scholarly journals Prepared and Reactive Inhibition in Smokers and Non-smokers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Schultz ◽  
Bryan Mantell ◽  
Elliot Berkman ◽  
Nicole Swann
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Inhibitory Processes ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
Smoking Group ◽  
The Relationship

Models of addiction have identified deficits in inhibitory control, or the ability to inhibit inappropriate or unwanted behaviors, as one factor in the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors. Current literature supports disruption of the prefrontal circuits that mediate reactive inhibitory control processes (i.e. inhibition in response to sudden, unplanned changes in environmental demands) in substance use disorders, however, the relationship between disorders of addiction, such as nicotine dependence, and planned inhibitory processes is unclear. The goal of the present study was to examine the extent to which reactive and planned inhibitory processes are differentially disrupted in nicotine dependent individuals. To this aim, we employed a novel stop signal task that explicitly separates planned and reactive inhibitory processes and assessed (1) group differences in task performance between smokers and non- smokers and (2) the relationship between task performance and smoking behaviors within the smoking group. We found significant differences in stop times for both trial between groups as well as within groups. Analyses of stopping behavior in the smoking group revealed an inverse correlation between stop times on planned stop trials and a measure of nicotine dependence derived from the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence and, surprisingly, showed that greater daily average consumption of nicotine was inversely related to stop times for both trial types. Finally, we found that recency of the last cigarette smoked was unrelated to stopping behavior.

scholarly journals Inhibitory control and problematic Internet-pornography use – The important balancing role of the insula

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Stephanie Antons ◽  
Brand Matthias
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Control Performance ◽  
Internet Pornography

Abstract Background and aims Diminished control over a specific behavior is a core characteristic in addictive behaviors such as problematic Internet-pornography (IP) use. First studies suggest that a hyperactivity of the impulsive system is one reason for impulsive behaviors in the context of problematic IP use. The tripartite-process theory of addiction explains neurocognitive mechanisms beyond common dual-process theories in addictive behaviors. However, the role of the reflective and interoceptive system is still unresolved. Methods The study comprised a stop-signal task (SST) including neutral and pornographic images during fMRI and questionnaires to investigate associations between symptoms of problematic IP use, craving, and neural activity of the impulsive, reflective, and interoceptive system. We examined 28 heterosexual males with varying symptom severity of problematic IP use. Results Data indicates that individuals with more symptoms of problematic IP use showed better performance in the SST which was linked to decreased insula and inferior frontal gyrus activity during pornographic image processing. An increase in craving was associated with lower activity of the ventral striatum during pornographic image processing. The interoceptive system showed varying effects. Increased insula activity during inhibitory control and decreased activity during pornographic image processing were associated with higher inhibitory control performance. Discussion and Conclusion Effects of tolerance and motivational aspects may explain the better inhibitory control performance in individuals with higher symptom severity which was associated with differential activity of the interoceptive and reflective system. Diminished control over IP use presumably results from the interaction between the impulsive, reflective, and interoceptive systems.

scholarly journals Specific features of the relationship between creativity and inhibitory control in young adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Elena Ivanovna Nikolaeva ◽  
Evgenia Mikhailovna Belyaeva
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Young Adolescents ◽  
Inhibitory Processes ◽  
Sensory Signal ◽  
First Case ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contradictory Data

Inhibitory control develops rather late in ontogenesis since it depends on the development of the prefrontal cortex. There are contradictory data on its relationship with creativity at different stages of ontogenesis. One of the most unstudied age periods is early adolescence. It is considered an age when a child has not yet mastered the subtleties of speech expression. The purpose of the study was to reveal the connections between creativity and inhibitory control in young adolescents. Creativity is assessed with two tests: J. Gilford’s test and E.P. Torrance’s test. The go/go and go/no-go paradigms are used to assess inhibitory control. In the first case, subjects are presented with stimuli with a fractally organized structure. A reaction was required for each stimulus. The second case requires not responding to one of the stimuli to which one had previously developed a response. Each series consists of two identical parts. Data processing is carried out using SPSS software. The study sample consists of 158 students in grades 6-7 of which 61 are boys and 97 are girls. The result of regression analysis shows that none of the parameters of J. Guilford’s test are related to the parameters of inhibitory control. We attribute this to the fact that the test is verbal and adolescents find it difficult to find original solutions in the lexical domain. Overall score and flexibility (according to E.P. Torrance’s test) are related to the efficiency of inhibitory processes in the second part of the go/no-go test and to the quality of grasping the fractal structure of the sensory signal flow.

scholarly journals A systematic review of the relationship between eating, weight and inhibitory control using the stop signal task

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 35-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savani Bartholdy ◽  
Bethan Dalton ◽  
Owen G. O’Daly ◽  
Iain C. Campbell ◽  
Ulrike Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
The Relationship

Causal Prefrontal Contributions to Stop-Signal Task Performance in Humans

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Michael K. Yeung ◽  
Ami Tsuchida ◽  
Lesley K. Fellows
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The frontal lobes have long been implicated in inhibitory control, but a full understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains elusive. The stop-signal task has been widely used to probe instructed response inhibition in cognitive neuroscience. The processes involved have been modeled and related to putative brain substrates. However, there has been surprisingly little human lesion research using this task, with the few existing studies implicating different prefrontal regions. Here, we tested the effects of focal prefrontal damage on stop-signal task performance in a large sample of people with chronic focal damage affecting the frontal lobes ( n = 42) and demographically matched healthy people ( n = 60). Patients with damage to the left lateral, right lateral, dorsomedial, or ventromedial frontal lobe had slower stop-signal RT compared to healthy controls. There were systematic differences in the patterns of impairment across frontal subgroups: Those with damage to the left or right lateral and dorsomedial frontal lobes, but not those with ventromedial frontal damage, were slower than controls to “go” as well as to stop. These findings suggest that multiple prefrontal regions make necessary but distinct contributions to stop-signal task performance. As a consequence, stop-signal RT slowing is not strongly localizing within the frontal lobes.

scholarly journals Relationship between Food Dependence and Nicotine Dependence in Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study of Staff and Students at Medical Colleges

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owari ◽  
Miyatake ◽  
Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical Expenses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Smoking Group ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Medical Colleges

Background and objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between nicotine dependence and food dependence in smokers. Smoking and obesity are both serious public health problems that give rise to diseases and increased medical expenses. Nicotine dependence is one of the sources of difficulty in smoking cessation, while food dependence is one of the causes of obesity. Materials and Methods: We examined the data of 72 (smoking vs. nonsmoking) and 62 (nicotine dependence vs. no nicotine dependence) subjects among 321 staff and students at medical colleges in Kagawa and Okayama prefectures in Japan. Results: There was a significant difference in food dependence (except women) between the smoking and nonsmoking groups (total: smoking 4.7 ± 6.1, nonsmoking 2.1 ± 2.0, p = 0.0411; men: smoking 4.0 ± 4.7, nonsmoking 2.0 ± 2.1, p = 0.0490). There was also a significant difference in food dependence (except women) between the nicotine dependence and no nicotine dependence groups (total: nicotine dependence 4.6 ± 6.3, no nicotine dependence 2.0 ± 2.1, p = 0.0370; men: nicotine dependence 3.6 ± 4.8, no nicotine dependence 1.6 ± 1.8, p = 0.0489). Conclusion: The findings showed that the smoking group (and nicotine dependence group) had higher food dependence than the nonsmoking group (and no nicotine dependence group). Our results indicate an interdependence between nicotine and food dependences.

Linking perceived organizational support for strengths use to task performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Ding ◽  
Enhai Yu ◽  
Yanbin Li
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Perceived Organizational Support ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Strengths Use ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

We investigated the mediating effects of positive affect and strengths use in the relationship between perceived organizational support for strengths use (POSSU) and employees' task performance. Data were gathered at 2 time points, separated by a 2-week interval, from 157 employees working in various Chinese enterprises. We applied structural equation modeling and PROCESS macro analysis to the data. The results indicate that POSSU was positively related to task performance and that this relationship was mediated by strengths use. In addition, positive affect and strengths use played a sequential mediating role in the relationship between POSSU and task performance. However, positive affect was not a significant mediator in the POSSU–task performance relationship. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed in the context of the literature on POSSU and task performance.

Role of burnout on job level, job satisfaction, and task performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 630-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won Ho Kim ◽  
Young-An Ra ◽  
Jong Gyu Park ◽  
Bora Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Job Level ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating role of burnout (i.e. exhaustion, cynicism, professional inefficacy) in the relationship between job level and job satisfaction as well as between job level and task performance. Design/methodology/approach The final sample included 342 Korean workers from selected companies. The authors employed the Hayes (2013) PROCESS tool for analyzing the data. Findings The results showed that all three subscales of burnout (i.e. exhaustion, cynicism, professional inefficacy) mediate the relationship between job level and job satisfaction. However, only two mediators (i.e. cynicism, professional inefficacy) indicated the mediating effects on the association between job level and task performance. Originality/value This research presented the role of burnout on the relationships between job level, job satisfaction, and task performance especially in South Korean organizational context. In addition to role of burnout, findings should prove helpful in improving job satisfaction and task performance. The authors provide implications and limitations of the findings.

scholarly journals Post-Drive Standing Balance of Vehicle Passengers Using Wearable Sensors: The Effect of On-Road Driving and Task Performance

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 4997
Author(s):  
Victor C. Le ◽  
Monica L. H. Jones ◽  
Kathleen H. Sienko
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Standing Balance ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Real Time Traffic ◽  
Balance Exercises ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

Postural sway has been demonstrated to increase following exposure to different types of motion. However, limited prior studies have investigated the relationship between exposure to normative on-road driving conditions and standing balance following the exposure. The purpose of this on-road study was to quantify the effect of vehicle motion and task performance on passengers’ post-drive standing balance performance. In this study, trunk-based kinematic data were captured while participants performed a series of balance exercises before and after an on-road driving session in real-time traffic. Postural sway for all balance exercises increased following the driving session. Performing a series of ecologically relevant visual-based tasks led to increases in most post-drive balance metrics such as sway position and velocity. However, the post-drive changes following the driving session with a task were not significantly different compared to changes observed following the driving session without a task. The post-drive standing balance performance changes observed in this study may increase vulnerable users’ risk of falling. Wearable sensors offer an opportunity to monitor postural sway following in-vehicle exposures.

scholarly journals Physical Activity and Inhibitory Control: The Mediating Role of Sleep Quality and Sleep Efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 664
Author(s):  
Lin Li ◽  
Qian Yu ◽  
Wenrui Zhao ◽  
Fabian Herold ◽  
Boris Cheval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Control Performance ◽  
Subjective Sleep Quality ◽  
Subjective Sleep ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives: the current study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity (PA) level and inhibitory control performance and then to determine whether this association was mediated by multiple sleep parameters (i.e., subjective sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep disturbance). Methods: 180 healthy university students (age: 20.15 ± 1.92 years) from the East China Normal University were recruited for the present study. PA level, sleep parameters, and inhibitory control performance were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale (PSQI), and a Stroop test, respectively. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: A higher level of PA was linked to better cognitive performance. Furthermore, higher subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency were associated with better inhibitory control performance. The mediation analysis revealed that subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency mediated the relationship between PA level and inhibitory control performance. Conclusion: our results are in accordance with the literature and buttress the idea that a healthy lifestyle that involves a relatively high level of regular PA and adequate sleep patterns is beneficial for cognition (e.g., inhibitory control performance). Furthermore, our study adds to the literature that sleep quality and sleep efficiency mediates the relationship between PA and inhibitory control performance, expanding our knowledge in the field of exercise cognition.

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