scholarly journals Using Smiles, Frowns, and Gaze to Attribute Conscious States to Others: Testing Part of the Attention Schema Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branden J. Bio ◽  
Michael S. A. Graziano
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Schematic Model ◽  
Attentional State ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The Face ◽  
Standard Tests

In the attention schema theory, people attribute the property of consciousness to themselves and others because it serves as a schematic model of attention. Most of the existing literature on monitoring the attention of others assumes that people primarily use the gaze direction of others. In that assumption, attention is not represented by a deeper model, but instead limited mainly to a single, externally visible parameter. Here we presented subjects with two cues about the attentional state of a face: direction of gaze and emotional expression. We tested whether people relied predominantly on one cue, the other, or both when deciding if the face was conscious of a nearby object. If the traditional view is correct, then the gaze cue should dominate. Instead, some people relied on gaze, some on expression, and some on an integration of cues, suggesting that a variety of surface strategies could inform a deeper model. We also assessed people’s social cognitive ability using two, independent, standard tests. If the traditional view of attention monitoring is correct, then the degree to which people use gaze to judge attention should correlate best with their social cognitive ability. Instead, social cognitive ability correlated best with the degree to which people successfully integrated the cues together. The results strongly suggest that when people attribute a specific state of consciousness to another, rather than simply tracking gaze, they construct a model of attention, or an attention schema, that is informed by a combination of surface cues.

scholarly journals Enhanced use of gaze cue in a face-following task after brief trial experience in individuals with autism spectrum disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takao Fukui ◽  
Mrinmoy Chakrabarty ◽  
Misako Sano ◽  
Ari Tanaka ◽  
Mayuko Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Face Image ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Trial Experience ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Face ◽  
Gaze Cues

AbstractEye movements toward sequentially presented face images with or without gaze cues were recorded to investigate whether those with ASD, in comparison to their typically developing (TD) peers, could prospectively perform the task according to gaze cues. Line-drawn face images were sequentially presented for one second each on a laptop PC display, and the face images shifted from side-to-side and up-and-down. In the gaze cue condition, the gaze of the face image was directed to the position where the next face would be presented. Although the participants with ASD looked less at the eye area of the face image than their TD peers, they could perform comparable smooth gaze shift to the gaze cue of the face image in the gaze cue condition. This appropriate gaze shift in the ASD group was more evident in the second half of trials in than in the first half, as revealed by the mean proportion of fixation time in the eye area to valid gaze data in the early phase (during face image presentation) and the time to first fixation on the eye area. These results suggest that individuals with ASD may benefit from the short-period trial experiment by enhancing the usage of gaze cue.

scholarly journals Educational protocol for patients on oral anticoagulant therapy: construction and validation

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Martinelli Pelegrino ◽  
Fabiana Bolela ◽  
Inaiara Scalçone de Almeida Corbi ◽  
Ariana Rodrigues da Silva Carvalho ◽  
Rosana Aparecida Spadoti Dantas
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Oral Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Final Version ◽  
The Face

This is a report of experience on the construction and validation of an educational protocol for patients on oral anticoagulation therapy. Based on Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, three phases were identified to construct the educational protocol. The literature review on oral anticoagulants was used to prepare the content of each phase of the protocol. As a result, verbal and written orientation in the phases of attention and retention were developed. In the reproduction and motivation phase, support through contact by telephone was provided. And finally, an improvement in the evaluation of the outcomes related to oral anticoagulant is expected in the performance phase. Once the educational protocol was defined, we proceeded with the face and content validity process, which allowed adaptations to the final version of the educational protocol constructed.

scholarly journals Pupillary contagion is independent of the emotional expression of the face.

Emotion ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1343-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Carsten ◽  
Charlotte Desmet ◽  
Ruth M. Krebs ◽  
Marcel Brass
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
The Face

Noticing Extroversion Effects Attention: How Robot and Participant Personality Affect Gaze Cueing

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1557-1561
Author(s):  
Ali Momen ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Positive Effects

Social robots with expressive gaze have positive effects on human-robot interaction. In particular, research suggests that when robots are programmed to express introverted or extroverted gaze behavior, individuals enjoy interacting more with robots that match their personality. However, how this affects social-cognitive performance during human-robot interactions has not been thoroughly examined yet. In the current paper, we examine whether the perceived match between human and robot personality positively affects the degree to which the robot’s gaze is followed (i.e., gaze cueing, as a proxy for more complex social-cognitive behavior). While social attention has been examined extensively outside of human-robot interaction, recent research shows that a robot’s gaze is attended to in a similar way as a human’s gaze. While our results did not support the hypothesis that gaze cueing would be strongest when the participant’s personality matched the robot’s personality, we did find evidence that participants followed the gaze of introverted robots more strongly than the gaze of extroverted robots. This finding suggests that agent’s displaying extroverted gaze behavior may hurt performance in human-robot interaction.

From individual cognition to populational culture

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krist Vaesen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Population Dynamic ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Cumulative Culture ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Full Explanation ◽  
Individual Cognition ◽  
Future Work

AbstractIn my response to the commentaries from a collection of esteemed researchers, I reassess and eventually find largely intact my claim that human tool use evidences higher social and non-social cognitive ability. Nonetheless, I concede that my examination of individual-level cognitive traits does not offer a full explanation of cumulative culture yet. For that, one needs to incorporate them into population-dynamic models of cultural evolution. I briefly describe my current and future work on this.

Developmental Pragmatics

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Rosenthal Rollins
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Child ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Shared Intentionality ◽  
Communicative Intention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Early Interaction

This chapter traces the development of communicative intention, conversation, and narrative in early interaction from infancy to early childhood. True communicative intention commences once the infant acquires the social cognitive ability to share attention and intention with another. The developing child’s pragmatic understanding is reflective of his/her underlying motivations for cooperation and shared intentionality. As children begin to understand others’ mental states, they can take others’ perspectives and understand what knowledge is shared and with whom, moving from joint perceptual focus to more decontextualized communicative intentions. With adult assistance, the young child is able to engage in increasingly more sophisticated conversational exchanges and co-constructed narratives which influence the child’s autonomous capabilities.

Cognitive control in altruism and self-control: A social cognitive neuroscience perspective

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-260
Author(s):  
Jeremy R. Gray ◽  
Todd S. Braver
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Social Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
The Face

The primrose path and prisoner's dilemma paradigms may require cognitive (executive) control: The active maintenance of context representations in lateral prefrontal cortex to provide top-down support for specific behaviors in the face of short delays or stronger response tendencies. This perspective suggests further tests of whether altruism is a type of self-control, including brain imaging, induced affect, and dual-task studies.

scholarly journals Emotional expression and heart rate in high-risk infants during the face-to-face/still-face

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 776-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney I. Mattson ◽  
Naomi V. Ekas ◽  
Brittany Lambert ◽  
Ed Tronick ◽  
Barry M. Lester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Risk Infants
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