scholarly journals Effects of metric hierarchy and rhyme predictability on word duration in The Cat in the Hat

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Breen
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Interval Duration ◽  
Frequency Word ◽  
Children's Book ◽  
Work Factors ◽  
Word Duration ◽  
Improved Model

Word durations convey many types of linguistic information, including intrinsic lexical features like length and frequency and contextual features like syntactic and semantic structure. The current study was designed to investigate whether hierarchical metric structure and rhyme predictability account for durational variation over and above other features in productions of a rhyming, metrically-regular children's book: The Cat in the Hat (Dr. Seuss, 1957). One-syllable word durations and inter-onset intervals were modeled as functions of segment number, lexical frequency, word class, syntactic structure, repetition, and font emphasis. Consistent with prior work, factors predicting longer word durations and inter-onset intervals included more phonemes, lower frequency, first mention, alignment with a syntactic boundary, and capitalization. A model parameter corresponding to metric grid height improved model fit of word durations and inter-onset intervals. Specifically, speakers realized five levels of metric hierarchy with inter-onset intervals such that interval duration increased linearly with increased height in the metric hierarchy. Conversely, speakers realized only three levels of metric hierarchy with word duration, demonstrating that they shortened the highly predictable rhyme resolutions. These results further understanding of the factors that affect spoken word duration, and demonstrate the myriad cues that children receive about linguistic structure from nursery rhymes.

scholarly journals Conceptual Sentiment Analysis Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kranti Vithal Ghag ◽  
Ketan Shah
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Inverse Document Frequency ◽  
Document Frequency ◽  
Improve Accuracy

<span>Bag-of-words approach is popularly used for Sentiment analysis. It maps the terms in the reviews to term-document vectors and thus disrupts the syntactic structure of sentences in the reviews. Association among the terms or the semantic structure of sentences is also not preserved. This research work focuses on classifying the sentiments by considering the syntactic and semantic structure of the sentences in the review. To improve accuracy, sentiment classifiers based on relative frequency, average frequency and term frequency inverse document frequency were proposed. To handle terms with apostrophe, preprocessing techniques were extended. To focus on opinionated contents, subjectivity extraction was performed at phrase level. Experiments were performed on Pang &amp; Lees, Kaggle’s and UCI’s dataset. Classifiers were also evaluated on the UCI’s Product and Restaurant dataset. Sentiment Classification accuracy improved from 67.9% for a comparable term weighing technique, DeltaTFIDF, up to 77.2% for proposed classifiers. Inception of the proposed concept based approach, subjectivity extraction and extensions to preprocessing techniques, improved the accuracy to 93.9%.</span>

scholarly journals Apathy, but not depression, predicts all-cause dementia in cerebral small vessel disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 953-959
Author(s):  
Jonathan Tay ◽  
Robin G Morris ◽  
Anil M Tuladhar ◽  
Masud Husain ◽  
Frank-Erik de Leeuw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Prodromal Symptom ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
Prospective Cohort Studies ◽  
Improved Model

ObjectiveTo determine whether apathy or depression predicts all-cause dementia in small vessel disease (SVD) patients.MethodsAnalyses used two prospective cohort studies of SVD: St. George’s Cognition and Neuroimaging in Stroke (SCANS; n=121) and Radboud University Nijmegen Diffusion Tensor and Magnetic Resonance Cohort (RUN DMC; n=352). Multivariate Cox regressions were used to predict dementia using baseline apathy and depression scores in both datasets. Change in apathy and depression was used to predict dementia in a subset of 104 participants with longitudinal data from SCANS. All models were controlled for age, education and cognitive function.ResultsBaseline apathy scores predicted dementia in SCANS (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.11, p=0.024) and RUN DMC (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09, p=0.007). Increasing apathy was associated with dementia in SCANS (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.17, p=0.017). In contrast, baseline depression and change in depression did not predict dementia in either dataset. Including apathy in predictive models of dementia improved model fit.ConclusionsApathy, but not depression, may be a prodromal symptom of dementia in SVD, and may be useful in identifying at-risk individuals.

Cosinor Analysis for Temperature Time Series Data of Long Duration

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil S. Padhye ◽  
Sandra K. Hanneman
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Cosinor Analysis ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Data Length ◽  
Cosinor Models

The application of cosinor models to long time series requires special attention. With increasing length of the time series, the presence of noise and drifts in rhythm parameters from cycle to cycle lead to rapid deterioration of cosinor models. The sensitivity of amplitude and model-fit to the data length is demonstrated for body temperature data from ambulatory menstrual cycling and menopausal women and from ambulatory male swine. It follows that amplitude comparisons between studies cannot be made independent of consideration of the data length. Cosinor analysis may be carried out on serial-sections of the series for improved model-fit and for tracking changes in rhythm parameters. Noise and drift reduction can also be achieved by folding the series onto a single cycle, which leads to substantial gains in the model-fit but lowers the amplitude. Central values of model parameters are negligibly changed by consideration of the autoregressive nature of residuals.

scholarly journals Syntactic and Semantic Modulation of Neural Activity during Auditory Sentence Comprehension

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Humphries ◽  
Jeffrey R. Binder ◽  
David A. Medler ◽  
Einat Liebenthal
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Word Lists

In previous functional neuroimaging studies, left anterior temporal and temporal-parietal areas responded more strongly to sentences than to randomly ordered lists of words. The smaller response for word lists could be explained by either (1) less activation of syntactic processes due to the absence of syntactic structure in the random word lists or (2) less activation of semantic processes resulting from failure to combine the content words into a global meaning. To test these two explanations, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which word order and combinatorial word meaning were independently manipulated during auditory comprehension. Subjects heard six different stimuli: normal sentences, semantically incongruent sentences in which content words were randomly replaced with other content words, pseudoword sentences, and versions of these three sentence types in which word order was randomized to remove syntactic structure. Effects of syntactic structure (greater activation to sentences than to word lists) were observed in the left anterior superior temporal sulcus and left angular gyrus. Semantic effects (greater activation to semantically congruent stimuli than either incongruent or pseudoword stimuli) were seen in widespread, bilateral temporal lobe areas and the angular gyrus. Of the two regions that responded to syntactic structure, the angular gyrus showed a greater response to semantic structure, suggesting that reduced activation for word lists in this area is related to a disruption in semantic processing. The anterior temporal lobe, on the other hand, was relatively insensitive to manipulations of semantic structure, suggesting that syntactic information plays a greater role in driving activation in this area.

scholarly journals Improved unit hydrograph characterisation of the daily flow regime (including low flows) for the River Teifi, Wales: towards better rainfall-streamflow models for regionalisation

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 899-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.G. Littlewood
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Temperature Modulation ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Unit Hydrograph ◽  
New Model ◽  
Low Flows ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Pure Time Delay

Abstract. An established rainfall-streamflow modelling methodology employing a six-parameter unit hydrograph-based rainfall-runoff model structure is developed further to give an improved model-fit to daily flows for the River Teifi at Glan Teifi. It is shown that a previous model of this type for the Teifi, which (a) accounted for 85% of the variance in observed streamflow, (b) incorporated a pure time delay of one day and (c) was calibrated using a trade-off between two model-fit statistics (as recommended in the original methodology), systematically over-estimates low flows. Using that model as a starting point the combined application of a non-integer pure time delay and further adjustment of a temperature modulation parameter in the loss module, using the flow duration curve as an additional model-fit criterion, gives a much improved model-fit to low flows, while leaving the already good model-fit to higher flows essentially unchanged. The further adjustment of the temperature modulation loss module parameter in this way is much more effective at improving model-fit to low flows than the introduction of the non-integer pure time delay. The new model for the Teifi accounts for 88% of the variance in observed streamflow and performs well over the 5 percentile to 95 percentile range of flows. Issues concerning the utility and efficacy of the new model selection procedure are discussed in the context of hydrological studies, including regionalisation. Keywords: unit hydrographs, rainfall-runoff modelling, low flows, regionalisation.

Performance of Adult Aphasics on a Sentence Evaluation and Revision Task

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-560
Author(s):  
Lynn S. Bliss ◽  
Arthur M. Guilford ◽  
Ronald S. Tikofsky
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Revision Error ◽  
Grammatical Structures ◽  
A Performance

Adult aphasics completed a sentence evaluation and revision task to test some aspects of their linguistic competence. Grammatical and ungrammatical sentences served as the stimuli. Ungrammatical sentences were characterized by violations of syntactic or semantic structure, or both. Aphasics evaluated correctly the grammatically of most stimulus sentences. Incorrect evaluations were associated with sentences characterized by violations of syntactic structure. Aphasics' revisions of sentences that they judged to be ungrammatical were in the direction of appropriate grammatical structures. Omission of morphological endings was the most frequent sentence revision error. Aphasics' errors on both tasks could be accounted for by performance deficits such as inattentiveness to syntactic detail, auditory perceptual impairments, and inefficient lexical retrieval. These findings lend support to the argument that aphasia is best characterized as a performance rather than competence disruption.

scholarly journals DISAPPEARING PARTICIPANTS IN THE KHMER SENTENCE: SEMANTIC INCORPORATION, EXCORPORATION, ZERO ANAPHORA

2020 ◽  
pp. 281-293
Author(s):  
T. G. Pogibenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Zero Anaphora ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Structure Language

The paper deals with representation of obligatory participants of a situation described by the verb which do not get a syntactic role in the syntactic structure of a Khmer sentence, i. e. incorporation in the verb semantic structure, excorporation into a lexical complex, deictic zero, zero anaphors. Special attention is paid to the role of lexical complex, which is a unique resource of the Khmer language, and its use for implicit and explicit representation of the participants of the situation described. An issue of a particular interest is participants’ representation as a component of a lexical complex, rather than a component of the sentence syntactic structure. Language data of Modern Khmer, Middle Khmer, and Old Khmer is used to show that this mode of representation has been used throughout the whole period of the evolution of Khmer beginning with the Old Khmer inscriptions. An attempt is made to reveal the functional character of the phenomenon discussed. It is maintained that this strategy is used for semantic derivation, for a more detailed conceptualization of the situation described, as well as for word polysemy elimination in the text. Examples are cited where lexical complexes with incorporated participants are used to make up for the inherent semantic emptiness of predicates of evaluation. In case of participants incorporated in deictic verbs, the deictic zero in Khmer may refer to participants other than “observer”. Specific features of zero anaphora in Khmer are also mentioned.

scholarly journals Quantifying status and trends from monitoring surveys: application to Pygmy Whitefish (Prosopium coulterii) in Lake Superior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S. van der Lee ◽  
Mark R. Vinson ◽  
Marten A. Koops
Keyword(s):  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Biomass Density ◽  
The Status ◽  
Random Structures ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
The Impact

Population assessments of fish species often rely on data from surveys with different objectives such as measuring biodiversity or community dynamics. These surveys often contain spatial-temporal dependencies that can greatly influence conclusions drawn from analyses. Pygmy whitefish (PWF, Prosopium coulterii) populations in Lake Superior were recently assessed as Threatened by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Species in Canada which motivated a thorough analysis of available data to improve our understanding of its population status. The U.S. Geological Survey conducts annual bottom trawl surveys in Lake Superior that commonly captures PWF. We used these data (1989-2018) to model temporal trends in PWF biomass-density and make lake-wide population projections. We used a Bayesian approach, Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA), and compared the impact of including different random structures on model fit. Inclusion of spatial structure improved model fit and conclusions differed from models omitting random effects. PWF populations have experienced periodic fluctuations in biomass-density since 1989, though 2018 may represent the lowest density in the 30-year time series. Lake-wide biomass was estimated to be 71.5t.

Priming semantic structure in Brazilian Portuguese

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayden Ziegler ◽  
Rodrigo Morato ◽  
Jesse Snedeker
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Structural Priming ◽  
Locative Alternation ◽  
Change Of State

Structural priming, the tendency for speakers to reuse previously encountered sentence structures, provides some of the strongest evidence for the existence of abstract structural representations in language. In the present research, we investigate the priming of semantic structure in Brazilian Portuguese using the locative alternation: A menina lustrou a mesa com o verniz “The girl rubbed the table with the polish” vs. A menina lustrou o verniz na mesa “The girl rubbed the polish on the table.” On the surface, both locative variants have the same syntactic structure: NP-V-NP-PP. However, location-theme locatives (“rub table with polish” describe a caused-change-of-state event, while theme-location locatives (“rub polish on table”) describe a caused-change-of-location event. We find robust priming on the basis of these semantic differences. This work extends our knowledge by demonstrating that semantic structural priming is not isolated to languages like English (e.g., satellite-framed with strict word order and limited inflection) but is present in a language with very different typological characteristics (e.g., verb-framed and richly inflected with subject dropping).

Meaning and semantic composition

2019 ◽  
pp. 276-321
Author(s):  
Mary Dalrymple ◽  
John J. Lowe ◽  
Louise Mycock
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Linear Logic ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Semantic Composition ◽  
Tense And Aspect

This chapter explores the theory of the relation between syntax and meaning, examining how the meaning of an utterance is determined on the basis of its syntactic structure. The existence of a separate level of semantic structure or s-structure, related to the f-structure by a correspondence function is assumed. Some previous LFG approaches to semantics and the syntax-semantics interface are briefly reviewed before an introduction to the glue approach to semantic composition (Section 8.5). This approach, which is adopted in the rest of the book, provides a firm theoretical foundation for the discussions and analyses that are presented. The properties of thefragment of linear logic that are used in this book are introduced in Section 8.7. A detailed account of the semantics of quantification within the glue approach is provided in Section 8.8. The representation of semantic features is discussed in Section 8.9, and how to represent tense and aspect inSection 8.10.

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