scholarly journals Meeting and Missing Minds: Children and Adults Use Alignment of Intuitions to Solve Pure Coordination Games

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ivan Perez-Zapata ◽  
Xavia McKenzie-Smart ◽  
Ian Charest ◽  
Ian Apperly
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Coordination Game ◽  
Mutual Knowledge ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Group Thinking ◽  
First Time

In pure coordination games players seek to coordinate responses with one another without communicating. Without a logically correct response, success depends upon players intuiting a response that is mutually obvious. Previous work suggests that such coordination requires a distinctive form of “group” thinking and sufficient mutual knowledge, but reveals little about the basis for the intuitive judgements themselves. Here, that question was addressed for the first time by examining the basis of coordination performance of groups whose intuitions might plausibly differ: children versus adults. Twenty-five 5-year-olds, 30 7-year-olds, and 25 adults undertook four types of coordination game, and novel metrics allowed “intuitive alignment” in responses to be evaluated within- and between-groups. All groups performed above chance, and adults showed higher levels of alignment than children, but adults and children showed different patterns in their intuitions. Implications for intergenerational understanding and mis-understanding are discussed.

scholarly journals Spread of ST348 Klebsiella pneumoniae Producing NDM-1 in a Peruvian Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria J. Pons ◽  
Marta Marí-Almirall ◽  
Barbara Ymaña ◽  
Jeel Moya-Salazar ◽  
Laura Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Gradient Diffusion ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
First Time ◽  
Esbl Producers

The aim of this study was to characterize carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-Kp) isolates recovered from adults and children with severe bacteremia in a Peruvian Hospital in June 2018. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc/gradient diffusion and broth microdilution when necessary. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms were evaluated by PCR and DNA sequencing. Clonal relatedness was assessed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Plasmid typing was performed with a PCR-based method. Thirty CR-Kp isolates were recovered in June 2018. All isolates were non-susceptible to all β-lactams, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while mostly remaining susceptible to colistin, tigecycline, levofloxacin and amikacin. All isolates carried the blaNDM-1 gene and were extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers. PFGE showed four different pulsotypes although all isolates but two belonged to the ST348 sequence type, previously reported in Portugal. blaNDM-1 was located in an IncFIB-M conjugative plasmid. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-producing K. pneumoniae recovered from both children and adults in Lima, Peru, as well as the first time that the outbreak strain ST348 is reported in Peru and is associated with NDM. Studies providing epidemiological and molecular data on CR-Kp in Peru are essential to monitor their dissemination and prevent further spread.

scholarly journals EPOS 4 Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-57
Author(s):  
C. Hopkins ◽  
P. Surda ◽  
A. Walker ◽  
A. Wolf ◽  
M.M. Speth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Position Paper ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
International Group ◽  
Patient Resources ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
First Time ◽  
Recent Version ◽  
Patients Perspective ◽  
Accessible Format

EPOS2020 is the 4th and most recent version of the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps which was first published in 2005. It aims to provide the most up to date scientifically robust information on the topic published in the literature which has been critically analysed by an international group of clinicians drawn from all disciplines dealing with these problems together with patients. The guidelines offer evidence-based recommendations and care pathways for acute and chronic rhinosinusitis in both adults and children. Management of these diseases from the patients' perspective is an important part of EPOS2020. Not only is this included in the main document but, for the first time, we have produced a separate supplement dedicated to and in collaboration with patients, EPOS4Patients, which aims to provide information in an accessible format, to answer frequently asked questions about these diseases and their treatment options as well as including useful patient resources and websites. It has never been more important for patients to be actively involved in their care. Being well informed helps you to make the best decisions together with your doctor.

scholarly journals Coordination and Equilibrium Selection in Games: The Role of Local Effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Raducha ◽  
Maxi San Miguel
Keyword(s):  
Replicator Dynamics ◽  
Equilibrium Selection ◽  
System Size ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Dominant Strategy ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Coordination Game ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Update Rules

Abstract We study the role of local effects and finite size effects in reaching coordination and in equilibrium selection in two-player coordination games. We investigate three update rules – the replicator dynamics (RD), the best response (BR), and the unconditional imitation (UI). For the pure coordination game with two equivalent strategies we find a transition from a disordered state to coordination for a critical value of connectivity. The transition is system-size-independent for the BR and RD update rules. For the IU it is system-size-dependent, but coordination can always be reached below the connectivity of a complete graph. We also consider the general coordination game which covers a range of games, such as the stag hunt. For these games there is a payoff-dominant strategy and a risk-dominant strategy with associated states of equilibrium coordination. We analyse equilibrium selection analytically and numerically. For the RD and BR update rules mean-field predictions agree with simulations and the risk-dominant strategy is evolutionary favoured independently of local effects. When players use the unconditional imitation, however, we observe coordination in the payoff-dominant strategy. Surprisingly, the selection of pay-off dominant equilibrium only occurs below a critical value of the network connectivity and disappears in complete graphs. As we show, it is a combination of local effects and update rule that allows for coordination on the payoff-dominant strategy.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Use of Intranasal Glucagon: Resolution of Hypoglycemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio E. Pontiroli ◽  
Elena Tagliabue
Keyword(s):  
Severe Hypoglycemia ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Fear Of Hypoglycemia ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Increase Blood Glucose ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
First Time

Episodes of hypoglycemia are frequent in patients with diabetes treated with insulin or sulphonylureas. Hypoglycemia can lead to severe acute complications, and, as such, both prevention and treatment of hypoglycemia are important for the well-being of patients with diabetes. The experience of hypoglycemia also leads to fear of hypoglycemia, that in turn can limit optimal glycemic control in patients, especially with type 1 diabetes. Treatment of hypoglycemia is still based on administration of carbohydrates (oral or parenteral according to the level of consciousness) or of glucagon (intramuscular or subcutaneous injection). In 1983, it was shown for the first time that intranasal (IN) glucagon drops (with sodium glycocholate as a promoter) increase blood glucose levels in healthy volunteers. During the following decade, several authors showed the efficacy of IN glucagon (drops, powders, and sprays) to resolve hypoglycemia in normal volunteers and in patients with diabetes, both adults and children. Only in 2010, based on evaluation of patients’ beliefs and patients’ expectations, a canadian pharmaceutical company (Locemia Solutions, Montreal, Canada) reinitiated efforts to develop glucagon for IN administration. The project has been continued by Eli Lilly, that is seeking to obtain registration in order to make IN glucagon available to insulin users (children and adolescents) worldwide. IN glucagon is as effective as injectable glucagon, and devoid of most of the technical difficulties associated with administration of injectable glucagon. IN glucagon appears to represent a major breakthrough in the treatment of severe hypoglycemia in insulin-treated patients with diabetes, both children and adults.

Paraglottic Laryngitis in Association with Epiglottitis

1985 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 618-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald B. Healy ◽  
Vincent J. Hyams ◽  
Gabriel F. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Malignant Disease ◽  
Histologic Evidence ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Paraglottic Space ◽  
Supraglottic Larynx

Infection of the supraglottic larynx is a well-recognized clinical entity in both adults and children. The anatomical relationships of the various components of the larynx have been studied extensively, especially as they relate to the spread of malignant disease. However, the relationship of these spaces and compartments in inflammatory disease has not been heretofore appreciated. This report describes for the first time histologic evidence that infection of the supraglottic larynx may spread to the paraglottic space, thus causing compromise of the glottic region. This potential carries significant implications for planning the appropriate therapeutic measures.

ANTI-COORDINATION GAMES AND DYNAMIC STABILITY

2007 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 667-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
FUHITO KOJIMA ◽  
SATORU TAKAHASHI
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Mixed Strategy ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Initial Distribution ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Coordination Game ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Coordination Property ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Best Response Dynamic

We introduce the class of anti-coordination games. A symmetric two-player game is said to have the anti-coordination property if, for any mixed strategy, any worst response to the mixed strategy is in the support of the mixed strategy. Every anti-coordination game has a unique symmetric Nash equilibrium, which lies in the interior of the set of mixed strategies. We investigate the dynamic stability of the equilibrium in a one-population setting. Specifically we focus on the best response dynamic (BRD), where agents in a large population take myopic best responses, and the perfect foresight dynamic (PFD), where agents maximize total discounted payoffs from the present to the future. For any anti-coordination game we show (i) that, for any initial distribution, BRD has a unique solution, which reaches the equilibrium in a finite time, (ii) that the same path is one of the solutions to PFD, and (iii) that no path escapes from the equilibrium in PFD once the path reaches the equilibrium. Moreover we show (iv) that, in some subclasses of anti-coordination games, for any initial state, any solution to PFD converges to the equilibrium. All the results for PFD hold for any discount rate.

scholarly journals Coordination games in cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bayer ◽  
Robert Gatenby ◽  
Patricia H. McDonald ◽  
Derek R. Duckett ◽  
Katerina Stankova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Evolutionary Games ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Coordination Game ◽  
Public Goods Games ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Dependent Cell ◽  
Model Frequency

We propose a model of cancer initiation and progression where tumor growth is modulated by an evolutionary coordination game. Evolutionary games of cancer are widely used to model frequency-dependent cell interactions with the most studied games being the Prisoner's Dilemma and public goods games. Coordination games, by their more obscure and less evocative nature, are left understudied, despite the fact that, as we argue, they offer great potential in understanding and treating cancer. In this paper we present the conditions under which coordination games between cancer cells evolve, we propose aspects of cancer that can be modeled as results of coordination games, and explore the ways through which coordination games of cancer can be exploited for therapy.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Network Games: Equilibria from Imitation and Best Response Dynamics

Complexity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Cimini
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Coordination Game ◽  
Strategic Substitutes ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Best Response

We consider games of strategic substitutes and complements on networks and introduce two evolutionary dynamics in order to refine their multiplicity of equilibria. Within mean field, we find that for the best-shot game, taken as a representative example of strategic substitutes, replicator-like dynamics does not lead to Nash equilibria, whereas it leads to a unique equilibrium for complements, represented by a coordination game. On the other hand, when the dynamics becomes more cognitively demanding, predictions are always Nash equilibria: for the best-shot game we find a reduced set of equilibria with a definite value of the fraction of contributors, whereas, for the coordination game, symmetric equilibria arise only for low or high initial fractions of cooperators. We further extend our study by considering complex topologies through heterogeneous mean field and show that the nature of the selected equilibria does not change for the best-shot game. However, for coordination games, we reveal an important difference: on infinitely large scale-free networks, cooperative equilibria arise for any value of the incentive to cooperate. Our analytical results are confirmed by numerical simulations and open the question of whether there can be dynamics that consistently leads to stringent equilibria refinements for both classes of games.

The Tower of Babel as a Coordination Game: Political Linguistics in Ghana

1994 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Laitin
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Coordination Game ◽  
Indigenous Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Equilibrium Outcome ◽  
Tower Of Babel ◽  
Language Outcome ◽  
Political Linguistics ◽  
Theoretic Solution

The problem of choosing an indigenous official language for multilingual states in general and for Ghana in particular is treated as one of coordination in an n-person tipping game. Even with an assumption that the equilibrium outcome of all-English is deficient, the mechanisms for reaching an indigenous language solution are difficult to find. A lottery (a theoretically attractive approach to the solution of coordination games) is less attractive when applied to the issue of language coordination. Empirical data based on interviews from six different regions of Ghana show the limits and possibilities of the theoretic solution. Going back to theory, a mechanism for the successful promotion of an indigenous language outcome is proposed.

scholarly journals About the Ukrainian Church and the Studite monastery in Bethlehem. The history of one unfinished project of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-219
Author(s):  
Justyn Boiko ◽  
Tetyana Teslya
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Central State ◽  
Mutual Knowledge ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World

In 1906, an all-Ukrainian national pilgrimage set off from Lviv to the Holy Land, in which more than 500 people took part. This was the first official pilgrimage from Ukraine after the glorious Danylo the Pilgrim. It became possible thanks to Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi. The details of this pilgrimage are described in detail in a commemorative book entitled «How Russ followed in the footsteps of Danylo», published in 1907 by the Publishing House of the Basilian Fathers in Zhovkva. However, this book does not mention anything about one of the grandiose projects of Metropolitan Andrey in the Middle East, which consisted in the creation of a Studite Monastery and a Pilgrim Center for pilgrims from Ukraine in Bethlehem. Negotiations on this matter with the Melchite Patriarch Cyril VIII were initiated by Metropolitan Andrey. The core of the project was of a Uniate character, since in the Metropolitan’s plans the Monastery with a Pilgrimage Center was to become a place of mutual knowledge and rapprochement between Orthodox and Catholics. For the realization of this aim, Metropolitan Andrey had allocated very respectable funds, and also began to train appropriate personnel from the Studite monks. But, unfortunately, due to various circumstances, mainly because of the outbreak of the First World War, this project was never implemented. In the Central State Historical Archive of Lviv there are many documents that shed light on the various stages of the implementation of the project for the construction of the Studite monastery and pilgrimage center for the Ukrainians in Bethlehem. This article presents the entire story of the planned but unfinished project of Metropolitan Andrey. Archival documents and their translations are published for the first time. Keywords: Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi, Patriarch Cyril VIII, monks of the Studites, father Pierre Kure, Sknylivska Lavra of St. Anthony of the Pechersky Studites Rules.

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