scholarly journals Kin terms and fitness interdependence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Cronk ◽  
Dieter Steklis ◽  
Netzin Steklis ◽  
Olmo Van den Akker ◽  
Athena Aktipis
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Risk Pooling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Common Group ◽  
Recurrent Patterns

Although genetic relatedness has been shown to be an important determinant of helping and other forms of cooperation among kin, it does not correspond well to the different types of kin designated by the kin terminologies used in human societies. This mismatch between genetic relatedness and kin terms has led some anthropologists to reject the idea that kin terms have anything to do with genetic relatedness or anything else biological. The evolutionary and cultural anthropological approaches can be reconciled through an appreciation of the concept of fitness interdependence, defined as the degree to which two or more organisms positively or negatively influence each other's success in replicating their genes. Fitness interdependence may arise for a variety of reasons, including not only genetic relatedness but also mating and marriage, risk-pooling, mutual aid, and common group membership. The major kin term systems correspond to cross-culturally variable but recurrent patterns of fitness interdependence among different types of kin. In addition, changes from one kin term system to another are associated with corresponding changes in recurrent patterns of fitness interdependence among kin, and kin terms are often used metaphorically in situations in which fitness interdependence has arisen among non-kin

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Virulence Determinants of Different SCCmec and Pulsotypes of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from a Major Hospital in Ilam, Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Abbasi ◽  
Majid BaseriSalehi ◽  
Nima Bahador ◽  
Morovat Taherikalani
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Typing Methods ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Aims & Objectives:The aim of this studyisto evaluate genetic relatedness, antibiotic resistance pattern, and virulence characteristics of different types ofS. aureusisolated from air, surfaces, staff, and patients in a Public hospital in Ilam.Methods & Materials:A total of 88 of 140 staphylococci identified asS. aureusby conventional and molecular methods were used in this study. Isolate samples were obtained from surfaces, staff, patients, and hospital indoor air. The sampling from staff and surfaces was done through using swab and air by standard pump. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and presence different resistant and virulence determinants was assessed. Isolates were then typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and SCCmectyping methods.Results:Out of 88isolates, 36 of them (40.9%) were MRSA. Among MRSA isolates, the range of resistance to antibiotic was 0% in vancomycin to 83.3% in gentamycin. The most prevalent resistant genes among gentamicin resistantS. aureuswereacc (6')/aph (2”)Iaandaph(3”)IIIa. The most common erythromycin resistant gene wasermC. Surprisingly, SCCmectypes I (30.5%), II (25%)were highly distributed. PFGE analysis showed 33 different pulsotypes.Conclusion:This study confirms that different isolates of MSSA and MRSA circulate in Ilam which differ in antimicrobial susceptibility, content of resistance, and virulence determinants.

Making friends on Facebook: Common group membership as a central decision rule

2022 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 107040
Author(s):  
Valentin Belentschikow ◽  
Kevin Pfeffel ◽  
Nicholas H. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Rule ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Common Group ◽  
Making Friends

Usage of Interactive Methods in Teaching of Law

10.12737/2645 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
���������� ◽  
Elena Abrosimova
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Interactive Methods ◽  
Legal Information ◽  
Group Activities ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Common Group ◽  
Interactive Lecture ◽  
Practical Recommendations ◽  
Small Group Activities

The article addresses issues teaching of law in the secondary school using interactive methods. The analysis of different types of students and different ways of presenting legal information to schoolchildren. Practical recommendations for using the following methods and forms of teaching of law: an interactive lecture, small group activities, common group discussion, role-playing activities, using fragments of films and cartoons, as well as recommendations on formulating an interactive homework.

scholarly journals Friendship, kinship and social risk management strategies among pastoralists in Karamoja, Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Padmini Iyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Risk Pooling ◽  
Risk Management Strategies

AbstractThis paper describes risk-pooling friendships and other social networks among pastoralists in Karamoja, Uganda. Social networks are of critical importance for risk management in an environment marked by volatility and uncertainty. Risk management or risk pooling mainly takes the form of “stock friendships”: an informal insurance system in which men established mutually beneficial partnerships with unrelated or related individuals through livestock transfers in the form of gifts or loans. Friends accepted the obligation to assist each other during need, ranging from the time of marriage to times of distress. Anthropologists and economists claim that social networks are critical for recouping short-term losses such as food shortage, as well as for ensuring long-term sustainability through the building of social capital and rebuilding of herds. To this end, I present ethnographic data on friendship, kinship, and other networks among male and female pastoralists in Karamoja. Using qualitative and quantitative data on these relationships and norms of livestock transfers and other mutual aid, I show the enduring importance of social networks in the life of Karamoja’s pastoralists today. I also demonstrate how exchange networks were utilized by participants during a drought. On this basis, I argue that appreciating historical and traditional mechanisms of resilience among pastoralists is vital for designing community-based risk management projects. I discuss how traditional safety net systems have been used successfully by NGOs to assist pastoralists in the wake of disaster, and how the same can be done by harnessing risk-pooling friendships in Karamoja.

scholarly journals Researchon Classification Techniques in Data Mining

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S4) ◽  
pp. 357-361
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Data Mining ◽  
Association Rule ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Classification Rules ◽  
Class Label ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Data Extrapolation

Data Mining means a procedure to extracting the information out of large data. Data miningapproaches includes classification, association rule, clustering, etc. Data mining is applied in four stages such as data sources, data extrapolation / gathering, modeling and deploying modules. Classification is a method in data mining to predict the group membership of data instances. It’s an method useful in data mining with vast applications for classifying the different types of data used in almost every fields. Classification is giving a class label to in determine set of cases. In this survey, we would like discuss Bayesian classification, rules based classification, Decision trees &neural network.

Ṣàngó Tẹ̀ Dún

Prieto ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 78-94
Author(s):  
Henry B. Lovejoy
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Military

Once Prieto retired from the military, he and his wife, Maria Francisca Camejo, became the leaders of one Cuba’s most famous cabildos de nación dedicated to Santa Bárbara, aka Ṣàngó. Their leadership lasted between c. 1818 and 1835. In this mutual aid society, Camejo and Prieto organized extensive festivals, and participated in many different types of religions from Africa and Cuba, which are arguably at the root of modern-day Santería.

Social Participation across Mid- and Later-life: Evidence from a Longitudinal Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142199239
Author(s):  
Eric M. Vogelsang
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Later Life ◽  
School Activities ◽  
Wisconsin Longitudinal Study ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Life Course

Despite the benefits of social participation for individuals and communities, little is known about how social participation varies over the life course. Drawing upon data collected between 1957 and 2011 by the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (22,023 observations from a cohort of 6,627), this study provides four valuable results. First, I find evidence of five distinct social participation trajectories; the majority of which demonstrate social disengagement as individuals age. Second, these decreases were primarily attributable to declines in meeting friends and group exercise. Third, the activities most likely to predict being a part of more-desirable trajectories were cultural event attendance, voluntary group membership, and joining charity groups. Last, I find that seven different types of high school activities were each associated with greater social activity counts, decades later. In total, these results highlight systematic differences in social participation trajectories and suggest that age-graded participation changes are highly dependent on the underlying social activities.

Organizational Design and Control across Multiple Markets: The Case of Franchising in the Convenience Store Industry

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1749-1779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Campbell ◽  
Srikant M. Datar ◽  
Tatiana Sandino
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Design ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Convenience Store ◽  
Decision Rights ◽  
Multiple Markets ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Variable Pay ◽  
A Chain ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chain Level

ABSTRACT: Many companies operate units that are dispersed across different types of markets, serving significantly divergent customer bases. Such dispersion is likely to compromise headquarters' ability to control local managers' behavior and satisfy the needs of different customer types. In this study we find that market-type dispersion is an important determinant of the delegation of decision rights and the provision of incentives. Using a sample of convenience store chains, we show that market-type dispersion is positively associated with the degree of franchising at the chain level as well as the probability of franchising a given store within a chain. Our results are robust to alternative definitions of market-type dispersion and to other determinants of franchising such as the stores' geographic dispersion. Additional analyses suggest that chains that do not franchise cope with market-type dispersion by decentralizing operations from headquarters to their stores and providing their store managers higher variable pay.

scholarly journals Is the higher rate of parental child homicide in stepfamilies an effect of non-genetic relatedness?

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Temrin ◽  
Johanna Nordlund ◽  
Mikael Rying ◽  
Birgitta S. Tullberg
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Child Homicide ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Parental Love ◽  
Fitness Value ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Per Se

Abstract In an evolutionary perspective individuals are expected to vary the degree of parental love and care in relation to the fitness value that a child represents. Hence, stepparents are expected to show less solicitude than genetically related parents, and this lack of genetic relatedness has been used to explain the higher frequencies of child abuse and homicide found in stepfamilies. However, other factors than non-genetic relatedness may cause this over-representation in stepfamilies. Here we use a 45-year data set of parental child homicides in Sweden to test two hypotheses related to the higher incidence in stepfamilies: 1) adults in different types of family differ in their general disposition to use violence, and 2) parents are more likely to kill stepchildren than genetically related children. Of the 152 perpetrators in biparental families there was an overrepresentation of perpetrators in step-families (n=27) compared with the general population. We found support for the first hypothesis in that both general and violent crime rates were higher in stepfamilies, both in the general population and among perpetrators of child homicide. However, we found no support for the second hypothesis because of the 27 perpetrators in stepfamilies the perpetrator killed a genetically related child in 13 cases, a stepchild in 13 cases and both types of children in one case. Moreover, out of the 12 families where the perpetrator lived with both stepchildren and genetic children, there was no bias towards killing stepchildren. Thus, we found no evidence for an effect of non-genetic relatedness per se.

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