. As-prepared solid sources onto boron-doped-diamond (BDD) substrate exhibited high performance of the autoradiography and spectroscopic resolution at the level of other more conventional materials such as stainless steel. A straightforward precipitation process in the Na2SO4 or NaNO3 simple electrolytes under mild experimental conditions with a low current of several mA.cm−2 were successfully developed onto BDD substrates for deposition of single 241Am as well as 239Pu, 241Am, and 244Cm mixed radionuclides. The results demonstrate that solid sources deposited onto such BDD substrates can match the performance of those prepared onto stainless steel substrates with excellent uniformity and high-resolution spectroscopy, together combining the robustness, chemical resilience, and X-ray transparence of the diamond. Alpha-particle spectra exhibiting a low full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 12.5 keV at the energy of 5.485 MeV (241Am) could be practically obtained for BDD substrates.

Defect structures induced by inert-gases in rapidly solidified type 304 stainless steel

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 558-559
Author(s):  
Jung Chan Bae
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Water Quenching ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Ingot Metallurgy ◽  
Dislocation Loops ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Type 304 ◽  
Type 304 Stainless Steel

Defects-are formed in most plastically deformed, quenched, and radiation damaged materials, and their type and distribution depend on the experimental conditions. Extensive research on radiation damage has shown that inert gases accumulate in materials and cause significant alterations of the microstructure and mechanical properties. In the centrifugal atomization process, the exposure of Type 304 stainless steel droplets to inert gas environments presents opportunities for their entrapment. The observation of large number density defects such as vacancy type dislocation loops and stacking faults in as-solidified Type 304 stainless steel powder is attributed to the inert gas/vacancy interaction.The purpose of this work is to examine the defect microstructure of extruded powder metallurgy (P/M) Type 304 stainless steel after preconditioning heat treatments at 900, 1000,1100, and 1200C for 1 hour followed by water quenching. Also, ingot metallurgy (l/M) Type 304 stainless steel (remnants of the feed stock for the powders) was heat treated at 1000 and 1100C for 1 hour followed by water quenching for comparison.

An Insight on the Influence of Ion Implantation on the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of AISI 430 Stainless Steel

2009 ◽  
Vol 289-292 ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Abreu ◽  
M.J. Cristóbal ◽  
P. Merino ◽  
G. Pena ◽  
M.C. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Ion Implantation ◽  
Pitting Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Surface Preparation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Pitting Corrosion Resistance ◽  
430 Stainless Steel ◽  
Aisi 430

Research on the effect of ion implantation on the corrosion behaviour of metals has been carried out for years, but some difficulties arise in the comparison of the obtained results due to variations in experimental conditions (alloys, surface preparation, doses, experimental techniques...). This work tries to overcome those differences, presenting the effect of several elements (Ce+, N+, Cr+ and Cr+ N+) implanted in similar conditions on the pitting corrosion resistance of AISI 430 stainless steel. Potentiodynamic measurements in 1M NaCl demonstrate the beneficial effect of all the implanted elements, showing that Ce+ is the less efficient ion, while Cr+ N+ co-implantation gives the best results in terms of localized attack resistance. Pitting morphology is explained in terms of the XPS and GIXRD data that allow chemical and structural characterization of the implanted layer. Those results help to enlighten the protection mechanisms involved in the considered implantations.

Simulation of Line Annealing of Type 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel

2012 ◽  
Vol 715-716 ◽  
pp. 437-446
Author(s):  
Anna P. Kisko ◽  
Pasi P. Suikkanen ◽  
C. Isaac Garcia ◽  
K. Cho ◽  
M. Hua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Ferritic Stainless Steel ◽  
Fiber Orientation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Metallographic Examination ◽  
Annealing Behavior ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Cold Worked ◽  
Kinetics Of

The annealing behavior of cold rolled Type 430 ferritic stainless steel is the subject of this paper. The steel was cold rolled 79%, then heated at 6 °C/s to the soaking temperature of 841 °C, which is just below the Ae1temperature. During heating, specimens were quenched from selected temperatures between 650 and 841 °C and after various times at 841 °C. These quenched samples underwent metallographic examination and micro-hardness determination. The results indicated that under the prevailing experimental conditions, the hardness appeared to correlate strongly with the extent of recrystallization. The kinetics of recrystallization appeared to originate in the cold worked state, where three kinds of grain were found: (i) smooth elongated, featureless of α-fiber orientation {001}<100>; (ii) irregular fishbone grains of the γ-fiber orientations {111}<112> plus {111}<110>; and (iii) twisted grains of the η-fiber orientation {001}<100>. It was found that the twisted grains of the η-fiber were the first to recrystallize, with the fishbone grains of the γ-fiber second, and the smooth elongated, featureless grains of the α-fiber last. It was found that the grains of the α-fiber orientation {001}<100> and the η-fiber orientation {001}<100> were replaced with grains of the γ-fiber orientations as recrystallization progressed. These results are discussed in terms of recrystallization and texture development.

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