Assessment of Garcinia kola seed as a natural material for water treatment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Streptococcus

The coagulation and antimicrobial efficiency of Garcinia kola at different concentrations on turbid surface water samples collected from Ogbor Hill River in Aba was studied. Phytochemical analysis showed alkaloid content of 2.11±0.04% while saponin, flavonoid and tannin contents were 0.34±0.04%, 2.16±0.03% and 0.14±0.02%, respectively. Phenol content was 1.65±0.01%. The physicochemical and microbial analysis indicated that the water sample had temperature of 30.5±0.10 ℃, pH of 7.4±0.20, total dissolved solids of 161.54±1.13 mg/L, turbidity of 31.64±0.08 NTU, electrical conductivity of 221.4±0.35 μS/cm, biochemical oxygen demand of 5.87±0.03 mg/L, chloride content of 0.28±0.02 mg/L, nitrate content of 248.6±0.27 mg/L, nitrite content of 1.86±0.04 mg/L, 12.00±1.00 MPN/ml of Total Coliform, (7.67±1.00) x 102 CFU/ml of E. coli, (10.33±1.15) x102 CFU/ml of faecal streptococcus, (15.67±2.52) x 102 CFU/ml of Staphylococcus aureus and too numerous to count (TNTC) for total heterotrophic bacteria. However, microbial reduction after treatment with Garcinia kola seed extract at different concentrations ranged from 41.67–75.00% for total coliform, 34.81–73.92% for E. coli, 12.87-70.96% for Faecal streptococcus, 36.18–68.09% for Staphylococcus aureus and 45.30–65.81% for total heterotrophic bacteria. Garcina kola seed is non-toxic and does not significantly affect the pH and conductivity of the treated water.

scholarly journals Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Public Swimming Pools in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana

J ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-249
Author(s):  
Umar Farouk Mustapha ◽  
Seth Mensah Abobi ◽  
Gerard Quarcoo
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
Tamale Metropolis

The study focused on the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of public swimming pools in the Tamale Metropolis. Physicochemical properties such as pH, temperature, and conductivity, and bacteria counts—including total coliform, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus, and total heterotrophic bacteria—were analyzed for their conformity with required health standards. The results obtained were analyzed using Student t test and compared with World Health Organization (WHO) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for safe recreational and drinking water. The highest and the lowest temperatures were recorded in April (32.53 °C) and February (28.16 °C), respectively. The lowest and the highest mean pH values were 4.04 and 6.13, which were below acceptable standards. The conductivity level varied from 469.1563 µS cm−1 to 928.1563 µS cm−1. While the pH did not conform to acceptable standards, temperature and conductivity were within the EPA and/or the WHO acceptable limits. The total coliform (TC) expressed in colony-forming units per 100 mL ranged from 0 to 397 (cfu/100 mL), faecal coliform (FC) 0 to196 cfu/100 mL, E. coli 0 to 52 cfu/100 mL, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) 8 to 27 cfu/100 mL, and Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) 44 to 197 (cfu/mL). TC, FC, E. coli, S. aureus, and THB counts in most of the samples complied with the bacteriological standards. However, the bacterial loads increased and exceeded the WHO and/or EPA standards as the number of bathers increased. Besides, there were positive correlations between physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, and bacterial loads. Most parameters studied met the acceptable standards of recreational water stipulated by the WHO and EPA. However, the presence of pathogenic organisms in the recreational waters at any point in time should be treated as a public health concern, and hence a call for routine monitoring and inspection of public swimming pools in the Tamale Metropolis.

scholarly journals Antibiogram Profiling and Thermal Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolated from Milk of Dharan, Nepal

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Susmita Phattepuri ◽  
Prince Subba ◽  
Arjun Ghimire ◽  
Shiv Nandan Sah
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Z Value ◽  
D Values

Milk is an excellent medium for the growth of many bacteria. This study aimed to determine antibiotic profiling and thermal inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from raw milk of Dharan. Total viable count, total Staphylococcal count, and total coliform count were carried out by conventional microbiological methods. Identification was done on the basis of Gram staining and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test of the isolates carried out by the modified Kirby-Baur disc diffusion method. Thermal inactivation of S. aureus and E. coli were carried out by subjecting to thermal treatment in a water bath. Total plate count ranged from 204×104 CFU/mL to 332×105 CFU/mL. Total staphylococcal count and total coliform count ranged from 14×105 CFU/mL to 8×106 CFU/mL and 11×104 CFU/mL to 3×106 CFU/mL respectively. S. aureus showed an increasing resistance patterns towards Ampicillin, Cefotixin, Carbenicillin and Cefotaxime. Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Amikacin, Gentamycin, Azithromycin, and Chloramphenicol were found to be effective against S. aureus. All the E. coli isolates were resistant to Ampicillin and least resistant to Cefotixin. Chloramphenicol, Amikacin, Azithromycin, and Nalidixic acid were found highly effective to E. coli. The D-values for S. aureus at 56°C, 58°C and 60°C were 1.36 min, 1.19 min, and 1.09 min respectively. The Z-value was 14.92°C. While D-values were obtained as 0.98 min, 0.75 min, and 0.57 min for E. coli at 56° C, 58° C and 60° C respectively, and Z-value was 9.75° C. Hence, S. aureus was found to be more heat resistant than E. coli.

Quality assessment of rooftop runoff and harvested rainwater from a building catchment

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2725-2731 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. Lee ◽  
H. J. Kim ◽  
M. Y. Han
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Alternative Water

A major obstacle to the promotion of rainwater harvesting is chemical and microbiological concerns. To determine its suitability as an alternative water resource, water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity and metal ion concentrations and counted total coliform, Escherichia coli and heterotrophic bacteria were measured. It was observed that the stored rainwater had a neutral average pH and that its turbidity depended on the duration and intensity of the rainfall event. Metal concentrations were within the permissible limits specified in the Korea drinking water standard. In addition, counts of coliform, E. coli and heterotrophic bacteria were higher in the first flush 5 min after the start of the rainfall event. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis through 40 events in 2009 showed that the quality of stored rainwater depends on the conditions of the catchment and storage tank and the antecedent dry period.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Curd Cheese Sold in the Northeastern Region of South America

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamiles Barreto de Deus ◽  
Ludmilla Santana Soares Barros ◽  
Ricardo Mendes da Silva ◽  
Wanessa Karine da Silva Lima ◽  
Danuza das Virgens Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
South America ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mold And Yeast ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
Microbiological Analyses ◽  
Microbiological Data

The present study evaluated the microbiological and sanitary quality of curd cheese sold on the beaches of the Itaparica Island, Brazil, and verified whether a correlation exists between the commercialization conditions and the microbiological data. The research was performed between December 2015 and March 2017. Sixty samples of rennet-containing cheese were collected to estimate the populations of mesophylls, psychrotrophic microorganisms, mold and yeast, Staphylococcus aureus, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli. An observational analysis was performed during the collection, using a checklist to verify the sellers’ sanitary conditions and cheese marketing. A high nonconformity index was registered regarding aspects in the checklist. In the microbiological analyses, the number of mesophylls in raw and roasted samples ranged from 7,88 to 14,82 log CFU/mL, and those of psychrotrophs ranged from 2,80 to 3,84 log CFU/mL. Meanwhile, mold and yeast levels in the samples ranged from 8,06 to 5,54 log CFU/mL, S. aureus was detected at levels from 3,24 to 4,94 log CFU/mL, and the total coliform counts ranged from 4,48 to 7,18 log CFU/mL. The number of E. coli specimens ranged from 2,96 to 5,75 log CFU/mL. Microbial insecurity was noted for commercialized curd cheese, and the need for intervention was indicated.

scholarly journals Storage-induced deterioration of domestic water quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Nnaji ◽  
I. V. Nnaji ◽  
R. O. Ekwule
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Most Significant Change

Abstract Due to the failure of municipal supply systems in many Nigerian cities, residents often resort to long storage of water in large high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tanks in order to reduce water stress. This paper investigated deterioration of the quality of stored water for a period of 35 days. Samples from 20 purposively selected storage tanks in Enugu, Nigeria were collected for analysis. Heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform (TC), enterococci and Escherichia coli were present in 85%, 75%, 40% and 61% of the samples, respectively. E. coli (p < 0.001) and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in storage tanks that were also used for rainwater collection than those that were not. HPC and TC counts in tanks that collect rainwater were twice those of tanks that do not, while E. coli and enterococci counts in tanks that also collect rainwater were three times those of tanks that do not collect rainwater. The most significant change (p < 0.001) in E. coli concentration occurred after 15 days of storage. Cleaning of tanks caused significant reduction of TC counts (p = 0.013), E. coli (p < 0.001), HPC (p < 0.001) and enterococci (p = 0.001). Hence, prolonged storage of water causes significant deterioration of water quality.

scholarly journals The effect of container-biofilm on the microbiological quality of water used from plastic household containers

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Jagals ◽  
C. Jagals ◽  
T. C. Bokako
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Storage Containers

Studies in Southern Africa have shown that even when microbiologically safe water is supplied to developing communities at communal standpipes, contamination by high numbers of pathogenic microorganisms may occur during the processes of fetching water from the supply source and storage during use at home, rendering such waters unsafe for human consumption. This study investigated the occurrence of biofilm in PVC storage containers as one possible reason for this deterioration, using heterotrophic bacteria and total coliform counts as well as turbidity as indicators. A second objective was to determine whether biofilm in water-storage containers could contribute to hazardous microbiological contamination indicated by Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. Results indicated that increased microbiological contamination is associated with biofilm. The biofilm harbours heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms and C. perfringens. E. coli could not be associated directly with the levels of biofilm in containers but rather appears to be introduced intermittently from the ambient domestic environment. When dislodged with the biofilm, these bacteria contributed substantially to the deterioration of the microbiological quality of supplied water stored in plastic containers.

scholarly journals Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of the Aqueous Root Extract of Triclisia dictyophylla

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Anslem O Ajugwo ◽  
Anthony C Ezimah ◽  
Francis M Awah ◽  
Philippe E Mounbegna ◽  
Celestine C Azikiwe
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Active Components ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Aqueous Root Extract

Triclisia dictyophylla have been used traditionally for the treatment of different ailments. The root was therefore subjected to phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial/antifungal activity against some hospital-strain disease causing microorganisms. Standard methods were used for the phytochemical screening. The extract was subjected to antimicrobial/antifungal activity using Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The sensitivity pattern was compared to that of ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and ofloxacin. Phytochemical analysis revealed mostly alkaloids and protein while tannins, glycoside and saponin were revealed in trace (+) amounts. The extract showed a good antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sputum and on E. coli from both urine and sputum with no antifungal activity. The extract contains active components which could be harnessed for formulation of antibiotics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i1.7846   Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 4(2013) 15-20  

scholarly journals Microbial Quality of Well Water in Upland and Riverine Communities of Rivers State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Nwankwo ◽  
M. Julie, Ovunda
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Well Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fungal Organisms ◽  
Rivers State

In this study, health risk assessment of well water from twelve communities grouped into upland and riverine in Rivers State was carried out in several categories such as uses of water, skin infections and health assessment via questionnaire distribution. Malaria was recorded to be the most common disease related to water. Furthermore, water samples were collected and analysed for physiochemical, biochemical and pathological characteristics. The average pH was 7.52, an indication of neutrality. Several species of bacterial and fungal organisms were isolated and identified. The total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), total fungal and total coliform counts ranged from 14.0x104cfu/ml to 100.0x104cfu/ml, 3.2x103cfu/ml to 7.4x103cfu/ml and 4 cfu/100 ml to ≥2400 cfu/100 ml respectively. Morphological and biochemical observations revealed the presence of the following organisms: Aeromonas sp., Alcaligenes sp., Bacillus sp. Citrobacter sp. E. coli, Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella sp., Micrococcus sp., Proteus sp., Salmonella sp., Sarcina sp., Shigella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Vibrio sp. Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. had the least percentage incidence of 8.3% while Vibrio sp had the most incidence of 100% in all the well water sampled. Well water is a source of pathogenic bacteria; hence, it is recommended that consistent water quality studies should be conducted on all the well water in the communities at least once in a year. Well water should also be treated before use to avoid the outbreak of water borne diseases.

scholarly journals SKRINING SENYAWA FITOKIMIA RUMPUT LAUT Sargassum sp. DAN AKTIVITASNYA SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus dan Eschericia coli (Phytochemical Compound Screening of Sargassum sp. and It’s Activity as Antibacterial Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli)

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indria Eka Pangestuti ◽  
Sumardianto Sumardianto ◽  
Ulfah Amalia
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Seaweed Extract ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Research Results ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Compound ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRAKBakteri S. aureus dan E. coli merupakan bakteri patogen yang sering menjadi masalah pada produk makanan terutama pada produk perikanan, sehingga diperlukan senyawa antibakteri yang efektif untuk menghambat pertumbuhannya. Rumput laut Sargassum sp. memiliki senyawa bioaktif yang dapat berfungsi sebagai senyawa antibakteri, seperti flavonoid, saponin, tannin, dan fenol. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia pada ekstrak rumput laut Sargassum sp. dan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan konsentrasi terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus dan E. coli. metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah eksperimental laboratoris dengan menggunakan model Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Parameter pengujian yang dilakukan adalah uji fitokimia kuantitatif ekstrak rumput laut Sargassum sp. dan zona hambat ekstrak rumput laut Sargassum sp. menggunakan metode difusi sumur dengan penambahan konsentrasi 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% dan dilakukan 3 kali ulangan. Data hasil uji zona hambat dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA (Analysis Of Varians) dan Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ). Hasil uji fitokimia kuantitatif ekstrak rumput laut terbaik diperoleh pada senyawa saponin yaitu sebesar 3,50±0,06 % sedangkan hasil terendah yaitu fenol 0,09±0,05 %. Hasil penelitian zona hambat menggunakan metode difusi sumur menghasilkan diameter pada bakteri S. aureus berkisar 1,527±0,326 mm sampai 6,323±0,27 mm, sedangkan diameter pada bakteri E.coli berkisar 0±0 mm sampai 3,58±0,33 mm. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, penambahan konsentrasi ekstrak rumput laut Sargassum sp. memberikan pengaruh terhadap diameter zona hambat bakteri S. aureus dan E. coli.Kata kunci: Rumput Laut Sargassum sp., Fitokimia, Antibakteri, Staphylococcus aureus, dan Eschericia coliABSTRACTS. aureus and E. coli bacteria is a pathogenic bacteria that often cause problems in food products especially in fishery products, so that an effective antibacterial compound is needed to inhibit their growth. Sargassum sp. seaweed has a bioactive compound that can be functioned as antibacterial compound, such as flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and phenol. The aim of this research was to know the phytochemical content in Sargassum sp. seaweed extract and to know the effect of concentration added to the S. aureus and E. coli bacteria growth. This research was using experimental laboratories method with Completely Randomized research Design (CRD). The conducted testing parameter were Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis and Inhibition Zone on Sargassum sp. seaweed extract using diffusion well method with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% added concentration for triplicates. The inhibition zone’s data were analyzed using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and Honestly SignificaNt Difference (HSD). The best quantitative phytochemical results of seaweed extract was found in the saponin compound which was 3,50 ± 0,06 %while the lowest was found in phenol which was 0,09±0.05 %. The inhibition zone research results using diffusion well method resulted on the S. aureus bacteria’s diameter which was about 1,527±0,326 mm until 6,323 ± 0,27 mm, while E.coli bacteria has about 0±0 mm until 3,58±0,33 mm diameter. Based on the research results above, the concentration addition of Sargassum sp. seaweed extract gave effect to the inhibition zone’s diameter of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria.Keywords: Sargassum sp. Seaweed, Phytochemical, Antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, and Eschericia coli

scholarly journals Microbiological Quality of Local Market Vended Freshly Squeezed Fruit Juices in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Shakir Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Tania Nasreen ◽  
Badrunnessa Feroza ◽  
Sahana Parveen
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
E Coli

Freshly squeezed or freshly prepared fruit juices sold by local market vendors in Dhaka city were analyzed for the microbiological quality. Total viable bacterial counts, fungal counts, total coliform, faecal coliform and the presence of pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Streptococcus were analyzed by standard methods. The total viable count of samples ranged from 3.00×102 to 9.60×108 and fungal counts ranged from 1.00×102 to 8.05×104. Out of 114 freshly prepared fruit juices samples collected 113 samples (99%) showed the presence of coliform and E. coli. The other bacteria like B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Streptococcus were found in 64.91%, 6.14%, 7.89% and (5.26%) of the tested samples. The number and type of microorganisms recovered from the freshly squeezed fruit juices made them unsafe for drinking. It was concluded that due to unhygienic fruit handling in the unsanitary environmental conditions under which the vendors operate the juices become contaminated with harmful bacteria. The results of this study demonstrate the unhygienic quality of popular types of market vended freshly squeezed fruit juices and their risk to the consumers. Key Words: Fruit juices; Microorganisms; Contamination; E. coli; Microbiological quality standards.   DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i4.4591 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(4), 421-424, 2009

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