scholarly journals Implicit and Explicit Influences of Religious Cognition on Dictator Game Transfers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. McCullough ◽  
Joseph Billingsley ◽  
Cristina Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Reliable Effect ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Does religious cognition motivate generosity toward strangers? Divergent results from recent meta-analyses and pre-registered replication efforts suggest the issue is not yet settled. Additional uncertainty lingers around whether (a) the effects of religious cognition on prosocial behaviour obtain through implicit cognitive processes, explicit cognitive processes, or both; (b) whether religious cognition might increase generosity only among religious people; and (c) whether religious cognition might increase generosity only among people otherwise disinclined to share with anonymous strangers. Here we report the results of two experiments designed to address these concerns. In Experiment 1 we sought to replicate the classic demonstration of the effect of implicit religious priming on Dictator Game transfers, but in an online environment that maximises anonymity. In Experiment 2, we gave subjects the option to take as well as to give money, allowing greater expression of baseline selfishness. In both experiments, we sought to activate religious cognition implicitly and explicitly, and we investigated the possibility that religious priming depends upon the extent to which subjects view God as a punishing, authoritarian figure. Bayesian statistical methods supported the null hypothesis that implicit religious priming did not increase Dictator Game transfers in either experiment, even among religious subjects. Collectively, the two experiments provided support for a small but reliable effect of explicit priming, though among religious subjects only. Neither experiment offered strong evidence to support the hypothesis that the effect of religious priming depends upon viewing God as a punishing figure. Finally, in a random-effects meta-analysis of relevant studies, we found that the overall effect of implicit religious priming on Dictator Game transfers was small and not statistically different from zero.

scholarly journals Implicit and explicit influences of religious cognition on Dictator Game transfers

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 170238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Billingsley ◽  
Cristina M. Gomes ◽  
Michael E. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Reliable Effect ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Does religion promote prosocial behaviour? Despite numerous publications that seem to answer this question affirmatively, divergent results from recent meta-analyses and pre-registered replication efforts suggest that the issue is not yet settled. Uncertainty lingers around (i) whether the effects of religious cognition on prosocial behaviour were obtained through implicit cognitive processes, explicit cognitive processes or both and (ii) whether religious cognition increases generosity only among people disinclined to share with anonymous strangers. Here, we report two experiments designed to address these concerns. In Experiment 1, we sought to replicate Shariff and Norenzayan's demonstration of the effects of implicit religious priming on Dictator Game transfers to anonymous strangers; unlike Shariff and Norenzayan, however, we used an online environment where anonymity was virtually assured. In Experiment 2, we introduced a ‘taking’ option to allow greater expression of baseline selfishness. In both experiments, we sought to activate religious cognition implicitly and explicitly, and we investigated the possibility that religious priming depends on the extent to which subjects view God as a punishing, authoritarian figure. Results indicated that in both experiments, religious subjects transferred more money on average than did non-religious subjects. Bayesian analyses supported the null hypothesis that implicit religious priming did not increase Dictator Game transfers in either experiment, even among religious subjects. Collectively, the two experiments furnished support for a small but reliable effect of explicit priming, though among religious subjects only. Neither experiment supported the hypothesis that the effect of religious priming depends on viewing God as a punishing figure. Finally, in a meta-analysis of relevant studies, we found that the overall effect of implicit religious priming on Dictator Game transfers was small and did not statistically differ from zero.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of opioid use at 3, 6 and 12 months post-operatively by opioid naïve orthopaedic surgery patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-529
Author(s):  
Karen-leigh Edward, PhD, BN, GDipPsychology ◽  
Beata Stanley, BPharm ◽  
Lisa Collins, PhD ◽  
Amanda Norman, BA ◽  
Yvonne Bonomo, MBBS, FRACP, PhD, FAChAM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Orthopedic Patients

Background and objective: There is evidence that opioid initiation post-surgery is contributing to the problem of chronic misuse and/or abuse of over the counter medications in the community, and that orthopedic patients may be particularly at risk. The aim of the systematic review with meta-analysis was to identify research that examined opioid use at 3, 6, and 12 months post-operatively by previously opioid naïve orthopedic surgery patients.Design, databases, and data treatment: A searched review with meta-analysis was undertaken. Eight databases were search. Meta-analyses conducted at all three time points (3 months, 6 months, and 12 months).Results: The search yielded 779 records, and after screening, 13 papers were included in meta-analysis. Results provide strong evidence that post-operative opioid use amongst the opioid naïve is a real effect (7 percent at 3 months, 4 percent at 6 months, and 2 percent at 12 months). A Z-test for overall effect revealed strong evidence that this proportion was nonzero for opioid use at 3, 6, and 12 months (p 0.001 for all time points). A small but significant proportion of opioid naïve patients who are prescribed opioids remain on these medications up to 12 months post-operatively.Conclusions: The nature of the studies included in the meta-analysis were varied, hence subanalyses regarding surgery type, characteristics of the patient group or other potential factors that might influence the progression to longer term opioid use after these surgeries could not be explored. Given this, further research in this area should explore such specific orthopedic subgroups.

The Impact of Vulnerability to and Severity of a Health Risk on Processing and Acceptance of Fear-Arousing Communications: A Meta-Analysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascha de Hoog ◽  
Wolfgang Stroebe ◽  
John B. F. de Wit
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Defensive Processing ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

This meta-analysis of studies of the persuasive impact of fear appeals evaluated the contribution of our stage model of the processing of fear-arousing communications relative to other fear appeal theories. In contrast to other theories, our stage model (a) specifies the cognitive processes underlying persuasion through fear-arousing communications, (b) proposes that threat-induced defensive processing does not interfere with the effectiveness of fear-arousing communications but actually contributes to it, and (c) predicts that vulnerability and severity manipulations have differential effects on measures of attitude as compared with intention and behavior. To evaluate these predictions, the authors expanded on previous meta-analyses by assessing the independent as well as joint effects of vulnerability to and severity of a risk, both on information processing and on measures of persuasion (attitude, intention, behavior). Overall, findings were consistent with the stage model. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders: evidence from coordinate-based meta-analyses of functional neuroimaging studies in human

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Klugah-Brown ◽  
Xin Di ◽  
Jana Zweerings ◽  
Klaus Mathiak ◽  
Benjamin Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Behavioral Alterations ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractDelineating common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders (SUD) is imperative to understand the neurobiological basis of the addictive process and to inform substance-specific treatment strategies. Given numerous functional MRI (fMRI) studies in different SUDs, meta-analysis could provide an opportunity to determine robust shared and substance-specific alterations. The present study employed a coordinate-based meta-analysis covering fMRI studies in individuals with addictive cocaine, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine use. The primary meta-analysis demonstrated common alterations in primary dorsal striatal, and frontal circuits engaged in reward/salience processing, habit formation, and executive control across different substances and task-paradigms. Subsequent sub-analyses revealed substance-specific alterations in frontal and limbic regions, with marked frontal and insula-thalamic alterations in alcohol and nicotine use disorders respectively. Finally, examining task-specific alterations across substances revealed pronounced frontal alterations during cognitive processes yet stronger striatal alterations during reward-related processes. Together the findings emphasize the role of dysregulations in striato-frontal circuits and dissociable contributions of these systems in the domains of reward-related and cognitive processes which may contribute to substance-specific behavioral alterations.

scholarly journals An fMRI Study Using a Combined Task of Interval Discrimination and Oddball Could Reveal Common Brain Circuits of Cognitive Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Sol Garcés ◽  
Irene Alústiza ◽  
Anton Albajes-Eizagirre ◽  
Javier Goena ◽  
Patricio Molero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Brain

Recent functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the brain networks responsible for time processing are involved during other cognitive processes, leading to a hypothesis that time-related processing is needed to perform a range of tasks across various cognitive functions. To examine this hypothesis, we analyze whether, in healthy subjects, the brain structures activated or deactivated during performance of timing and oddball-detection type tasks coincide. To this end, we conducted two independent signed differential mapping (SDM) meta-analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies assessing the cerebral generators of the responses elicited by tasks based on timing and oddball-detection paradigms. Finally, we undertook a multimodal meta-analysis to detect brain regions common to the findings of the two previous meta-analyses. We found that healthy subjects showed significant activation in cortical areas related to timing and salience networks. The patterns of activation and deactivation corresponding to each task type partially coincided. We hypothesize that there exists a time and change-detection network that serves as a common underlying resource used in a broad range of cognitive processes.

scholarly journals Automatic imitation does not predict levels of prosocial behaviour in a modified dictator game

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Michael Orquiola Galang ◽  
Sukhvinder S. Obhi
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Automatic Imitation ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Equivalence Tests ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours

Automatic imitation refers to the automatic tendency to imitate observed actions. Previous research on automatic imitation has linked it to a wide variety of social cognitive processes and functions, although the evidence is mixed and suggestive. However, no study to date has looked at the downstream behavioural effects of automatic imitation. The current research addresses this gap in the literature by exploring the possible relationship between trait-levels of automatic imitation, as measured by the automatic imitation task (AIT), and explicit prosocial behaviours, as measured by a modified dictator game (DG). Contrary to our expectations, AIT effects did not correlate with DG scores. This conclusion is supported by both equivalence tests and Bayesian analysis. However, we discuss a number of alternative explanations for our results, and caution against strong interpretations from a single study. We further discuss the implications of this finding in relation to the widespread notion that automatic imitation, and self-other control more generally, underlie social cognitive functions.

A Meta-Analysis of the 2004 Campaign Polls: An Analogy to Practice and Publication in Psychology

2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-856
Author(s):  
Raymond D. Collings ◽  
Leslie G. Eaton ◽  
Miranda Hendrickson
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Presidential Campaign ◽  
Single Sample ◽  
Conventional Analysis ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Meta Analyses

The current practice of relying on single sample null hypothesis tests is being re-evaluated in the behavioral sciences. To highlight the issues raised by both sides of this discussion, a meta-analysis of The Gallup Organization's most recent U.S. Presidential election polling data was conducted. During the 2004 Presidential campaign, most pre-election polling percentages reported Bush ahead of Kerry, although the differences between the voters' preferences were typically within the margin of error. The meta-analyses used in this study showed significant differences between the two candidates' polling percentages, thus yielding a more accurate prediction than the conventional analysis which was based on single samples. These improved predictions provide support for a continued discussion about potential changes in statistical approaches to psychology.

Empirical Benchmarks for Interpreting Effect Size Variability in Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenton M. Wiernik ◽  
Jack W. Kostal ◽  
Michael P. Wilmot ◽  
Stephan Dilchert ◽  
Deniz S. Ones
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hypothesis Tests ◽  
Size Variability ◽  
Meta Analyses

Generalization in meta-analyses is not a dichotomous decision (typically encountered in papers using the Q test for homogeneity, the 75% rule, or null hypothesis tests). Inattention to effect size variability in meta-analyses may stem from a lack of guidelines for interpreting credibility intervals. In this commentary, we describe two methods for making practical interpretations and determining whether a particular SDρ represents a meaningful level of variability.

scholarly journals Eye images do not promote prosocial behaviour or norm compliance in an online Dictator Game

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichola Raihani ◽  
Redouan Bshary
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Descriptive Norm ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Norm Compliance

Evidence for the effect of eye images on prosocial behavior is mixed: some studies have found that images of eyes enhance cooperative behavior while others have not replicated this effect. In a recent meta-analysis, Nettle et al. (2013) argued that previous null results have occurred because data have been analysed incorrectly. Specifically, the authors predicted that eye images either (i) reduce variance in donation amount by reducing the likelihood that the Dictator will keep the entire endowment or (ii) increase compliance with cooperative norms. Since several previous studies have only looked at the effect of eye images on mean donation amount, they have not tested these predictions. We test both hypotheses here using a Dictator Game (n = 779) conducted over Amazon Mechanical Turk, a setup that has previously yielded negative results. We provided players with two types of descriptive norm information, by telling them how much others typically give in this setting. We compared donations under the norm treatments with decisions made under control conditions, where no norm information was supplied. In each setting, subjects were additionally shown images of eyes or a control image (flowers) so that any additional effect of eye images on prosocial behavior could be examined. Eye images did not increase Dictator Game giving, regardless of whether 'giving' was defined as mean donation or simply the tendency to make a non-zero donation. Furthermore, eye images did not increase compliance with a descriptive norm in this setting. Due to these negative results, we conclude that the conditions and underlying mechanisms that lead to positive effects of eyes on prosocial behaviour remain elusive.

Appels, peren en fruit

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-452
Author(s):  
Annemarie van Stee
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Made In

Abstract Conceptual review as task analysis methodMeta-analysis is a crucial research tool in cognitive neuroscience. For meta-analysis to succeed, it is important that studies that are grouped together investigate the same cognitive process and that studies that investigate different cognitive processes are grouped apart. After all, comparing apples and oranges makes no sense. Studies’ comparability depends on the cognitive tasks employed. Yet current meta-analyses, especially when automated (e.g. Neurosynth, BrainMap), select and group studies based on cognitive labels (e.g. ‘working memory’, ‘self-reflection’). Unfortunately, labels are often applied inconsistently to tasks: different tasks may receive the same cognitive label, leading to a comparison of apples and oranges during meta-analysis; and the same task may receive different labels, leading to meta-analyses that fail to include all apples, so to speak. I propose conceptual review as a method for overcoming this problem. A conceptual review analyzes the conceptual implications of task choices made in a cognitive neuroscience subfield. It applies philosophical ways of uncovering and analyzing implicit assumptions to the methodological choices neuroscientists make. I explicate how this works and discuss several ways in which conceptual review would benefit cognitive neuroscience. Conceptual review could be combined with neuro-informatics to improve the quality of automated versions of meta-analysis and thereby provide an important contribution to progress in cognitive neuroscience.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document