Variations in phenotypic characteristics of Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp. seeds sourced from open markets in Benin City, Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zipporah Emilomo Omage ◽  
Beckley Ikhajiagbe
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
White Variety ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Quantitative Parameters ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Variable Species ◽  
Open Markets

Abstract Vigna unguiculata, also known as a 'cowpea,' is a crop of numerous varieties. In Benin City, Nigeria, three common varieties include "Ife Brown", "Ekpoma Local", and "Sokoto White". Being a very common delicacy and perhaps a very cheap source of protein for the populous, it is sold in nearly all available open markets. The crop is mainly consigned from the numerous farms in the northern part of the country and thus vary amenable to genetic diversity. This study was undertaken to investigate whether there were any major differences within and between these varieties when sourced from different locations in selected markets in Benin City. The seeds were obtained from major open store markets in and around Benin City, Edo State, and were morphologically characterized quantitatively and qualitatively using standard descriptors. Seed length, width, thickness, weight, and volume were among the quantitative parameters, while the qualitative parameters included seed brilliance, shape, eye colour, eye pattern, splitting of testa, testa texture, basal colour, pattern of variegation, colour of variegation, and basal colour of variegated seeds. There were no variations in the qualitative parameters among the seeds of "Ekpoma Local" and "Sokoto White" varieties; however those of the "Ife Brown" variety were significant variable in seed colour. Significant variations existed in the seed quantitative parameters. Among seed parameters measured, seed volume was more diverse, with a coefficient of variation of 13.15 - 14.14, when compared with coefficients of variation for other quantitative parameters measured. In terms of seed volume therefore, the "Sokoto White" variety appeared to be more diverse than "Ekpoma Local" and then "Ife Brown" in that order. In terms of overall variation, group mean sum of squares for the "Ife Brown" variety was 146.95, compared to 26.18 and 31.23 for "Ekpoma Local" and "Sokoto White" respectively, indicating that the "Ife Brown" variety was the most likely variable species among the three in the Markets of Benin City.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Salmonella in Raw Chicken Meat from Retail Equipment and Environments in Southern Nigeria Open Markets

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182
Author(s):  
Gideon I. OGU ◽  
Faith I. AKINNIBOSUN
Keyword(s):  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Chicken Carcass ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Storage Containers ◽  
Open Markets

Salmonella species is one of the most significant food-related pathogens of public health concern, whose leading vehicles of transmission to humans are chicken products. Hence, this study investigated the occurrence of Salmonella in chicken meat in correlation to their retailing equipment/environments of open markets located in Warri, Benin City, Akure and Ado-Ekiti metropolis (Southern Nigeria).  A total of 680 samples comprising raw chicken carcass (n = 240 muscle tissues), rinsing water (n = 60), hovering houseflies (n = 200) and swabs from retailing table (n = 60), cutting knives (n = 60) and meat storage containers (n = 60) were collected and analysed using standard techniques. Salmonella was recovered in 105 samples, presenting a prevalence rate of 15.4% (105/680). Rinsing water (40.0%) had the highest rate, followed by chicken carcass and retailing table (16.7%), storage containers (18.3%), hovering flies (9.0%), and then cutting knives (3.3%). The prevalence of Salmonella was highest in Benin City samples (24.7%; P<0.05), followed by Warri samples (15.9%), Ado-Ekiti (11.9%) and Akure (9.4%) being the least. The mean Salmonella counts (CFU/mL) per sample revealed that Benin City (0.09 × 102 - 5.49 × 106) yielded the highest Salmonella load, followed by Warri (0.00 - 6.11 × 105), Ado-Ekiti (0.00 - 5.49 × 104) and Akure (0.00 - 3.02 × 104). These findings suggest that the occurrence of Salmonella in commercial chicken meat is still high in most of the study locations and the rinsing water, tables and storage containers could be potential transmission routes. Adequate thermal treatment measures are recommended before consummation of commercial chicken meat within the regions.

scholarly journals Short Communication: Characterization and nutrient analysis of seed of local cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties from Southwest Maluku, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritha Karuwal ◽  
SUHARSONO SUHARSONO ◽  
A. TJAHJOLEKSONO ◽  
N. HANIF
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Local Varieties ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Eye Pattern ◽  
Color Texture

Abstract. Karuwal RL, Suharsono, Tjahjoleksono A, Hanif N. 2021. Short Communication: Characterization and nutrient analysis of seed of local cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties from Southwest Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 85-91. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is a legume species that have many local varieties across regions in Indonesia, including in Southwest Maluku District. It has been utilized by the community as raw materials, but mainly for food sources of self-consumption. While there are rich local varieties of cowpea in Southwest Maluku, the data about its morphological characters and nutritional compositions are not available. The objectives of the research were to analyze morphological characters and nutritional compositions of local seven cowpea varieties from Southwest Maluku and classify these varieties according to such characters and compositions. Morphological characters observed consisted of shape, color, texture, eye pattern, eye color, size (length, width, thickness), and 100-grain weight. Nutritional composition consisted of proximate analysis tested using AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemist) method and folic acid content using HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) method. The results showed that the varieties have significant variation in morphological characters and nutrition composition. There are differences in shape, color, texture, eye pattern, and color. Seed size in terms of length, width and thickness have range values of 5-9 mm, 4-6 mm, 3-4 mm, respectively while seed weight ranges 11-19 g. Furthermore, nutrition composition is significantly affected by varieties. Moisture content ranges between 11-17%, ash content of 3.13-3.97%, fat content of 0.58-1.42%, protein of 15.5-20.76%, carbohydrate of 58.46-63.48% and folic acid content of 100.13-131.57 µg/mL. There is significant correlation between morphology characters and nutrition composition. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that local varieties can be classified into three clusters. Therefore, KM1, KM3, KM4 and KM7 varieties that have the highest size, weight, and nutrition composition can be selected in plant breeding.

scholarly journals Phthalanilic Acid with Biostimulatory Functions Affects Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Capacity and Improves Fruit Quality and Yield in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1082
Author(s):  
Ting Ma ◽  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Rong Zhang ◽  
Zhiqing Ma
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Length Width

The widespread application of biostimulants with a growing trend represents sustainable practices aimed at improving growth and yield and alleviating stresses in green agricultural system. Phthalanilic acid (PPA), with biostimulatory functions, has been increasingly applied to fruit and vegetable production. However, its specific biostimulatory effects on growth and development of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plants is still unclear. In this study, the regulatory function of foliar spraying PPA at the flowering timing in morphometric (length, width, single pod weight and yield), physiological (relative electrical conductivity), and biochemical (antioxidant enzymes activity, photosynthetic pigment, malondialdehyde, vitamin C, soluble protein, and soluble sugar content) parameters of cowpea plants were investigated. In general, PPA treatments exhibited higher antioxidant enzymes activities (with an increase of 11.89–51.62% in POD), lower relative conductivity (with a decrease of 22.66–62.18%), increased photosynthetic pigment levels and amounts of free proline (with an increase of 24.62–90.52%), and decreased malondialdehyde. Furthermore, the length, width and weight of single pod, podding rate (with an increase of 19.64%), vitamin C, soluble protein (with an increase of 18.75%), and soluble sugar content were increased by 200 mg·L−1 PPA. These data, together with an increased yield of 15.89%, suggest that PPA positively regulates the growth and development, improving fruit quality and yield, especially at 200 mg·L−1. This study indicates that PPA has biostimulatory effects in cowpea production and shows application prospect in field cultivation.

scholarly journals INCIDENCE OF TOXIGENIC MOULDS IN FOOD SPICES SOLD IN OPEN MARKETS IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
A. A. Imoni ◽  
A. S. Ogbebor ◽  
B. A. Ikpefua
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
Open Markets ◽  
Toxigenic Moulds

Spices are parts of plants or plant substances primarily used for flavouring and preservation of food. Spices can be exposed to microbial contamination and toxic substances such as mycotoxins during processing storage and distribution. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of toxigenic moulds in food spices sold in open markets in Benin City. A total of 35 samples were obtained from three markets. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus agar (AFPA) were employed for the isolation, characterization and identification of fungal isolates using standard microbiological procedures. The pH was determined using an electronic pH meter, titratable acidity and moisture content were also determined using appropriate methods. Fungi isolated in this study included; Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Rhizopus sp., Geotrichum sp., Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. The most occurring fungus was Fusarium sp. (26%) while Alternaria sp. (2%) was the least occurring fungus. The fungal load ranged from 0.33 - 28.67 x 103 sfu/g and the pH values of samples ranged from 4.83 – 5.67. The titratable acidity ranged from 0.037 – 0.521 mg/l, while the moisture content ranged from 2.0 – 28.0%. The study revealed the presence of toxigenic moulds such as Fusarium and Penicillium species in food spices sold in open markets. This may have resulted from improper storage, handling and poor sanitary conditions in the open markets.

scholarly journals Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and other enterobacteriaceae associated with ready-to-eat salad

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Iyekhoetin Matthew Omoruyi ◽  
Ufuoma Akpezi Orieruo
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Open Markets ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Ready-to-eat (RTE) salads sold in Nigeria are poorly delineated sources of human exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, we investigated the current situation in Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria. Twenty-four samples of RTE salad were obtained from different open markets, and the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and other enterobacteriaceae were determined by established methods using both selective and chromogenic agars. All RTE salad samples were found to habour Escherichia coli while 16.7% were further confirmed for the presence of STEC. Other Enterobacteriaceae present included Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Enterobacter spp, Serratia spp and Salmonella spp. The antibiogramic profile revealed that all bacterial isolates obtained were resistant to augmentin and amoxicillin while only 11.1% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. The percentage resistance for the Shiga-toxin producing strains of E. coli was 60% while Serratia showed resistance to all the antibiotics used. The results of this study showed that RTE salad sold in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria could be a source of public health concern, and effort should be made to avert possible outbreak.

scholarly journals Analysis of variability of decorative features of the genus Dahlia Cav. in annual culture in the conditions of the Moscow region

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (48) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Elena Orlova ◽  
Elena Kozlova ◽  
Inna Zubik
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Length Width

In this paper, the results of the analysis of the variability of quantitative and qualitative decorative features of hybrid dahlia varieties (Dahlia x cultorum Thorsr. et Reis) used in landscaping of the Moscow region are considered. The following varieties are used in the work: Vesioly rebjata mix, Monarch mix, Butterfly Mix, Rumba white, Unwins Bedding Mix, Collarette Dandy Mix. To assess the variability, quantitative characteristics were selected: plant height, leaf size (length, width) and petiole, inflorescence diameter, tongue flower size, abundance of flowering (number of inflorescences per plant), duration of flowering; and qualitative: bush shape, compactness, type, color, glossiness, basket type, basket position relative to leaves, position, color of tongue flowers. The variability of quantitative features was assessed by calculating the coefficients of variation, the variability of qualitative features - by establishing the modalities and frequencies of occurrence. It was found that the studied varieties are the most variable in terms of plant height and the number of inflorescences on the plant, the most stable in terms of inflorescence sizes. Keywords: ANNUAL DAHLIA, BORDER VARIETIES, MORPHOLOGICAL SIGNS, QUANTITATIVE SIGNS, QUALITATIVE SIGNS, COLOR OF INFLORESCENCES, VARIABILITY OF DECORATIVE SIGNS

Cosomys primus: a case for stasis

Paleobiology ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah K. Lich
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rates ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Occlusal Wear ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Microtine Rodent ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rodent Populations ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Lower Molar

The first lower molar length, width, and posterior loop width were analyzed for ten Cosomys primus populations from horizontal deposits ranging in elevation from 3,000 to 3,295 feet. Sedimentation rates based on radiometric dates for two ashes and rates derived in previous studies suggest that these sediments span an interval of time that ranges from 45,000 to 164,000 years ago. Nonmetric data included the presence of enamel pits, prism folds, and crenulations; the number of triangles; and relative dentine tract heights. Coefficients of variation for the metrics were low, 4 to 7, and a one-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences between any of the populations. Changes in the mean phenotype were less than two phenotypic standard deviations and were not correlated with elevation. The presence of enamel pits, prism folds, and crenulations correlated only with less occlusal wear.Thus, these microtine rodent populations appear to exhibit stasis over a time period of at least 45,000 and possibly as much as 164,000 years, unless the deposits accumulated more rapidly than previously estimated.

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