scholarly journals How is analytical thinking related to religious belief? A test of three theoretical models

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Baimel ◽  
Cindel White ◽  
Ara Norenzayan
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Belief In God ◽  
Analytical Thinking ◽  
Rationality Model

A growing literature has documented a negative association between analytical thinking style and belief in God. However, the replicability, magnitude, and theoretical importance of this correlation has recently been debated. Moreover, the existing literature has not examined distinct psychological accounts of this relationship. In Study 1, we (1) tested the replicability of the correlation and assessed its magnitude in a large sample (N = 5284; comprising of undergraduate students at a Canadian university, and broader samples of Canadians, Americans and Indians); and (2) tested three distinct theoretical accounts of how cognitive style might come to be related to a diverse set of religious beliefs including belief in God, in karma, and in witchcraft. The first, the dual process model, posits that analytical thinking is inversely related to belief in God and in other supernatural entities. The second, the expressive rationality model, posits that analytical thinking is specifically recruited in supporting already-held beliefs in an identity-protective manner. And the third, the counter-normativity rationality model, posits that analytical thinking is recruited to question beliefs supported by prevailing cultural norms. We tested specific predictions derived from these models regarding the association between analytic thinking and religious beliefs in a Bayesian framework. In Study 2, we tested the replicability of our results in a re-analysis of previously-published data. We conclude that whereas the counter-normativity rationality model was contradicted by the data, both the dual process and expressive rationality models received limited empirical support.

scholarly journals An Extended Dual-Process Model of Entertainment Effects on Political Information Processing and Engagement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Schneider ◽  
Anne Bartsch ◽  
Larissa Leonhard
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Political Information ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Entertainment Media ◽  
Dual Process Model ◽  
The One

This chapter reviews the controversial relationship of entertainment and political communication and presents a theoretical framework to integrate seemingly contradicting concepts and research findings. On the one hand, concerns have been raised about the decay of news quality and political culture due to the growing influence of entertainment media. On the other, researchers have highlighted the potential of entertainment in terms of audience interest, cognitive accessibility, and public outreach. A literature overview shows theoretical and empirical support for both sides of the controversy about the (dys-)functionality of entertainment in political communication. Therefore, in an attempt to reconcile the divergent findings, the chapter presents an extended dual-process model of entertainment effects on political information processing and engagement. This framework offers substantial extensions to existing dual-process models of entertainment by conceptualizing the effects of entertainment on different forms of political engagement that have not been incorporated so far.

scholarly journals Bereavement in Times of COVID-19: A Review and Theoretical Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-522
Author(s):  
Margaret Stroebe ◽  
Henk Schut
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Current State ◽  
Expert Assessments

A review of the literature on adaptation to bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted to assess the current state of knowledge. Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies published during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 outbreak. 44 articles were included in the review. Narrative synthesis showed that knowledge was largely based on expert assessments of prior bereavement research and professional experience; there is so far absence of empirical evidence linking features of COVID-19 bereavement situations to health outcomes. Severe negative consequences have been consistently predicted by authors. There is still relatively little consideration of positive or compensatory processes or the possibility that these could alleviate the effect of the shocking, traumatic circumstances. With two notable exceptions, there has been lack of attention to the role of theoretical models for guiding research and practice. A theoretical perspective (the Dual Process Model, DPM) was applied to the information derived from the available articles. Two features of the DPM framework illustrated its relevance: 1. It enables systematic assessment of the range of loss- and restoration-related challenges for the bereaved; 2. It speaks for extension of psychotherapeutic intervention to manage secondary, restoration- as well as primary, loss-oriented stressors; studies have demonstrated that this may increase the effectiveness of intervention. Directions for future research and DPM application are suggested.

scholarly journals Multidimensional Models of Perfectionism and Procrastination: Seeking Determinants of Both

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5099
Author(s):  
Allison P. Sederlund ◽  
Lawrence R. Burns ◽  
William Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Multidimensional Model ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Adaptive Perfectionism ◽  
Multidimensional Models

Background: Perfectionism is currently conceptualized using a multidimensional model, with extensive research establishing the presence of both maladaptive and adaptive forms. However, the potential adaptability of procrastination, largely considered as a maladaptive construct, and its possible developmental connection to perfectionism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the individual differences of the multidimensional models of both perfectionism and procrastination, as well as investigating potential links between the two constructs. Methods: A convenience sample of 206 undergraduate students participated in this study. Participants completed a questionnaire consisting of 236 questions regarding the variables under investigation. Results: The adaptive model of procrastination yielded largely insignificant results and demonstrated limited links with adaptive perfectionism, while maladaptive procrastination was consistently associated with maladaptive perfectionism, lending further evidence of a unidimensional model of procrastination. Conclusions: Many previous findings regarding the multidimensional model of perfectionism were replicated, along with new contributions focusing on the dual-process model and temporal orientation.

scholarly journals The EPPM put to the test

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joëlle Ooms ◽  
Carel Jansen ◽  
John Hoeks
Keyword(s):  
Health Communication ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Mediation Analyses

Fear appeals are frequently used in health communication, for example in anti-smoking campaigns. Of the different theoretical models that predict and explain how fear appeals work, the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM; Witte, 1992) is probably used most often. However, most propositions of the EPPM were not explicitly tested, or received mixed empirical support (Popova, 2012). To clarify the relationships between the variables of the EPPM, four of the EPPM’s propositions were tested by performing correlational and mediation analyses. The results (n = 116) show that a large part of the relationships between the concepts of the EPPM and the outcomes of fear appeals differ from what the EPPM claims: threat and intention did not prove to be related, threat did not mediate the effect of fear on intention, and fear did not prove to influence the fear control responses. The findings from this study raise questions regarding the appropriateness of the EPPM.

scholarly journals Testing of a Dual Process Model to Resolve the Socioeconomic Health Disparities: A Tale of Two Asian Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
Cecilia Cheng ◽  
Fanny Cheng ◽  
Saloni Atal ◽  
Sarlito Sarwono
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Dual Process Model ◽  
Coping Flexibility ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Psychological Mechanism

A wealth of past studies documented that individuals of lower socioeconomic status (SES) are more susceptible to both acute and chronic life stress than those of higher SES, but some recent evidence documents that not all individuals from the lower SES group experience immense stress. The present study was grounded in theories of coping and psychological adjustment, and a dual process model was formulated to address some resolved issues regarding socioeconomic disparities in health. For a robust test of the proposed dual process model, data were collected from two Asian countries—Hong Kong and Indonesia—with different socioeconomic heritage and conditions. Consistent with the predictions of our model, the present findings revealed that coping flexibility was a psychological mechanism underlying the positive association between social capital and health for the lower SES group, whereas active coping was a psychological mechanism underlying this positive association for the higher SES group. These patterns of results were largely replicable in both Asian samples, providing robust empirical support for the proposed dual process model.

scholarly journals An Extended Dual-Process Model of Entertainment Effects on Political Information Processing and Engagement

2021 ◽  
pp. 536-557
Author(s):  
Frank M. Schneider ◽  
Anne Bartsch ◽  
Larissa Leonhard
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Political Information ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Entertainment Media ◽  
Dual Process Model ◽  
The One

This chapter reviews the controversial relationship of entertainment and political communication and presents a theoretical framework to integrate seemingly contradicting concepts and research findings. On the one hand, concerns have been raised about the decay of news quality and political culture due to the growing influence of entertainment media. On the other, researchers have highlighted the potential of entertainment in terms of audience interest, cognitive accessibility, and public outreach. A literature overview shows theoretical and empirical support for both sides of the controversy about the (dys)functionality of entertainment in political communication. Therefore, in an attempt to reconcile the divergent findings, the chapter presents an extended dual-process model of entertainment effects on political information processing and engagement. This framework offers substantial extensions to existing dual-process models of entertainment by conceptualizing the effects of entertainment on different forms of political engagement that have not been incorporated so far.

Integrated Moral Conviction Theory of Student Cheating: An Empirical Test

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foster Roberts ◽  
Christopher H. Thomas ◽  
Milorad M. Novicevic ◽  
Anthony Ammeter ◽  
Bart Garner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Moral Identity ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Moral Conviction ◽  
Student Cheating

In this article, we develop an integrated moral conviction theory of student cheating by integrating moral conviction with (a) the dual-process model of Hunt–Vitell’s theory that gives primacy to individual ethical philosophies when moral judgments are made and (b) the social cognitive conceptualization that gives primacy to moral identity. We found empirical support for our proposed model in a study with 311 business students where moral conviction predicted student moral disengagement and subsequent unethical decision making related to academic dishonesty not only directly but also indirectly through ethical philosophy and moral identity. Based on these results, we derive specific implications for teaching and learning practice.

Psychopathy and risk taking: Self-report and behavioral correlates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D Benning
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Behavioral Correlates ◽  
Two Factors

Psychopathy is a distinctive personality style that is associated with a tendency to act recklessly, impulsively, and engage in sensation seeking behaviors. These associations suggest that psychopathy may be related to risk taking; however, the relationship between these variables has yet to be fully explored. To investigate this relationship, we utilized the dual-process model of psychopathy’s fearless dominance (FD) and impulsive antisociality (IA) factors and the Triarchic model’s boldness, meanness, and disinhibition domains. A sample of 508 undergraduate students completed a series of self-report questionnaires and underwent the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Analyses revealed that individuals high on all psychopathy factors displayed a tendency to view risky situations as less risky and self-reported engaging in a number of risky behaviors. The tendency of individuals high in psychopathic traits to view situations as less risky indirectly affected their likelihood to self-report engaging in risky behaviors. Notably, only FD was significantly associated with behavioral risk taking on the BART. Further correlational analyses revealed that IA, meanness, and disinhibition were all associated with greater self-reported externalizing behaviors, sensation seeking, and impulsivity. On the other hand, FD and boldness were only associated with self-reported adult antisocial behavior, alcohol use, sensation seeking, and low levels of impulsivity. Our pattern of results showed nearly identical relationships for FD and boldness, suggesting that these two factors may be capturing the same aspects of psychopathy.

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