scholarly journals Community Appeal: Explanation without Information

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Hemmatian ◽  
Steven A. Sloman
Keyword(s):  
Causal Structure ◽  
Causal Information ◽  
Community Influences ◽  
Domain Generality ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact

Formal or categorical explanation involves the use of a label to explain a property of an object or group of objects. In 4 experiments, we provide evidence that label entrenchment, the degree to which a label is accepted and used by members of the community, influences the judged quality of a categorical explanation whether or not the explanation offers substantive information about the explanandum. Experiment 1 shows that explanations using unentrenched labels are seen as less comprehensive and less natural, independent of the causal information they provide. Experiment 2 shows that these intuitions persist when the community has no additional, relevant featural information, so the label amounts to a mere name for the explanandum. Experiment 3 finds a similar effect when the unentrenched label is not widely used, but is defined by a group of experts and the recipient of the explanation is herself an expert familiar with the topic. The effect also obtains for categories that lack a coherent causal structure. Experiment 4 further demonstrates the domain generality of the entrenchment effect and provides evidence against several interpretations of the results. A majority of participants in Experiments 3 and 4 could not report the impact of entrenchment on their judgments. We argue that this reliance on community cues arose because the community often has useful information to provide about categories. The common use of labels as conduits for this communal knowledge results in reliance on community cues even when they are uninformative.

scholarly journals Exploration of Factors Affecting Learners' Motivation in E-learning

2019 ◽  
pp. 1269-1275
Author(s):  
Shubham Dubey ◽  
Biro Piroska ◽  
Manjulata Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Dropping Out ◽  
Individual Factor ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Learning Platforms ◽  
The Common ◽  
Khan Academy ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact

The world is changing rapidly, so is academics. E-learning has altered the area of academics and education. ICT enabled learning has given ideal services to students by providing any type of content on demand which is proportional to the performance of students. The concentration of learner has been found instinctive; thus there is a need of engaging mind towards course progress with its entirety till the objectives of the course will be achieved. There are several e-learning platforms available as EdX, Udacity, Khan Academy, Alison those have a number of learners registered for various courses. Studies suggest that these platforms suffer from the common problem of learners’ dropping out. Investigations also claim early leaving rate is increasing due to lack of quality of content, distraction factors, learners’ mind change, outdated and succinct information, and some more detraction factors. These issues have been observed on the basis of early leaving rates in various MOOCs. Thus there is a mammoth scope for minimizing the impact of these reasons on the learners’ mind. It can be achieved by identifying these factors affecting learners’ motivation during the course. This study is aiming on identifying these factors. The approach is to explore some certain keywords on previous literature (total 41) and then calculating their frequencies and co-factors associated with them. Both grouped factors contribution and individual factor contribution have been taken care. The study gives a direction for future work towards overcoming these actor and engaging learners in ICT enabled learning.

scholarly journals Impacts of common staff on indicators of sanitary evacuation: experience of the gynecology service of Treichville Teaching Hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1303
Author(s):  
Simplice Anongba ◽  
Jean-Marc Dia ◽  
Ignace Yao ◽  
Edouard N’guessan ◽  
Eric Bohoussou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact

Background: In order to improve the quality of care for patients discharged in our department, since 1996 we have initiated monthly meetings called "common staffs", with the heads of the peripheral maternities who evacuate patients, during which we analyse reference indicators and the SONUs. The objective of this study was to describe the impact of the common staff on the indicators of the reference.Methods: We carried out a retrospective cross-sectional study on the balance sheets of the common staff over the 20 years of practice.Results: In 20 years, 132 meetings were organized, during which 24,337 files were analyzed. In 1996 the indicators of evacuations were at alarming levels: the time taken between the diagnosis and the decision to evacuate was long (more than 1 hour in 83.4%), 73% of the evacuation records were poorly informed, the majority evacuations were by non-medical vehicle (54.8%), pre-discharge management was incorrect in several patients (47%), and maternal and fetal lethality were high (5% and 10%, respectively). Over time, these indicators have improved and have had a favourable impact on maternal and fetal mortality rates, which have gradually decreased. At the same time, the results of the last three years of the evacuees coming from the maternities who do not participate in our staffs, shows that the indicators are still alarming, at levels where we were at the beginning of common staffs.Conclusions: The joint staff proved to be a good practice to promote in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Departments. It helped to improve the quality of care for referred patients.

A COMPARISON OF PHARMACEUTICAL REIMBURSEMENT AGENCIES' PROCESSES AND METHODS IN FRANCE AND SCOTLAND

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Bending ◽  
John Hutton ◽  
Clare McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Health Economic Analysis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Appraisal Processes ◽  
The Impact

Objectives:Pharmaceutical reimbursement agencies’ processes and methods of appraisal vary across countries. The objective of this study was to examine the contribution of formal health economic analysis in a process using such analysis in Scotland in comparison to a process not routinely using such analysis in France.Methods:A framework for classifying reimbursement systems was used to analyze the two systems. A typology of recommendation was defined and a qualitative analysis of decisions on a sample of medicines appraised by both reimbursement agencies was conducted. Reasons for differences in recommendations were analyzed and case studies selected to illustrate the common reasons.Results:Thirty-nine common medicines appraised by both agencies were identified between 2005 and 2010, treating a variety of diseases for which the Scottish Medicines Consortium tended to provide more restrictive, or did not recommend, listing. Similarities in clinical evidence submitted to the respective reimbursement committees were observed. Differences in recommendation can be explained by a combination of the manufacturer's freedom to set price and the incentives provided by the consideration of health economic analysis and quality of life, alongside differences in relevant comparators, relevant outcomes, treatment guidelines, and the propensity to use network meta-analysis, in decision making.Conclusions:This study provides some explanations and hypotheses for the differences observed in recommendations for a selected sample of medicines with regards to differences in appraisal processes and methods adopted. Further research using larger datasets may allow stakeholders to assess the impact of such differences on the efficient use of health resources.

scholarly journals Bioclimatic Architecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 03002
Author(s):  
Jimena Ávalos ◽  
Regina Villarreal ◽  
Valeria Cárdenas ◽  
Ana Cristina García-Luna Romero
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Know How ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact

We are living through serious problems of environmental pollution, which causes great risks to the well-being of the population. These problems are presented by the bad planning of urban growth, and many times in very bad quality. Industrialization grows in the cities without having an order and an appropriate planning to avoid the damage in our environment. The construction sector is largely responsible for this global pollution that is experienced today. As the years go by, architects aim to improve the quality of their construction and improve our quality of life. New projects arise with strategy and planning, developing a new type of architecture which contemplates the damage it would do to the environment and how this issue could be solved based on its construction development. The profession of architects, or urban planners who are involved in the development of cities, are responsible for creating new developments by designing the impact of climate change. The architectural community carries a great responsibility in designing with the flows of materials, energy, climate change, causes and solutions in mind. Architecture must involve sustainability in its construction process and know how to implement it to cause an environmental impact to satisfy the common welfare.

scholarly journals The Response of Common Bean to Sulphur and Molybdenum Fertilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Głowacka ◽  
Tomasz Gruszecki ◽  
Bogdan Szostak ◽  
Sławomir Michałek
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Made In

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of sulphur and molybdenum fertilization on the yield and chemical composition of common bean seeds. A field experiment was conducted in southeastern Poland in 2012–2014. The scheme of the study included the following treatments: O-control, Mo-molybdenum (100 g·ha−1), SBS-sulphur before sowing (50 kg·ha−1), SFA-sulphur foliar application (50 kg·ha−1), Mo + SBS-molybdenum (100 g·ha−1) and sulphur before sowing (50 kg·ha−1), and Mo + SFA-molybdenum (100 g·ha−1) and sulphur foliar application (50 kg·ha−1). After harvesting, the following determinations were made in bean seeds: content of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, methionine, and cysteine. Application of Mo increased seed yield and protein and methionine content, as well as the content and uptake of P, Mg, and Ca in common bean seeds. Sulphur application had a positive effect on seed yield (13.6% increase) and protein content. Moreover, sulphur improved the biological value of protein by increasing the content of methionine, cysteine, and some macroelements. The most beneficial effects were obtained when both molybdenum and sulphur were used in fertilization. Considering the yield-producing effect and the impact on the biological quality of protein, sulphur fertilization should be included in the crop management for the common bean.

Nyer Zet-Ractor – Innovative Multifunctional Concept of Retraction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyer Firdose
Keyword(s):  
Third Molar ◽  
Third Molar Surgery ◽  
Third Molar Extraction ◽  
Post Operative Pain ◽  
Mandibular Third Molar ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mandibular Third Molar Surgery ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Molar Extraction

Post-operative pain and swelling is one of the common complications following mandibular third molar surgery leading to very disturbing days immediately following third molar extraction. On considering the impact of such post-operative sequelae on the patient’s quality of life, it is necessary to exercise preventive measures to minimize the occurrence of such complications / untoward events. Although many retractors are already in application for retraction of tissues during the third molar extraction, this manuscript describes an innovative multifunctional concept “Nyer Zet-ractor” designed for retraction and isolation without limiting the accessibility to the surgical area in mandibular third molar surgery. The “Nyer Zet-ractor” described in this manuscript is an innovative device which provides the advantages like clear access, continuous visibility and excellent isolation of the surgical site unlike conventional retractors with minimal retractive forces thereby reducing post-operative pain and swelling. Nyer Zet-ractor implements a multifunctional concept of retraction making it an efficient, easy to use, and exerts a known and finite amount of force, thereby avoiding tissue damage.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF A DISAGGREGATION STRATEGY WITH SUPPLEMENTARY DISPLAYS TOWARDS BALANCED SCORECARD PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Frisky Jeremy Kasingku ◽  
Goedono .
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Information Display ◽  
The Balanced Scorecard ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Graphic Displays

Balanced Scorecard has become a popular management tool around the world. Despite its benefits, the balanced scorecard creates a bias called the common- measures bias. The bias associated with a balanced scorecard should be eliminated so that the optimal benefits of the balanced scorecard can be obtained. To eliminate the bias, a disaggregation strategy is suggested. This disaggregation strategy is found to be a mitigation strategy to solve the common-measures bias. However, there is a small amount of empirical evidence about the quality of the decisions produced by using a disaggregation strategy. Furthermore, to increase the decisions’ quality, an information display was found to be helpful. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a disaggregation strategy, in the context of a balanced scorecard, toward the decisions’ quality regarding the balanced scorecard’s performance evaluation with a different information display. This study used an experimental method with the design of 3x2x2 between the subject’s factorial designs. The results indicated that decision makers with supplementary tabular and graphic displays would exhibit a greater judgment consensus than decision makers who were given traditional separate displays. Moreover, those who received the supplementary table displays exhibit a greater judgment consensus and consistency than those who were given a graphical display. In conclusion, a disaggregation strategy with table and graphic displays could improve a judgment’s consensus, a traditional display can improve a judgment’s consistency, and a table display could exhibit greater judgmental consensus and consistency than a graphic display. This study contributed theoretically and practically.

Pilot study investigating efficacy of acupressure wristbands for reduction of radiotherapy-induced nausea

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bridge, ◽  
P.R. Chakraborti ◽  
G. Thomas ◽  
L. Filkins ◽  
A.J. Fleet
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Exact Role ◽  
Morning Sickness ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Radiotherapy Treatment ◽  
Stimulation Of

Persistent nausea remains one of the most distressing side effects of radiotherapy treatment despite advances in anti-emetic medication.Stimulation of the Nei-Guan (P6) acupoint on the wrist has been used in Chinese medicine to treat nausea for over 4,500 years. Studies have demonstrated that acupressure wristbands can reduce postoperative nausea, motion sickness, morning sickness and chemotherapy-induced nausea. This pilot study aimed to determine if they could also help reduce radiotherapy-induced nausea. There are no published reports of their use in this setting, thus this preliminary pilot was conducted before engaging in a major study.A prospective, paired, cross-over study investigated the impact adding acupressure wristbands to the usual anti-emetic care had on radiotherapy-induced nausea. Over the trial period, 30 patients were recruited when they reported radiotherapy-induced nausea to radiotherapists. Their daily nausea levels were assessed for a fortnight using a simple questionnaire and an anti-emetic tablet count. Comparing the 2 weeks data for these patients showed that there was a dramatic drop in their scores when the acupressure wristbands were used. There was a mean score drop of 61% for the combined nausea and vomiting frequency and severity, i.e. a 61% improvement in quality of life.This study suggested that acupressure wristbands might have a role to play in the treatment of radiotherapy-induced nausea. It is recommended that further studies be conducted to determine their exact role. They potentially offer several benefits when compared to anti-emetic medication. They are easy to use, have no side effects and are more economical since they are reusable. Furthermore, acupressure wristbands place the patient in control of their nausea to some degree. This in turn will make the patients feel less anxious, less depressed and reduce the common feelings of helplessness that often accompanies cancer patients.

scholarly journals The Influence of Physical Fitness and Exercise upon Cognitive Functioning: A Meta-Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Etnier ◽  
Walter Salazar ◽  
Daniel M. Landers ◽  
Steven J. Petruzzello ◽  
Myungwoo Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Small Positive Effect

Nearly 200 studies have examined the impact that either acute or long-term exercise has upon cognition. Subsets of these studies have been reviewed using the traditional narrative method, and the common conclusion has been that the results are mixed. Therefore, a more comprehensive review is needed that includes all available studies and that provides a more objective and reproducible review process. Thus, a meta-analytic review was conducted that included all relevant studies with sufficient information for the calculation of effect size (N = 134). The overall effect size was 0.25, suggesting that exercise has a small positive effect on cognition. Examination of the moderator variables indicated that characteristics related to the exercise paradigm, the participants, the cognitive tests, and the quality of the study influence effect size. However, the most important finding was that as experimental rigor decreased, effect size increased. Therefore, more studies need to be conducted that emphasize experimental rigor.

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