Percent framing attenuates the magnitude effect in a preference-matching task of intertemporal choice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid Anvari ◽  
Davide Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Magnitude Effect ◽  
Intertemporal Decisions ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Future Choice

A robust phenomenon in intertemporal decisions—the magnitude effect—shows that people value future gains less than equivalent but immediate gains by a factor known as the discount rate (i.e., people want a premium for waiting to receive a reward). However, the psychological underpinnings of this effect are not yet fully understood. One explanation proposes that intertemporal choices are driven by comparisons of features of the present and future choice options (e.g., information on rewards). According to this explanation, the hypothesis is that the magnitude effect is stronger when the absolute difference between present and future rewards is emphasized, compared to when their relative difference is emphasized. However, this hypothesis has only been tested using one task (the two-choice paradigm) and only for gains (i.e., not losses). It’s therefore unclear whether the findings that support the hypothesis can be generalized to different methodological paradigms (e.g., preference matching) and to the domain of losses. To address this question, we conducted experiments using the preference-matching method whereby the premium amounts that people could ask for were framed in terms of either currencies (emphasizing absolute differences) or percentages (emphasizing relative differences). We thus tested the robustness of the evidence in support of the hypothesis that percent framing, relative to currency framing, attenuates the magnitude effect in the domain of gains (Studies 1, 2, and 3) and in the domain of losses (Study 1, 3, and 4). Study 5 ruled out floor effects as an alternative explanation for the results in the losses domain. Overall, the results support the hypothesis.

scholarly journals Influence of Specific Contributing Area algorithms on slope failure prediction in landslide modeling

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 781-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-C. Huang ◽  
S.-J. Kao ◽  
M.-L. Hsu ◽  
Y.-A. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Mountainous Catchment ◽  
Landslide Modeling ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract. This study anatomized algorithm effects of specific contributing area (SCA) on soil wetness estimation, consequently landslide prediction, in SHALSTAB. A subtropical mountainous catchment during three typhoon invasions is targeted. The peak 2-day rainfall intensity of the three typhoons: Haitang, Mindulle and Herb are 144, 248 and 327 mm/day, respectively. We use modified success rate (MSR) to retrieve the most satisfying mean condition for model parameters in SHALSTAB at three rainfall intensities and respective pre-typhoon NDVI themes. Simulation indicates that algorithm affects the prediction of landslide susceptibility (i.e. FS, Factor of Safety) significantly. Based on fixed NDVI and the mean condition, we simulate by using full scale rainfall intensity from 0 to 1200 mm/day. Simulations show that predicted unstable area coverage increases non-linearly as rainfall intensity increases for all algorithms yet with different increasing trends. Compared to Dinf, D8 always gives lower coverage of predicted unstable area during three typhoons. By contrast, FD8 gives higher coverage areas. The absolute difference (compared to Dinf) in predicted unstable area ranges from ~−3% to +4% (percent watershed area). The relative difference (compared to Dinf) ranges from −15% to as high as +40%. The maximum absolute and relative differences in unstable area prediction occur around the condition of 100–300 mm/day, which is common in subtropical mountainous region. Theoretical relationship among slope, rainfall intensity, SCA and FS value was derived in which FS values are very sensitive to algorithms in the field of slope from 37 to 52degree. Results imply any comparison among SCA-related landslide models or engineering application of rainfall return period analysis must base on the same algorithm to obtain comparable results. This study clarifies the SCA algorithm effect on FS prediction and deepens our understanding on landslide modeling.

Mapping Time: How the Spatial Representation of Time Influences Intertemporal Choices

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisabel Romero ◽  
Adam W. Craig ◽  
Anand Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Time Perceptions ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intertemporal Decisions ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Spatial Axis

Cognitive linguistic studies have found that people perceive time to be intertwined with space. Western consumers, in particular, visualize time on a horizontal spatial axis, with past events on the left and future events on the right. Underexplored, however, is whether and how space-time associations influence future time-related judgments and decisions. For instance, can spatial location cues affect intertemporal decisions? Integrating cognitive linguistics, time psychology, and intertemporal choice, the authors demonstrate across five studies that when choices are displayed horizontally (vs. vertically), consumers more steeply discount future outcomes. Furthermore, this effect is serially mediated by attention to time and anticipated duration estimates. Specifically, the authors propose and demonstrate that horizontal (vs. vertical) temporal displays enhance the amount of attention devoted to considering the time delay and lead consumers to overestimate how long it will take to receive benefits. This research has important implications for consumers who want to forgo immediate gratification and for firms that need to manage consumers’ time perceptions.

Risky Business: Making Sense of Estimates of Risk

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Streiner
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Risky Business

This article describes various indices of risk, which is the probability that a person will develop a specific outcome. The risk difference is the absolute difference in risks between 2 groups and can be used either to compare the outcome of 2 groups, one of which was exposed to some genetic or environmental factor, or to see how much of an effect a treatment may have. The reciprocal of the risk difference, the number needed to treat, expresses how many patients must receive the intervention in order for 1 person to derive some benefit. Attributable risk reflects the proportion of cases due to some putative cause and indicates the number of cases that can be averted if the cause were removed. Finally, the relative risk and odds ratio reflect the relative differences between groups in achieving some outcome, either good (a cure) or bad (development of a disorder).

Response to Motion in Extrastriate Area MSTl: Disparity Sensitivity

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 2462-2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Eifuku ◽  
Robert H. Wurtz
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Tuning Curve ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Moving Object ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Stimulus Motion ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Moving Stimuli ◽  
Medial Superior Temporal

Many neurons in the lateral-ventral region of the medial superior temporal area (MSTl) have a clear center surround separation in their receptive fields. Either moving or stationary stimuli in the surround modulates the response to moving stimuli in the center, and this modulation could facilitate the perceptual segmentation of a moving object from its background. Another mechanism that could facilitate such segmentation would be sensitivity to binocular disparity in the center and surround regions of the receptive fields of these neurons. We therefore investigated the sensitivity of these MSTl neurons to disparity ranging from three degrees crossed disparity (near) to three degrees uncrossed disparity (far) applied to both the center and the surround regions. Many neurons showed clear disparity sensitivity to stimulus motion in the center of the receptive field. About [Formula: see text] of 104 neurons had a clear peak in their response, whereas another [Formula: see text] had broader tuning. Monocular stimulation abolished the tuning. The prevalence of cells broadly tuned to near and far disparity and the reversal of preferred directions at different disparities observed in MSTd were not found in MSTl. A stationary surround at zero disparity simply modulated up or down the response to moving stimuli at different disparities in the receptive field (RF) center but did not alter the disparity tuning curve. When the RF center motion was held at zero disparity and the disparity of the stationary surround was varied, some surround disparities produced greater modulation of MSTl neuron response than did others. Some neurons with different disparity preferences in center and surround responded best to the relative disparity differences between center and surround, whereas others were related to the absolute difference between center and surround. The combination of modulatory surrounds and the sensitivity to relative difference between center and surround disparity make these MSTl neurons particularly well suited for the segmentation of a moving object from the background.

scholarly journals Comparison of eddy covariance CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes from mined and recently rewetted sections in a northwestern German cutover bog

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 2853-2874 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Holl ◽  
Eva-Maria Pfeiffer ◽  
Lars Kutzbach
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ch4 Flux ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. With respect to their role in the global carbon cycle, natural peatlands are characterized by their ability to sequester atmospheric carbon. This trait is strongly connected to the water regime of these ecosystems. Large parts of the soil profile in natural peatlands are water saturated, leading to anoxic conditions and to a diminished decomposition of plant litter. In functioning peatlands, the rate of carbon fixation by plant photosynthesis is larger than the decomposition rate of dead organic material. Over time, the amount of carbon that remains in the soil and is not converted back to carbon dioxide grows. Land use of peatlands often goes along with water level manipulations and thereby with alterations of carbon flux dynamics. In this study, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) flux measurements from a bog site in northwestern Germany that has been heavily degraded by peat mining are presented. Two contrasting types of management have been implemented at the site: (1) drainage during ongoing peat harvesting on one half of the central bog area and (2) rewetting on the other half that had been taken out of use shortly before measurements commenced. The presented 2-year data set was collected with an eddy covariance (EC) system set up on a central railroad dam that divides the two halves of the (former) peat harvesting area. We used footprint analysis to split the obtained CO2 and CH4 flux time series into data characterizing the gas exchange dynamics of both contrasting land use types individually. The time series gaps resulting from data division were filled using the response of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to environmental variables, footprint variability, and fuzzy transformations of seasonal and diurnal cyclicity. We used the gap-filled gas flux time series from 2 consecutive years to evaluate the impact of rewetting on the annual vertical carbon balances of the cutover bog. Rewetting had a considerable effect on the annual carbon fluxes and led to increased CH4 and decreased CO2 release. The larger relative difference between cumulative CO2 fluxes from the rewetted (13±6 mol m−2 a−1) and drained (22±7 mol m−2 a−1) section occurred in the second observed year when rewetting apparently reduced CO2 emissions by 40 %. The absolute difference in annual CH4 flux sums was more similar between both years, while the relative difference of CH4 release between the rewetted (0.83±0.15 mol m−2 a−1) and drained (0.45±0.11 mol m−2 a−1) section was larger in the first observed year, indicating a maximum increase in annual CH4 release of 84 % caused by rewetting at this particular site during the study period.

scholarly journals Stability of Glucose Concentrations in Frozen Plasma

2020 ◽  
pp. 193229682096365
Author(s):  
Stefan Pleus ◽  
Guido Freckmann ◽  
Annette Baumstark ◽  
Cornelia Haug
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Frozen Plasma ◽  
Laboratory Analyzer

Background: Conflicting information is available regarding the stability of glucose concentrations in frozen plasma samples. Clinical trials could benefit from such long-term storage because it would allow usage of a central laboratory with higher-quality laboratory analyzers in contrast to mobile analyzers in a decentralized setting. Methods: In this study, venous blood samples were collected in lithium-heparin gel tubes. Plasma was separated immediately after blood was drawn, and from each of the 21 plasma samples, 6 aliquots were prepared for measurement at 6 time points: immediately and after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks. Between sampling and measurement, aliquots were stored at less than −20°C. Transport on dry ice was simulated by placing aliquots in a −80°C freezer for 5 days between weeks 8 and 12. Measurements were performed on a hexokinase-based laboratory analyzer. Average relative differences and corresponding 99% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated between the stored aliquots’ and the immediately measured aliquots’ glucose concentrations. Glucose concentrations were deemed stable as long as average relative differences were ≤±2.5%. Results: Over the whole 12-weeks duration, the largest average relative difference was −1.82% (99% CI: –2.25% to −1.39%). Shorter storage durations tended to lead to less bias. Conclusion: In this study, the stability of glucose concentrations in frozen plasma samples obtained with lithium-heparin gel tubes could be shown for up to 12 weeks. Future studies should be performed to assess whether this is independent of the glucose analyzer and the type of sampling tube used.

scholarly journals Estimating 24-Hour Sodium Excretion from Spot Urine Samples in Chinese Adults: Can Spot Urine Substitute 24-Hour Urine Samples?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Jianwei Xu ◽  
Jiyu Zhang ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
Yamin Bai ◽  
Xiaolei Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Misclassification Rate ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Chinese Populations

Several estimating equations for predicting 24-h urinary sodium (24-hUNa) excretion using spot urine (SU) samples have been developed, but have not been readily available to Chinese populations. We aimed to compare and validate the six existing methods at population level and individual level. We extracted 1671 adults eligible for both 24-h urine and SU sample collection. Mean biases (95% CI) of predicting 24-hUNa excretion using six formulas were 58.6 (54.7, 62.5) mmol for Kawasaki, −2.7 (−6.2, 0.9) mmol for Tanaka, −24.5 (−28.0, −21.0) mmol for the International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) with potassium, –26.8 (−30.1, −23.3) mmol for INTERSALT without potassium, 5.9 (2.3, 9.6) mmol for Toft, and −24.2 (−27.7, −20.6) mmol for Whitton. The proportions of relative difference >40% with the six methods were nearly a third, and the proportions of absolute difference >51.3 mmol/24-h (3 g/day salt) were more than 40%. The misclassification rate were all >55% for the six methods at the individual level. Although the Tanaka method could offer a plausible estimation for surveillance of the population sodium excretion in Shandong province, caution remains when using the Tanaka formula for other provincial populations in China. However, these predictive methods were inadequate to evaluate individual sodium excretion.

scholarly journals Validation of GOME-2/Metop total column water vapour with ground-based and in situ measurements

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1533-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niilo Kalakoski ◽  
Jukka Kujanpää ◽  
Viktoria Sofieva ◽  
Johanna Tamminen ◽  
Margherita Grossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
National Climatic Data Center ◽  
Data Processor ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. The total column water vapour product from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 on board Metop-A and Metop-B satellites (GOME-2/Metop-A and GOME-2/Metop-B) produced by the Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3M SAF) is compared with co-located radiosonde observations and global positioning system (GPS) retrievals. The validation is performed using recently reprocessed data by the GOME Data Processor (GDP) version 4.7. The time periods for the validation are January 2007–July 2013 (GOME-2A) and December 2012–July 2013 (GOME-2B). The radiosonde data are from the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) maintained by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). The ground-based GPS observations from the COSMIC/SuomiNet network are used as the second independent data source. We find a good general agreement between the GOME-2 and the radiosonde/GPS data. The median relative difference of GOME-2 to the radiosonde observations is −2.7 % for GOME-2A and −0.3 % for GOME-2B. Against the GPS, the median relative differences are 4.9 % and 3.2 % for GOME-2A and B, respectively. For water vapour total columns below 10 kg m−2, large wet biases are observed, especially against the GPS retrievals. Conversely, at values above 50 kg m−2, GOME-2 generally underestimates both ground-based observations.

scholarly journals Multi-year comparison of stratospheric BrO vertical profiles retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb and ground-based UV-visible measurements

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hendrick ◽  
A. Rozanov ◽  
P. V. Johnston ◽  
H. Bovensmann ◽  
M. De Mazière ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Altitude Range ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Scanning Imaging ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Absorption Spectrometer

Abstract. Vertical profiles of stratospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) retrieved daily from ENVISAT/SCIAMACHY (ENVIronmental SATellite/SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) limb scatter data and from ground-based UV-visible observations performed at Harestua (60° N, 11° E), Observatoire de Haute-Provence (44° N, 5.5° E), and Lauder (45° S, 170° E) are compared in the 15–27 km altitude range for the 2002–2006, 2005–2006, and 2002–2005 periods, respectively. At the three stations, the SCIAMACHY and ground-based UV-visible mean profiles agree reasonably well, with relative difference smaller than 23%. When comparing the BrO partial columns, the agreement obtained is good, with mean relative differences smaller than 11% and corresponding standard deviations in the 13–19% range. These comparison results are obtained, however, using different BrO cross sections in SCIAMACHY limb and ground-based UV-visible retrievals. The seasonal variation of the BrO columns at the three stations is consistently captured by both retrievals as well as large BrO column events occurring during the winter and early spring at Harestua which are associated with bromine activation.

Normal Limit of the Electrogustometry Test

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred C. Coats
Keyword(s):  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Test Variability ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Taste Thresholds

Electrical taste thresholds from the right and left anterior parts of the tongue were obtained from 249 normal subjects. Absolute differences between right and left became more variable as the threshold level increased, whereas the variability of relative differences remained more or less constant. The relative difference between right and left electrical taste thresholds was therefore chosen as the measurement of choice for clinical use. It was also found that smoking significantly increased electrogustometry (EGM) test variability, more so in men than in women. Therefore, separate EGM normal limits were defined as follows: nonsmokers, 18%; female smokers, 24%; male smokers, 37%. If the side of the lesion can be predicted, normal limits may be reduced to 15%, 20%, and 32%, respectively. An incidental finding of this study was a correlation between sudden deafness and other “idiopathic,” possibly retrocochlear, lesions and chorda tympani nerve deficits.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document