scholarly journals I enjoy hurting my classmates: On the relation of boredom and sadism in schools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Pfattheicher ◽  
Ljiljana B. Lazarević ◽  
Yngwie Asbjørn Nielsen ◽  
Erin Corwin Westgate ◽  
Ksenija Krstić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
School Context ◽  
Total N ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Peer Reports

Schools can be a place of both love and of cruelty. We examine one particular type of cruelty that occurs in the school context: sadism, that is, harming others for pleasure. Primarily, we propose and test whether boredom plays a crucial role in the emergence of sadistic actions at school. In two well-powered studies (total N = 1,038) using both self- and peer-reports, we first document that sadistic behavior occurs at school, although at a low level. We further show that those students who are more often bored at school are more likely to engage in sadistic actions. Overall, the present work contributes to a better understanding of sadism in schools and points to boredom as one potential motivator. We discuss implications for research on sadism and boredom, in the school context and beyond.

Artificial Intelligence and Persuasion: A Construal-Level Account

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae Woo Kim ◽  
Adam Duhachek
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Construal Level Theory ◽  
Construal Level ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Artificial Agent ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Total N ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Do So

Although more individuals are relying on information provided by nonhuman agents, such as artificial intelligence and robots, little research has examined how persuasion attempts made by nonhuman agents might differ from persuasion attempts made by human agents. Drawing on construal-level theory, we posited that individuals would perceive artificial agents at a low level of construal because of the agents’ lack of autonomous goals and intentions, which directs individuals’ focus toward how these agents implement actions to serve humans rather than why they do so. Across multiple studies (total N = 1,668), we showed that these construal-based differences affect compliance with persuasive messages made by artificial agents. These messages are more appropriate and effective when the message represents low-level as opposed to high-level construal features. These effects were moderated by the extent to which an artificial agent could independently learn from its environment, given that learning defies people’s lay theories about artificial agents.

scholarly journals Pemphigus vulgaris and laser therapy: Crucial role of dentists

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verica Pavlic ◽  
Vesna Vujic-Aleksic ◽  
Nina Zubovic ◽  
Valentina Veselinovic
Keyword(s):  
Laser Therapy ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Pemphigus Vulgaris ◽  
Low Level Laser Therapy ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Adjunctive Treatment ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Low Level Laser ◽  
Level Laser

Introduction. Pemphigus vulgaris is a relatively rare, chronic, autoimmune vesiculobullous disorder characterized by formation of intraepithelial vesiculae and/or bullae in the skin and mucous membrane. Systemic steroids are considered to be the standard first-line therapy for pemphigus vulgaris. However, for patients unresponsive to standard therapy, the new treatment modalities are being sought. Low-level laser therapy has been accepted as an alternative or adjunctive treatment modality for many conditions in medicine and dentistry. Therefore, this study was aimed at presenting the effects of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and to emphasize the crucial role of dentists in early recognition and diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris. Material and Methods. The articles published until May 2013 were obtained from the Medline/PubMed online database, using following search terms and key words: ?laser therapy? and ?pemphigus vulgaris?, ?low-level laser irradiation? and ?pemphigus vulgaris?, ?lasers? and ?pemphigus vulgaris? and ?pemphigus vulgaris?. Results. Low-level laser therapy could result in immediate and significant analgesia and improved wound healing within the observation period and follow-up. Furthermore, a decrease in patients? discomfort as well as the absence of recurrence of the pemphigus vulgaris lesions has been claimed. Conclusion. Even though available literature suggests that low-level laser therapy can be efficiently used in treatment of oral pemphigus vulgaris, either independently or as a part of combined therapy approach, these results should be interpreted with caution since there are no solid evidence-based proofs to provide the guidelines for the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with low-level laser therapy. Therefore, further long-term randomized controlled clinical studies are necessary in order to give any solid recommendations on the use of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris.

scholarly journals Sadism and Aggressive Behavior: Inflicting Pain to Feel Pleasure

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1252-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Chester ◽  
C. Nathan DeWall ◽  
Brian Enjaian
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Total N ◽  
Potent Predictor

Sadism is a “dark” trait that involves the experience of pleasure from others’ pain, yet much is unknown about its link to aggression. Across eight studies (total N = 2,255), sadism predicted greater aggression against both innocent targets and provocateurs. These associations occurred above-and-beyond general aggressiveness, impulsivity, and other “dark” traits. Sadism was associated with greater positive affect during aggression, which accounted for much of the variance in the sadism–aggression link. This aggressive pleasure was contingent on sadists’ perceptions that their target suffered due to their aggressive act. After aggression, sadism was associated with increases in negative affect. Sadism thus appears to be a potent predictor of aggression that is motivated by the pleasure of causing pain. Such sadistic aggression ultimately backfires, resulting in greater negative affect. More generally, our results support the crucial role of anticipated and positive forms of affect in motivating aggression.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic factors of valuing autonomous and conformist educational styles in Serbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-73
Author(s):  
Zoran Pavlovic
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Total N ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Analysis of preference of educational styles is highly relevant, since it points out both to the more general underlying value orientations and the expected or desired effects of socialization process. This paper deals with the level of acceptance and factors of valuing the autonomous and conformist educational styles among Serbian citizens, operationalised through estimation of importance of qualities that children should learn at home. Based on the three waves of World Values Survey, the analysis of data from Serbia was performed in longitudinal perspective in the period from 1996 to 2006 (total N=3700), as well as in comparative perspective, when the data obtained in Serbia were compared with the data collected in the European countries that participated in the last, fifth wave of World Values Survey (total N=23941). The results indicate that, in the observed period, on the average two thirds of citizens (64%) are characterized by preference of autonomous educational style, while respondents' education and population size of settlement figure as the most important factors of preference. However, according to the level of acceptance of autonomy, Serbia is placed 16th out of 21 analyzed European countries, and therefore, in comparative perspective, valuing of autonomy in the country is on a relatively low level. The results imply that by a non-selective encouragement of autonomy in all students, by cooperation with parents or a more general promotion of knowledge, school may play an important role in this process.

scholarly journals Sadism and Aggressive Behavior: Inflicting Pain to Feel Pleasure

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Skylan Chester ◽  
C. Nathan DeWall ◽  
Brian Enjaiain
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Total N ◽  
Potent Predictor

Sadism is a ‘dark’ trait that involves the experience of pleasure from others’ pain, yet much is unknown about its link to aggression. Across eight studies (total N=2,255), sadism predicted greater aggression against both innocent targets and provocateurs. These associations occurred above-and-beyond general aggressiveness, impulsivity, and other ‘dark’ traits. Sadism was associated with greater positive affect during aggression, which accounted for much of the variance in the sadism-aggression link. This aggressive pleasure was contingent on sadists’ perceptions that their target suffered due to their aggressive act. After aggression, sadism was associated with increases in negative affect. Sadism thus appears to be a potent predictor of aggression that is motivated by the pleasure of causing pain. Such sadistic aggression ultimately backfires, resulting in greater negative affect. More generally, our results support the crucial role of anticipated and positive forms of affect in motivating aggression.

scholarly journals Low-level sensory processes play a more crucial role than high-level cognitive ones in the size-weight illusion

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. e0222564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody G. Freeman ◽  
Elizabeth J. Saccone ◽  
Philippe A. Chouinard
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Weight Illusion ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sensory Processes

Mathematical Thinking in Differential Equations Among Pre-Service Teachers

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Zeynivandnezhad ◽  
Zaleha Ismail ◽  
Yudariah Mohammad Yosuf
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Mathematics Education ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Mathematical Thinking ◽  
Conceptual Learning ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Faculty Of Education

Pre-service teachers should be equipped with mathematical thinking. Mathematical thinking is one of the most critical aims of the mathematics education has an extremely crucial role for enhancing then conceptual learning. Mathematical thinking is a process that enables students to expand the for the complexities of their ideas. This article describes mathematical thinking in differential equations among pre-service teachers. The study was carried out in the Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. A set of items was designed to test mathematical thinking level. The instrument was developed based on Mason's framework of mathematical thinking. Test items measure mathematical thinking namely, specializing, generalizing, conjecturing, and convincing. Descriptive statistics was applied for data analysis. The result indicated that students' mathematical thinking is in the low level mostly specializing. The implications of this research will lead to some recommendations and approaches to enhance mathematical thinking.

Mental representation of economic crisis in Italian and Swiss samples 1The authors would like to thank Maurizio Mistri for his help in the construction of items. This research was supported by a grant from the Italian Murst (ex 40%).

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Savadori ◽  
Eraldo Nicotra ◽  
Rino Rumiati ◽  
Roberto Tamborini
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
National Context ◽  
Cluster Procedure ◽  
Total N ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Important Symptom

The content and structure of mental representation of economic crises were studied and the flexibility of the structure in different social contexts was tested. Italian and Swiss samples (Total N = 98) were compared with respect to their judgments as to how a series of concrete examples of events representing abstract indicators were relevant symptoms of economic crisis. Mental representations were derived using a cluster procedure. Results showed that the relevance of the indicators varied as a function of national context. The growth of unemployment was judged to be by far the most important symptom of an economic crisis but the Swiss sample judged bankruptcies as more symptomatic than Italians who considered inflation, raw material prices and external accounts to be more relevant. A different clustering structure was found for the two samples: the locations of unemployment and gross domestic production indicators were the main differences in representations.

Tryptophan-Niacin Metabolism in Rat with Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Nephrosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukari Egashira ◽  
Shin Nagaki ◽  
Hiroo Sanada
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Puromycin Aminonucleoside ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Key Enzyme

We investigated the change of tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside PAN-induced nephrosis, the mechanisms responsible for their change of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, and the role of the kidney in tryptophan-niacin conversion. PAN-treated rats were intraperitoneally injected once with a 1.0% (w/v) solution of PAN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The collection of 24-hour urine was conducted 8 days after PAN injection. Daily urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, liver and blood NAD, and key enzyme activities of tryptophan-niacin metabolism were determined. In PAN-treated rats, the sum of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites was significantly lower compared with controls. The kidneyα-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) activity in the PAN-treated group was significantly decreased by 50%, compared with the control group. Although kidney ACMSD activity was reduced, the conversion of tryptophan to niacin tended to be lower in the PAN-treated rats. A decrease in urinary excretion of niacin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin in nephrotic rats may contribute to a low level of blood tryptophan. The role of kidney ACMSD activity may be minimal concerning tryptophan-niacin conversion under this experimental condition.

The Conceptualization and Measurement of Job Crafting

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Wolfgang Lichtenthaler ◽  
Andrea Fischbach
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Work Engagement ◽  
Job Demands ◽  
Job Crafting ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Validity Study ◽  
German Version ◽  
Total N ◽  
Structure Reliability ◽  
German Speaking

Abstract. This research redefined the job demands–resources (JD-R) job crafting model ( Tims & Bakker, 2010 ) to resolve theoretical and empirical inconsistencies regarding the crafting of job demands and developed a German version of the Job Crafting Scale (JCS; Tims, Bakker, & Derks, 2012 ) in two separate studies (total N = 512). In Study 1 the German version of the JCS was developed and tested for its factor structure, reliability, and construct validity. Study 2 dealt with the validity of our redefined JD-R job crafting model. The results show that, like the original version, the German version comprises four job crafting types, and the German version of the JCS is a valid and reliable generic measure that can be used for future research with German-speaking samples. Evidence for the redefined JD-R job crafting model was based on findings relating job crafting to work engagement and emotional exhaustion.

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