The Effects of Consensus Messages and the Importance of a Pre-Test: A Comment on Chinn and Hart (2021)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander van der Linden ◽  
Matthew H. Goldberg ◽  
Rakoen Maertens ◽  
John R Kerr ◽  
Edward Maibach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Public Action ◽  
Scientific Consensus ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Design Choice ◽  
Dependent Variables

Chinn and Hart (2021) argue that their experiment on the effects of communicating the scientific consensus on climate change revealed “mixed” and “inconsistent findings”. We note that Chinn and Hart (2021) provide clear and consistent evidence that the scientific consensus message has positive indirect effects on climate beliefs, attitudes, and support for public action, and that these effects are more pronounced among conservatives (as predicted). Importantly, however, the authors’ claim that these positive findings might simply be the result of an experimental design choice: the use of a pre-test of the dependent variables. Here we argue that no convincing evidence is provided for the conclusion that pre-tests should not be used. In fact, contrary to the authors’ recommendation, we make the case that the inclusion of a pre-test in randomized controlled designs increases power and precision. Furthermore, we point to its central importance for the ability to capture and evaluate the Gateway Belief Model’s (GBM) key predictions about changes in public attitudes.

scholarly journals Climate Change Justice

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (01) ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thom Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Scientific Consensus ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Causal Responsibility

Climate change represents one of our greatest public policy challenges. A broad, well-established and international scientific consensus exists that our planet is undergoing climate change. The question is not whether there is climate change, but how best to respond to it. Climate change is a global phenomenon that requires a global effort unlike anything previously attempted. This global challenge is complicated by related and more controversial questions about causal responsibility. Although convincing evidence shows that climate change is a result of human behavior, much less agreement exists on how this should factor into policy.

scholarly journals The “Gateway Belief” illusion: reanalyzing the results of a scientific-consensus messaging study

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (05) ◽  
pp. A03 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Kahan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Structural Equation Model ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Public Action ◽  
Scientific Consensus ◽  
Unexposed Control ◽  
Experimental Effect

This paper analyzes data collected but not reported in the study featured in van der Linden, Leiserowitz, Feinberg, and Maibach [van der Linden et al., 2015]. VLFM report finding that a “scientific consensus” message “increased” experiment subjects' “key beliefs about climate change” and “in turn” their “support for public action” to mitigate it. However, VLFM fail to report that message-exposed subjects' “beliefs about climate change” and “support for public action” did not vary significantly, in statistical or practical terms, from those of a message-unexposed control group. The paper also shows how this absence of an experimental effect was obscured by a misspecified structural equation model.

scholarly journals Gateway illusion or cultural cognition confusion?

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (05) ◽  
pp. A04 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander van der Linden ◽  
Anthony Leiserowitz ◽  
Edward Maibach
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cultural Cognition ◽  
Public Action ◽  
Scientific Consensus ◽  
Indirect Influence ◽  
Mediating Variables ◽  
Belief Model

In this paper, we respond to the critiques presented by [Kahan, 2017]. Contrary to claims that the scientific consensus message did not significantly influence the key mediator and outcome variables in our model, we show that the experiment in [van der Linden et al., 2015] did in fact directly influence key beliefs about climate change. We also clarify that the Gateway Belief Model (GBM) is theoretically well-specified, empirically sound, and as hypothesized, the consensus message exerts a significant indirect influence on support for public action through the mediating variables. We support our conclusions with a large-scale replication.

PENGARUH PELATIHAN DAN KOMPETENSI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN MELALUI MOTIVASI PADA PT. CIPTA KRIDA BAHARI JAKARTA DAN SUMATERA AREA

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Freddrick Tiagita Putra Baeha Waruwu, SE., MM.
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Positive Effect

The purpose of this study was to test and obtain empirical evidence about the direct and indirect effects of training and competence together to employees performance in PT. Cipta Krida Bahari. This study uses an explanatory approach Analysis and Descriptive Analysis, which aims to determine the effect of independent and dependent variables. Furthermore, the present invention will be described, by observation and research and describe the nature or the events ongoing at the time of the study and examine the causes of the symptoms. In this study examines the influence of variables of training, competence and motivation, simultaneously or partially on employee performance. The benefits of this research is that companies in improving the performance of employees through training programs, attention to improving the competence of employees, increase employee motivation, and in turn can help in improving the work (performance) of each individual employee. The results showed simultaneously and partially variable training and competency positive effect on employee motivation and improve employee performance

The Fight Against Doubt

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada de Melo-Martín ◽  
Kristen Intemann
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
False Beliefs ◽  
Scientific Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Scientific Consensus ◽  
Scientific Claims

Current debates about climate change or vaccine safety provide an alarming illustration of the potential impacts of dissent about scientific claims. False beliefs about evidence and the conclusions that can be drawn from it are commonplace, as is corrosive doubt about the existence of widespread scientific consensus. Deployed aggressively and to political ends, ill-founded dissent can intimidate scientists, stymie research, and lead both the public and policymakers to oppose important policies firmly rooted in science. To criticize dissent is, however, a fraught exercise. Skepticism and fearless debate are key to the scientific process, making it both vital and incredibly difficult to characterize and identify dissent that is problematic in its approach and consequences. Indeed, as de Melo-Martín and Intemann show, the criteria commonly proposed as means of identifying inappropriate dissent are flawed, and the strategies generally recommended to tackle such dissent are not only ineffective but could even make the situation worse. The Fight against Doubt proposes that progress on this front can best be achieved by enhancing the trustworthiness of the scientific community and being more realistic about the limits of science when it comes to policymaking. It shows that a richer understanding is needed of the context in which science operates so as to disarm problematic dissent and those who deploy it in the pursuit of their goals.

scholarly journals Critical indirect effects of climate change on sub-Antarctic ecosystem functioning

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 2994-3004 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Louise Allan ◽  
P. William Froneman ◽  
Jonathan V. Durgadoo ◽  
Christopher D. McQuaid ◽  
Isabelle J. Ansorge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Antarctic Ecosystem

scholarly journals 165 A Review of The Current Literature on LMWH Administered at Different Times in Relation to MOS (Major Orthopaedic Surgery): Assessment of The Safety and Efficacy of The Different Proposed Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Placella ◽  
V Pace ◽  
P Antinolfi ◽  
V Salini
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Medical Complications ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Major Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Major Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
The One

Abstract Nowadays venous VTE represents an important perioperative and postoperative complication in patients undergoing elective Major Orthopedic Surgery (MOS). There are significant discrepancies between clinical practice, international recommendations, and published guidelines. Although thromboembolic events may be less common these days than in the past, they can still lead to serious medical complications. Therefore, most patients undergoing MOS procedures are provided with one of the thromboprophylactic treatments. The optimum timing of LMWH administrations remains debated. Customized structured electronic searches in PubMed and Cochrane database. Meta-Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials, Systematic Reviews on different strategies of the use of LMWH for MOS. Studies on prophylactic regimens showed that subcutaneous LMWH plays a key role in the management of thromboprophylaxis in MOS. However, some controversies still stand. Among those most relevant, it remains unclear whether to start thromboprophylaxis before or after MOS to better balance the risks of clotting and bleeding. With regards to different times of LMWH administration, there is no convincing evidence that starting prophylaxis 12 hours preoperatively is associated with lower risks of VTE compared to prophylaxis started 12 to 24 hours postoperatively. Furthermore, it seems that the most safe and efficient LMWH regimen is the one called “Just-in-time” (LMWH started 6 hours post-op).

Plant-mediated indirect effects of climate change on an insect herbivore

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 100-113
Author(s):  
Josephine Kuczyk ◽  
Caroline Müller ◽  
Klaus Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Insect Herbivore

Demographic Change: Impacts on Rural Landscapes

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-274
Author(s):  
Stefan Heiland ◽  
Silke Spielmans ◽  
Bernd Demuth
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Rural Landscapes ◽  
Shrinking Regions ◽  
Societal Attitude

The article examines the relevance of demographic change for the development of rural landscapes, especially in Germany's shrinking regions. To date, no empirical investigations have undertaken the matter. Thus, the article is mainly based on literature analysis and the findings of expert workshops. The research indicates that demographic change does not have as strong impact on landscapes as other factors such as agricultural policy, climate change, and the promotion of renewable energies. Nonetheless, from the perspective of nature conservation, there might be some indirect effects caused by structural and institutional changes of administrations, which could lead to a decline in importance of landscape-related concerns. In addition, changes in environmental consciousness due to rising cultural diversity could lead to a different societal attitude toward landscapes and their values.

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