scholarly journals The influence of internal migration on male earnings in Brazil, 1970–2000

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽  
Eduardo L G Rios-Neto ◽  
Joseph E Potter
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Cohort Size ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Migration Data ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
The Impact

This paper deals with the impact of internal migration flows on the earnings of male workers. The availability of jobs and income levels in sending and receiving areas also influence internal population flows. Thus, migration is an endogenous variable that cannot be simply introduced as an exogenous variable when estimating labour outcomes. A methodological approach is developed to introduce migration into our models, dealing with the issue of reverse causality between migration and earnings. We implement this strategy using the 1970–2000 Brazilian Demographic Censuses. Our findings reflect our initial hypothesis, indicating that migration flows have a negative impact on male earnings, when considering cohort size as a factor. A ten percent increase in migration rates would have reduced the wages of competing workers by up to three percent in 2000. These methodological strategies can be applied to other countries that have similar available migration data. Public policies should take into account the levels of in-and out-migration flows in specific locations, in order to stimulate economic development in these areas.

scholarly journals Influences of transition in age-education structure and internal migration on the labour market in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽  
Eduardo L G Rios-Neto ◽  
Joseph E Potter
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cohort Size ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
Migration Dynamics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Title in Portuguese: Influências de transição da estrutura de idade-educação e migração interna no mercado de trabalho no BrasilAbstract: This study develops a methodology that incorporates internal migration dynamics into models that estimate the impact of demographic and education transitions on the age-education earnings profiles of Brazilian workers over time. Techniques to estimate the level and pattern of migration were integrated. Findings follow initial hypothesis, and indicate that the negative impact of cohort size on earnings is even more negative than estimates that did not take into account population flows. These methodological strategies can be applied to further studies when new data become available, as well as to other countries with the availability of migration data.Resumo: Este estudo desenvolve uma metodologia que incorpora a dinâmica de migração interna em modelos que estimam o impacto da transição demográfica e educação sobre os perfis de idade-educação ganhos dos trabalhadores brasileiros ao longo do tempo. Técnicas para estimar o nível e o padrão de migração foram integrados. Conclusões seguem hipótese inicial, e indicam que o impacto negativo do tamanho da coorte sobre os ganhos é ainda mais negativo do que as estimativas que não levam em conta os fluxos populacionais. Estas estratégias metodológicas podem ser aplicadas a outros estudos quando novos dados se tornam disponíveis, assim como a outros países com a disponibilidade de dados de migração.

The Impact of the Movement of Labour: Results from a Model of Bilateral Migration Flows

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrie L. Walmsley ◽  
Alan Winters ◽  
Amer Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Developing Economies ◽  
Migration Model ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Migration Data ◽  
Economics Literature ◽  
Unskilled Labour ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
The Impact

The economics literature increasingly recognizes the importance of migration. In this paper, a bilateral global migration model is developed to investigate the impact of lifting restrictions on the movement of labour. Quotas on skilled and unskilled labour in the developed economies are increased by 3% of their labour forces, with the additional labour supplied by developing economies. This paper improves upon the previous work of Walmsley and Winters (2005). A critical weakness of the previous work was that it was unable to capture the impacts of specific bilateral migration flows or liberalizations between countries. This paper uses a bilateral global migration model that exploits migration data obtained from Parsons, Skeldon, Winters, and Walmsley (2007) that allow the model to account for bilateral migration flows. The results confirm that restrictions on migration impose significant costs on nearly all countries, with the modest liberalization increasing global GDP by US$ 288 billion. All of the developed (labour importing) economies gain in terms of real incomes. While results differ across the developing (labour exporting) economies, most gain as a result of the higher remittances sent home.

Mandatory CSR expenditure and stock return

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 951-975
Author(s):  
Asit Bhattacharyya ◽  
Md Lutfur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Endogeneity Bias ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose India has mandated corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure under Section 135 of the Indian Companies Act, 2013 – the first national jurisdiction to do so. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of mandated CSR expenditure on firms’ stock returns by using actual CSR spending data, whereas the previous studies mostly focus on voluntary CSR proxied by CSR scores. Design/methodology/approach The authors estimate their baseline regression by using ordinary least squares(OLS) method. Although the baseline regression involving CSR expenditure and stock returns using ordinary least squares method are estimated, endogeneity and reverse causality biases are addressed by using two-stage least squares and generalized method of moments approaches. These approaches contribute mitigating endogeneity bias and biases associated with unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity. Findings The findings document that mandatory CSR expenditure has a negative impact on firms’ stock returns which supports the “shareholders” expense’ view. This result remain robust after controlling for endogeneity bias and the use of both standard and robust test statistics. The authors however observe that this result holds for the firms with actual CSR expenditure equal to the mandated amount but does not hold for the firms with actual CSR expenditure greater than the mandated amount. Therefore, the authors provide evidence that CSR expenditure’s impact on stock returns depends on whether firms simply comply the regulation or voluntarily chose an amount of CSR expenditure above the mandated amount. Originality/value The primary contribution is to present a valid and robust evidence of negative effect of mandated CSR spending on firms’ stock returns when the mandatory CSR spending rule is already in place. This study contributes by examining the impact of mandated CSR spending on stock during post-implementation period (2015-2017), whereas other studies by Dharampala and Khanna (2018); Kapoor and Dhamija (2017); and Mukherjee et al. (2018) mainly examined the impact of legislation on Indian CSR. The authors use mandated actual CSR expenditure, whereas previous studies mostly focus on voluntary CSR proxied by CSR scores.

scholarly journals Wind exposure as a factor influencing the littoral macrozoobenthic community: a methodological approach and preliminary findings

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-123
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Bielczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Littoral Zone ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Wind Exposure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Macrozoobenthic Community

Abstract The aim of the work was to analyze the influence of wave activity on invertebrate fauna living in the littoral zone. For this purpose, an algorithm was developed to analyze spatial and meteorological data, calculating the values of fetch and wind exposure. The taxonomic composition of the fauna and the values of selected water quality indicators were analyzed against the background of varied wind exposure, trophy, and various habitats. A significant negative impact of wind exposure on the taxonomic variety of the macrozoobenthic community, the number of Coenagrionidae damselflies and Baetidae mayflies was found. It is difficult to separate the impact of waves on the fauna from the impact of other natural and anthropogenic factors, because those factors may also be affected by water movements. The tool produced as part of this work can also be used to further investigate the issue of impact of waves on all the communities living in the littoral zone.

scholarly journals Migration of Southern Bohemia population during the period 1992-1998

Geografie ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-75
Author(s):  
Jiří Čekal
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Educational Structure ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Given

The paper deals with regional and structural analysis of internal migration of the population in southern Bohemia between 1992-1998 in relation to the developments in the whole Czech Republic. As southern Bohemia, we understand the area of the contemporary Southern Bohemia Region. When evaluating migration in the given area, we used some basic indicators of demographic statistics, such as number of immigrants, number of emigrants, migration turn-over and net migration. The analysis also includes identification of main migration flows, the issue of migration motivation and an evaluation of the impact of migration on some structural characteristics of population, such as sex, age and educational structure.

scholarly journals Rural prioritization may increase the impact of COVID-19 vaccines in Sub-Saharan Africa due to ongoing internal migration: A modeling study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashanth Selvaraj ◽  
Bradley G Wagner ◽  
Dennis L Chao ◽  
Maina L'Azou Jackson ◽  
J. Gabrielle Breugelmans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

How COVID-19 vaccine is distributed within low- and middle-income countries has received little attention outside of equity or logistical concerns but may ultimately affect campaign impact in terms of infections, severe cases, or deaths averted. In this study we examined whether subnational (urban-rural) prioritization may affect the cumulative two-year impact on disease transmission and burden of a vaccination campaign using an agent-based model of COVID-19 in a representative Sub-Saharan Africa country setting. We simulated a range of vaccination strategies that differed by urban-rural prioritization, age group prioritization, timing of introduction, and final coverage level. Urban prioritization averted more infections in only a narrow set of scenarios, when internal migration rates were low and vaccination was started by day 30 of an outbreak. Rural prioritization was the optimal strategy for all other scenarios, e.g., with higher internal migration rates or later start dates, due to the presence of a large immunological naive rural population. Among other factors, timing of the vaccination campaign was important to determining maximum impact, and delays as short as 30 days prevented larger campaigns from having the same impact as smaller campaigns that began earlier. The optimal age group for prioritization depended on choice of metric, as prioritizing older adults consistently averted more deaths across all of the scenarios. While guidelines exist for these latter factors, urban-rural allocation is an orthogonal factor that we predict to affect impact and warrants consideration as countries plan the scale-up of their vaccination campaigns.

scholarly journals One Laptop per Child? Using Production Frontiers for Evaluating the Escuela 2.0 Program in Spain

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 2600
Author(s):  
Daniel Feliciano ◽  
Laura López-Torres ◽  
Daniel Santín
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Malmquist Index ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Inference Techniques ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Base Group ◽  
Production Frontiers

Over the last few decades, public programs have driven the gradual adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in education. The most ambitious project in Spain so far was Escuela 2.0, which provided students from the regions that opted into the program with laptops. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of this program on school performance and productivity. To do this, we developed a new methodological approach based on combining causal inference techniques and the analysis of production frontiers. We calculated the differences in productivity and performance between treated and control schools using the base-group Camanho–Dyson Malmquist index and the base-group performance gap index. We estimate the impact of the program as the variation of these differences, following the essence of the difference-in-differences analysis. The main results are that Escuela 2.0 had a negative impact on performance and productivity.

scholarly journals The impact of return migration on the Mexican labor market

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Eduardo Mendoza Cota
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Third ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: Mexican return migration has been stable until 2012, while migration flows to the USA have fallen substantially between 2005 and 2012; the changes in the Mexican migration flows have affected the supply side of the Mexican labor market. The paper analyses the potential effects of the return migration on the Mexican labor market. According to the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE), return migrants to Mexico started to significantly increase since the third quarter of 2005 to the third quarter of 2009, and after that the number of returned migrants started to slightly decline until the second quarter 2013. Considering the availability of data an empirical econometric model is established including the unemployment rate as dependent variable and the real GDP and socioeconomic characteristics of migrants as explanatory variables. The results showed that changes in return migration have a positive impact in changes in the unemployment rate. On the other hand, the real GDP and migration to the USA have had a negative impact on the unemployment rate of Mexico. Given the increase of unemployment reported in ENOE, the results suggest that the inadequate capacity of the Mexican economy to absorb the return migration workers is limited. Resumen: Desde el 2012, la migración de retorno de México se ha estabilizado mientras que los flujos de trabadores migrantes se ha reducido substancialmente. En este contexto, el presente trabajo analiza los efectos de la migración mexicana de retorno en el mercado laboral en México, en particular, en la tasa de desempleo. De acuerdo a la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE), la cantidad de migrantes de retorno hacia México se incrementó entre el tercer trimestre e 2005 y el tercer trimestre de 2009 y, posteriormente, el número de migrantes retornados empezó a declinar ligeramente hasta el 2013. Con base en la disponibilidad de información estadística de la ENOE se realizó una regresión de mínimos cuadrados para analizar el efecto de los cambios del PIB real y los cambios en los flujos migratorios de trabajadores mexicanos a los EUA en los cambios de la tasa de desempleo en México. Los resultados corroboran que los cambios en la migración de retorno tienen un impacto positivo en la tasa de desempleo de México. Por otra parte, el PIB real y la migración de trabajadores mexicanos tienen un impacto negativo en el desempleo laboral de México. Por tanto, considerando que la ENOE ha mostrado un incremento de la tasa de desempleo de México, los resultados sugieren la poca capacidad de la economía mexicana para absorber los migrantes de retorno y la migración declinante de trabajadores mexicanos hacia los EUA.

scholarly journals The Impact of Financial and Social Remittances in Perpetuating Migration (Albanian Migration Context)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Denisa Titili
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Social Remittances ◽  
Migration Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Short Span ◽  
Migratory Experience ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

Since 1990 Albania has experienced massive external and international migration due to political, economical and social changes occurred in Albanian society. Albanian migration represents a variety of migratory experiences and a combination of different forms of migration (internal, external, temporary, permanent, etc) and destinations. Albania’s contemporaneous mass emigration and internal migration over the short span of time since 1990 provides an excellent laboratory to study the inter links of these types of migration (King R, Skeldon R, - Vullnetari J, 2008: 33). Migration and remittances have changed the social face of Albanian society. Based on the theoretical framework of De Haas (2010) that social remittances can further strengthen migration aspiration, the aim of this paper is to highlight the impact of financial and social remittances from emigrants to Greece in encouraging internal (rural to urban) and external ongoing migration. Data collection will be provided by in-depth interviews. This paper will base on case-histories of Albanian families with different migratory experience to show off how emigration to Greece has lead to a subsequent internal migration within Albania.

scholarly journals Semi-Automatization of Support Vector Machines to Map Lithium (Li) Bearing Pegmatites

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Cardoso-Fernandes ◽  
Ana C. Teodoro ◽  
Alexandre Lima ◽  
Encarnación Roda-Robles
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Class Imbalance ◽  
Imbalanced Data ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Great Performance ◽  
Vector Machines ◽  
The Impact

Machine learning (ML) algorithms have shown great performance in geological remote sensing applications. The study area of this work was the Fregeneda–Almendra region (Spain–Portugal) where the support vector machine (SVM) was employed. Lithium (Li)-pegmatite exploration using satellite data presents some challenges since pegmatites are, by nature, small, narrow bodies. Consequently, the following objectives were defined: (i) train several SVM’s on Sentinel-2 images with different parameters to find the optimal model; (ii) assess the impact of imbalanced data; (iii) develop a successful methodological approach to delineate target areas for Li-exploration. Parameter optimization and model evaluation was accomplished by a two-staged grid-search with cross-validation. Several new methodological advances were proposed, including a region of interest (ROI)-based splitting strategy to create the training and test subsets, a semi-automatization of the classification process, and the application of a more innovative and adequate metric score to choose the best model. The proposed methodology obtained good results, identifying known Li-pegmatite occurrences as well as other target areas for Li-exploration. Also, the results showed that the class imbalance had a negative impact on the SVM performance since known Li-pegmatite occurrences were not identified. The potentials and limitations of the methodology proposed are highlighted and its applicability to other case studies is discussed.

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