Personality Genetics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Derringer
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Behavior Genetics ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Genetic Sequence ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Causal Pathway

Although correlations between personality and health are consistently observed, often the causal pathway, or even the direction of effect, is unknown. Genes provide an additional node of information which may be included to help clarify the relationship between personality and health. Genetically informative studies, whether focused on family-identified relationships or specific genotypes, provide clear benefits to disentangling causal processes. Genetic measures approach near universal reliability and validity: processes of inheritance are consistent across cultures, geography, and time, such that similar models and instruments may be applied to incredibly diverse populations. Although frequency and intercorrelations differ by ancestry background (Novembre et al., 2008) and cultural context (Tucker-Drob & Bates, 2016) may exert powerful moderating effects, fundamental form and function is consistent across all members of our species, and even many other species. Genetic sequence information is also of course highly temporally stable, and possesses temporal precedence. That is, the literal genetic sequence is lifetime-stable and comes before all other experiences. Human behavior genetic research, like most personality research, faces limitations in terms of causal inferences that may be made in the absence of experimental manipulation. But behavior genetics takes advantage of natural experiments: populations that differ in terms of genetic similarity (either inferred – such as twins – or measured – such as genotyping methods) to begin to unravel the complex influences on individual differences in personality and health outcomes.

Innovative m-car rental service quality in India

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejas R. Shah ◽  
Tejal T. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Stable Factor ◽  
Car Rental ◽  
Quality Dimensions ◽  
Service Quality Dimensions

Purpose The purpose of the study is to explore and analyze m-car rental service quality dimensions. Design/methodology/approach Exploratory factor analysis method is applied to explore the m-car rental service quality dimensions. Further, confirmatory factor analysis is done to prove the reliability and validity of the factors using AMOS 22.0. Findings The results reveal the m-car rental service quality dimensions: ambient quality, technical quality, comfort, safety and employee service, mobile convenience, mobile responsiveness, mobile efficiency and reliability and mobile safety and billing. Research limitations/implications The explored dimensions of car rental services are in Indian environment. So, these dimensions can be further validated in other similar cultural context. Practical implications The proposed measurements can also be applied to measure and compare the service quality performance of car rental firms. Originality/value Current literature does not confirm the stable factor structure of m-car rental service quality. This study confirms the reliable and valid dimensions of care rental service through mobile app.

Behavior and Molecular Genetics of Personality Disorders

2012 ◽  
pp. 142-165
Author(s):  
Susan C. South ◽  
Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud ◽  
Nicholas R. Eaton ◽  
Robert F. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Behavior Genetics ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the behavior and molecular genetics of personality disorder. We begin with a thorough review of findings from the field of behavior genetics of personality pathology, including univariate twin studies, multivariate twin studies, and new models of gene–environment interplay. We then discuss the molecular genetics of personality pathology, including a consideration of candidate gene analysis, linkage analysis, and genome-wide association studies. We focus in particular on research concerning antisocial personality disorder (including antisociality and aggression), borderline personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, Cluster B and C personality disorders, and normal personality traits. We then provide a discussion of challenges and future directions with respect to behavior and molecular genetic research. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of the implications of this research for the forthcoming fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual.

scholarly journals The social and ecological costs of an ‘over-extended' phenotype

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1822) ◽  
pp. 20152359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyndon Alexander Jordan ◽  
Sean M. Maguire ◽  
Hans A. Hofmann ◽  
Masanori Kohda
Keyword(s):  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Extended Phenotype ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
The Social ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Social Policing ◽  
Ecological Cost

Extended phenotypes offer a unique opportunity to experimentally manipulate and identify sources of selection acting on traits under natural conditions. The social cichlid fish Neolamprologus multifasciatus builds nests by digging up aquatic snail shells, creating an extended sexual phenotype that is highly amenable to experimental manipulation through addition of extra shells. Here, we find sources of both positive sexual selection and opposing natural selection acting on this trait; augmenting shell nests increases access to mates, but also increases social aggression and predation risk. Increasing the attractiveness of one male also changed social interactions throughout the social network and altered the entire community structure. Manipulated males produced and received more displays from neighbouring females, who also joined augmented male territories at higher rates than unmanipulated groups. However, males in more attractive territories received more aggression from neighbouring males, potentially as a form of social policing. We also detected a significant ecological cost of the ‘over-extended' phenotype; heterospecific predators usurped augmented nests at higher rates, using them as breeding sites and displacing residents. Using these natural experiments, we find that both social and ecological interactions generate clear sources of selection mediating the expression of an extended phenotype in the wild.

Further reliability and validity studies of a procedure to assess the needs for care of the chronically mentally ill

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Van Haaster ◽  
A. D. Lesage ◽  
M. Cyr ◽  
J. Toupin
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Needs For Care ◽  
Severely Mentally Ill ◽  
Care Assessment ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Validity Studies

SynopsisThe Needs for Care Assessment Schedule (NFCAS; Brewin et al. 1987) is an itemized and systematic procedure that aims to evaluate the needs for care of long-term mentally ill patients. The present study pursues reliability and validity related issues with the NFCAS in a different cultural context applying the procedure to 98 severely mentally ill patients belonging to different patient groups: short-term, long-term, in-patient and out-patient.Inter-rater reliability was found to be excellent. The results suggest that a clinician with little practical experience and adequate training may effectively use the procedure. The assessment of clinical relevance suggested that the procedure is both applicable and pertinent to all the patients in the study. Additional guidelines were developed for its use with long-term in-patients.

Assessment and Implications of Social Avoidance in Chinese Early Adolescents

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biao Sang ◽  
Xuechen Ding ◽  
Robert J. Coplan ◽  
Junsheng Liu ◽  
Tingting Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Social Withdrawal ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Early Adolescents ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Peer Nominations

The goals of the present study were to (a) develop and validate a new self-report measure of social avoidance for use among early adolescents in mainland China and (b) explore the links between subtypes of social withdrawal (i.e., shyness, unsociability, and social avoidance) and indices of socio-emotional difficulties in this cultural context. Participants were 663 early adolescents (350 boys, 313 girls) attending elementary schools ([Formula: see text] = 10.25 years) and middle schools ([Formula: see text] = 12.53 years) in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. Measures of social withdrawal subtypes and adjustment were collected using multi-source assessments, including self-reports, peer nominations, and teacher ratings. The results provided evidence in support of the reliability and validity of the new scale of self-reported social avoidance. Shyness, unsociability, and social avoidance were also all uniquely associated with emotion dysregulation and self-reported internalizing problems. However, only social avoidance was uniquely associated with teacher-rated emotion symptoms and peer problems (as rated by both peers and teachers). Results are discussed in terms of the reasons why social avoidance may have particularly negative implications for early adolescents in China.

scholarly journals Two new scales in the field of couples and marriage counseling: The inclusion of other in the self scale and Turkish self-change in romantic relationships scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 01053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygu Dincer ◽  
Halil Eksi ◽  
Arthur Aron
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Research Process ◽  
The Self ◽  
Relational Self ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Third Stage

This study had two aims. One aim was to adapt the Inclusion of Other in the Self (IOS) Scale into the Turkish cultural context. The second aim was to develop the Turkish Self-Change in Romantic Relationships Scale (TSCRRS) based on the existing Relational Self-Change Scale. The research process for this study consisted of four stages. In the first stage, forward-backward translation of the IOS Scale was performed to determine bilingual equivalence. In the second stage, an item-pool was created to measure self-change in romantic relationships. In the third stage, data were collected to determine the reliability and validity of the TSCRRS (N = 426). In the fourth stage, new data were collected to determine the validity and reliability of the IOS Scale and the TSCRRS (N = 348). All of the participants were in a romantic relationship. The findings revealed that both the TSCRRS and the IOS Scale have good reliability and validity.

scholarly journals Natural Experiments: An Overview of Methods, Approaches, and Contributions to Public Health Intervention Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Craig ◽  
Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi ◽  
Alastair Leyland ◽  
Frank Popham
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Effect Estimation ◽  
Principal Method

Population health interventions are essential to reduce health inequalities and tackle other public health priorities, but they are not always amenable to experimental manipulation. Natural experiment (NE) approaches are attracting growing interest as a way of providing evidence in such circumstances. One key challenge in evaluating NEs is selective exposure to the intervention. Studies should be based on a clear theoretical understanding of the processes that determine exposure. Even if the observed effects are large and rapidly follow implementation, confidence in attributing these effects to the intervention can be improved by carefully considering alternative explanations. Causal inference can be strengthened by including additional design features alongside the principal method of effect estimation. NE studies often rely on existing (including routinely collected) data. Investment in such data sources and the infrastructure for linking exposure and outcome data is essential if the potential for such studies to inform decision making is to be realized.

The measurement structure of dispositional hope: Hierarchical and bifactor models

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-606
Author(s):  
Zhihua Li ◽  
Xiayun Yin ◽  
Huilin Yang ◽  
Jianxiang Tian
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Hope Theory ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Bifactor Models ◽  
Dispositional Hope ◽  
Wish Fulfillment

Hope is a higher-order cognitive construct relating to expectations of or beliefs in wish fulfillment, which has been conceptualized as consisting of 2 components: pathways thinking (the perceived means available to individuals that allow them to achieve their goals) and agency thinking (belief in one's ability to succeed in using the identified pathways). We aimed to clarify the measurement structure of the Chinese version of the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, using a sample of 751 university student participants. We employed confirmatory factor analysis to compare 1-factor, 2-factor, second-order, and bifactor models. The results showed that all models fit the measured data well. However, the bifactor model had the best fit indices, whereas the second-order model was the most consistent with the theoretical measurement model. To verify that hope theory and the corresponding instruments can be confidently applied to cross-cultural samples, it is necessary to further assess their reliability and validity in a Chinese cultural context through a measurement structure analysis.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Hoarding Rating Scale Interview in Urdu for Use in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1108-1111
Author(s):  
Fauzia Malik ◽  
Anila Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Total Scale Score ◽  
Translation Procedure

Background: Hoarding Rating Scale Interview (HRS-I) is a brief five item instrument to assess symptoms of hoarding in both clinical and non-clinical population. Aim: To adapt and validate HRS-I in Urdu language for its convenient use in Pakistan. Methods: Sample consisted of 112 adults from both clinical and a control group. The scale was translated in Urdu following standard translation procedure and data was collected to determine the psychometric properties of translated version. Reliability and validity estimates were established using different statistical analysis. Results: Cronbach alpha value (.82) suggested an acceptable level of internal consistency. Factor structure was found to be consistent with original English version of HRS-I and correlations were found to be high for like subscales than other subscales except for a positive but non-significant correlation between acquisition item of HRS-I and acquisition subscale of SI-R. Though it significantly correlated with total scale score on HRS-I. Conclusion: The results of the study provide evidence for preliminary acceptable psychometric properties of Urdu version of Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview and proves it to be a time efficient and promising tool to assess hoarding in cultural context of Pakistan. MeSH words: HRS-I, Validation study, Assessment of Hoarding, Cultural adaptation

scholarly journals A critical view of female aggression and the implications of gender, culture and a changing society: A Cook Islands perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-217
Author(s):  
Angela Page ◽  
Aue Te Ava
Keyword(s):  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Female Aggression ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Cook Islands ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Abstract The form and function of female aggression have been for many years an important social issue that demands investigation. Many studies of female aggression have focused on the perpetration and victimization of girls and young women from western countries. As a result, existing theoretical models and empirical foundations of girls' aggression are based on these defining constructs. The purpose of this article is twofold. The present study of adolescent females in the Cook Islands seeks to understand the role that perpetrators play in the type and the target of aggressive behaviour. It also examines the qualitative findings of girls' aggressive behaviour by boys, girls and their teachers and its gendered relationship inside the Cook Islands environment. The outcomes inspect the cultural context of girls in the Cook Islands that make their understanding and experiences of physical aggression and relational aggression unique and highlight the difficulties of young women positioned themselves between Cook Islands traditional values and asserting their contemporary Cook Islands' identity. The discussion highlights that aggression by girls in the Cook Islands is derived from a particular past and present that can in turn shape understandings of addressing aggression in the future.

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