scholarly journals Point estimate observers: A new class of models for perceptual decision making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko Herbert Schütt ◽  
Aspen Yoo ◽  
Joshua Michael Calder-Travis ◽  
Wei Ji Ma
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Possible World ◽  
World State ◽  
New Class ◽  
The World ◽  
Model Observers

Bayesian optimal inference is often heralded as a principled, general framework for human perception. However, optimal inference requires integration over all possible world states, which quickly becomes intractable in complex real-world settings. Additionally, deviations from optimal inference have been observed in human decisions. As a candidate alternative framework to address these issues, we propose point estimate observers, which evaluate only a single best estimate of the world state per response category. We compare the predicted behavior of these model observers to human decisions in five perceptual categorisation tasks. Compared to the Bayesian observer, the point estimate observer loses decisively in one task, ties in two and wins in two tasks. Thus, the point estimate observer is competitive with the Bayesian observer and should be considered in future model development and experimental studies.

scholarly journals World crisis and world state in Jacques Attali’s conception

2015 ◽  
pp. 699-710
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Gajic
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Public Official ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
Possible World ◽  
World State ◽  
World Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
Military Security ◽  
Jacques Attali ◽  
New Institutions

Before the arise of the world economic crisis, contemporary concepts of World State creation had been based mainly on political and military-security reasons of global integration. They all emerged from ?Peace plans? of confederate consociation of national states primarily into the peace, and, then, supranational political organizations. All of the modern plans of World State that had originated in the ?Peace politics? of modern era were based on political and security arguments and offered political and institutional solutions, while their contemporary followers operated these ideas theoretically only in much different current circumstances. Only after the crisis had erupted, did new ideas and new concepts of the World State supporters emerge, suggesting how to handle the consequences of the crisis. As some national states have demonstrated incapacity to deal with it, new reasons for ?necessary? global institutional superstructure have appeared. The most important opinion on this matter was given by Jacques Attali, well known French economist, writer and high public official. This paper gives Attali?s philosophical and historical overview on world crisis as the first financial crisis of mondialization. Attali explains the inevitable historical pattern that anarchic mondialization has led to, which, he presumes, requires establishment on global level, what was previously done on the national level. Furthermore, he gives the description of a possible World State as a presumed result of balance between market and democratic forces that will lead into the establishment of new institutions on the basis of those already existing, global international organizations. All of these presumptions are exposed to criticism in the final section of the paper.

scholarly journals Reply to Ezcurdia and Gómez-Torrente

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (108) ◽  
pp. 83-114
Author(s):  
Scott Soames
Keyword(s):  
Natural Kind ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Possible World ◽  
Truth Values ◽  
Natural Kind Terms ◽  
World State ◽  
Kind Terms ◽  
The World ◽  
Original Sense ◽  
Belief Ascriptions

Contra Ezcurdia, it is argued that my thesis —that substitution of coreferential names or indexicals in attitude ascriptions preserves truth values of propositions semantically expressed, although it often changes truth values of propositions asserted— is compatible with the fact that belief ascriptions play important explanatory roles. Contra Gómez-Torrente, it is argued that although single-word natural kind terms are rigid in Kripke's original sense, natural kind predicates containing them are neither rigid nor obstinately essential —in the sense of applying to the same individuals in every possible world-state, whether those individuals exist at the world-state or not.

The Demonolexis in Yu. Andrukhovych’s Long Short Story “Recreatsii” (“Recreations”)

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (27) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Nina Bosak
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Semantic Group ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
The World

The demonolexis in Yu. Andrukhovych’s long short story “Recreatsii” (“Recreations”) has been analyzed in the article. In the course of the research there have been outlined the following lexical-semantic groups of demonomens: toponymic and onomastic names, modified lexemes, names of the rituals, genuine Ukrainian demonomens, obscene words and expressions, demonomens of Biblical origin, names from the world mythology and general demonolexis. The special lexical-semantic group has been formed by non personificated demonomens, which serve to convey the peculiarities of the contemporary Ukrainian writers’ mentality, their habits through speech. Such nomens help to reveal the protagonist’s soul, show the positive and negative sides of his personal ego, demonstrate the duality of the human perception of the world, indicate the causes of phobias, emotions, sensations. Key words: demonolexis, demonomen, lexical-semantic group, non personificated demonomen.

scholarly journals Research Progress of Desertification and Its Prevention in Mongolia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6861
Author(s):  
Xiya Liang ◽  
Pengfei Li ◽  
Juanle Wang ◽  
Faith Ka Shun Chan ◽  
Chuluun Togtokh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
The World ◽  
Impacting Factors ◽  
Decoupling Analysis ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Mongolia is a globally crucial region that has been suffering from land desertification. However, current understanding on Mongolia’s desertification is limited, constraining the desertification control and sustainable development in Mongolia and even other parts of the world. This paper studied spatiotemporal patterns, driving factors, mitigation strategies, and research methods of desertification in Mongolia through an extensive review of literature. Results showed that: (i) remote sensing monitoring of desertification in Mongolia has been subject to a relatively low spatial resolution and considerable time delay, and thus high-resolution and timely data are needed to perform a more precise and timely study; (ii) the contribution of desertification impacting factors has not been quantitatively assessed, and a decoupling analysis is desirable to quantify the contribution of factors in different regions of Mongolia; (iii) existing desertification prevention measures should be strengthened in the future. In particular, the relationship between grassland changes and husbandry development needs to be considered during the development of desertification prevention measures; (iv) the multi-method study (particularly interdisciplinary approaches) and desertification model development should be enhanced to facilitate an in-depth desertification research in Mongolia. This study provides a useful reference for desertification research and control in Mongolia and other regions of the world.

scholarly journals ORGANIC CARBON DYNAMICS IN GRASSLAND SOILS. 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SIMULATION

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. VAN VEEN ◽  
E. A. PAUL
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Soil Biomass ◽  
The World

The decomposition rates of 14C-labelled plant residues in different parts of the world were characterized and mathematically simulated. The easily decomposable materials, cellulose and hemicellulose, were described as being decomposed directly by the soil biomass; the lignin fraction of aboveground residues and the resistant portion of the roots entered a decomposable native soil organic matter. Here it could be decomposed by the soil biomass or react with other soil constituents in the formation of more recalcitrant soil organic matter. The transformation rates were considered to be independent of biomass size (first–order). Data from 14C plant residue incorporation studies which yielded net decomposition rates of added materials and from carbon dating of the recalcitrant soil organic matter were transformed to gross decomposition rate constants for three soil depths. The model adequately described soil organic matter transformations under native grassland and the effect of cultivation on organic matter levels. Correction for microbial growth and moisture and temperature variations showed that the rate of wheat straw decomposition, based on a full year in the field in southern Saskatchewan, was 0.05 that under optimal laboratory conditions. The relative decay rates for plant residues during the summer months of the North American Great Plains was 0.1 times that of the laboratory. Comparison with data from other parts of the world showed an annual relative rate of 0.12 for straw decomposition in England, whereas gross decomposition rates in Nigeria were 0.5 those of laboratory rates. Both the decomposable and recalcitrant organic matter were found to be affected by the extent of physical protection within the soil. The extent of protection was simulated and compared to data from experimental studies on the persistence of 14C-labelled amino acids in soil. The extent of protection influenced the steady-state levels of soil carbon upon cultivation more than did the original decomposition rates of the plant residues.

scholarly journals Realities to be-come: on Cosmopolitics

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schillmeier
Keyword(s):  
Gilles Deleuze ◽  
The Other ◽  
Felix Guattari ◽  
Possible World ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Isabelle Stengers ◽  
Key Terms

To assume that all things we want to describe – humans and non-humans alike – can be done so properly only in terms of 'societies', requires a contrast – a momentum of cosmopolitics – to the very abstract distinctions upon which our classical understanding of sociology and its key terms rests: 'The social' as defined in opposition to 'the non-social', 'society' in opposition to 'nature'. The concept of cosmopolitics tries to avoid such modernist strategy that A. N. Whitehead called 'bifurcation of nature' (cf. Whitehead 1978, 2000). The inventive production of contrasts names a cosmopolitical tool which does not attempt to denounce, debunk, replace or overcome abstract, exclusivist oppositions that suggest divisions as 'either…or'-relations. Rather, as the Belgian philosopher of science Isabelle Stengers stresses, 'the contrast will have to be celebrated in the manner of a new existent, adding a new dimension to the cosmos' (Stengers 2011: 513). Cosmopolitics, then, engages with 'habits we experiment with in order to become capable of new experiences' (Stengers 2001: 241) and opens up the possibility of agency of the non-expected Other, the non-normal, the non-human, the non-social, the un-common. 'The Other is the existence of a possible world', as Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari (1994: 17-18) have put it. It is 'the condition for our passing from one world to another. The Other (...) makes the world go by.'

scholarly journals (Im)possible Escape? H. G. Wells, Utopia and the World State

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
Barbara Klonowska
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nation State ◽  
World State ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Utopian Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Recent Monograph

This article reviews the recent monograph by Maxim Shadurski, The Nationality of Utopia. H. G. Wells, England, and the World State (New York: Routledge, 2020) in the context of utopian studies on the one hand, and the political ideas of the nation state vs. world state on the other.

scholarly journals FATF and Terror Financing: The Perspective of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (II) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shabnam Gul ◽  
Muhammad Faizan Asghar ◽  
Shujat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Third World ◽  
World State ◽  
Terrorist Financing ◽  
Financial Transaction ◽  
The World ◽  
Money Transfers ◽  
And Control

There is a plethora of international organizations that has been formed to maintain peace in the world. FATF is such an organization that has been formed in order to scrutinize and control the menace of money laundering and that of the terror financing. In a third world state like Pakistan where there is dearth of transparent mechanisms of money transfers and where there is no rule of law, it has become easy for the individuals to carry out the illicit activities like money laundering (Dube and Vargas, 2013). Pakistan has been in the grey list from the last few years and it has dramatically affected the economy of Pakistan. Pakistan has established a number of centralized mechanisms that are, without a doubt, on the correct track for monitoring the financial transaction system, which is currently very near to meet the certain much needed criteria for finding and freezing the founded and highlighted money laundering cases and that of the terrorist financing.

scholarly journals Actualities of balance diagnostics system model development for persons with disabilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Aleksandrs Gorbunovs ◽  
Bruno Zuga ◽  
Janis Kapenieks ◽  
Atis Kapenieks ◽  
Rudolfs Gulbis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Position Paper ◽  
System Model ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Balance Function ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
The World ◽  
Diagnostics System ◽  
Balance Functions ◽  
And Training

<p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-GB">In Latvia so far there have not been made comprehensive studies to provide balance function diagnostics for people with disabilities, which would have to continue with further creation of appropriate system. However, Latvian researchers developed methods and technology for the rehabilitation and health improvement. At the same time it is also recognized that there is a lack of dedicated efficient and widely accessible for patients systems, equipment and tools to make balance function and dysfunction diagnostics, as well an improvement of the patients’ movement capabilities. This position paper gives a brief overview about the latest technical engineering solution trends and developments in the world, which could be suited and developed to create the conformable new, rather simple, accessible and cheap system. Such system will have to ensure the diagnostics of balance functions of the persons with disabilities and encourage them to use mentioned equipment for testing and training of their balance and movement functionality.</span></p>

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