scholarly journals Tears Trigger the Intention to Offer Social Support: A Systematic Investigation of the Interpersonal Effects of Emotional Crying Across 36 Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janis Zickfeld ◽  
Niels van de Ven ◽  
Olivia Pich ◽  
Thomas W. Schubert ◽  
Sadia Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Moderating Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interpersonal Effects ◽  
Limited Generalizability

Tearful crying is a ubiquitous and mainly human phenomenon. The persistence of this behavior throughout adulthood has fascinated and puzzled many researchers. Scholars have argued that emotional tears serve an attachment function: Tears are thought to act as a social glue that binds individuals together and triggers social support intentions. Initial experimental studies supported this proposition across several methodologies, but these were typically conducted only across Western participants, resulting in limited generalizability. The present study examines this effect across 36 countries spanning all populated continents, providing the most comprehensive investigation of the social effects of tearful crying to-date. Next to testing possible mediating factors, we also examine a number of moderating factors, including the crier’s gender and group membership, the situational valence (positive or negative situations), the social context (in private or public settings), the perceived appropriateness of crying, and trait empathy of the observer. The current work can inform theories on crying across the social sciences.

scholarly journals Tears Trigger the Intention to Offer Social Support: A Systematic Investigation of the Interpersonal Effects of Emotional Crying Across 41 Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janis Zickfeld ◽  
Niels van de Ven ◽  
Olivia Pich ◽  
Thomas W. Schubert ◽  
Jana Berkessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Interpersonal Effects ◽  
Limited Generalizability

Tearful crying is a ubiquitous and likely uniquely human phenomenon. The persistence of this behavior throughout adulthood has fascinated and puzzled many researchers. Scholars have argued that emotional tears serve an attachment function: Tears are thought to act as a social glue by triggering social support intentions. Initial experimental studies supported this proposition across several methodologies, but these were typically conducted almost exclusively on participants from North America and Europe, resulting in limited generalizability. The present research examined the tears-social support intentions effect and possible mediating and moderating variables in a fully pre-registered study across 7,007 participants (24,886 ratings) and 41 countries spanning all populated continents. Each participant was presented with four pictures out of 100 possible targets with or without tears digitally added. We confirmed our main prediction, with an overall effect size of d = .49 [.43, .55] for the intention to support tearful individuals. This effect was mediated by perceiving the crying target as warmer and more helpless, feeling more connected, as well as feeling more empathic concern for the crier, but not by an increase in personal distress. The effect was moderated by the situational valence, identifying the target as part of one’s group, and trait empathic concern. A neutral situation, high trait empathic concern, and low identification increased the effect. We observed a high amount of heterogeneity across countries that was, via split-half validation, best explained by country-level GDP per capita and subjective well-being with stronger effect sizes for countries scoring high on these measures.

The life cycle of alternative agricultural research

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly D. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food System ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The Social

AbstractThe acceptance and utility of alternative agricultural research can be enhanced by better incorporating social sciences and issues and by broadening its scope to the entire food system rather than focusing only on food production. Researchers have made strong contributions in developing and evaluating alternative agricultural technologies, but research attention also is needed to articulate strategies for synthesizing those technologies into coherent strategies, to examine the social effects of different scenarios, and to create better decisionmaking processes for ensuring broad-based knowledgeable participation in the choices among alternative strategies. Research that addresses human needs beyond food and fiber will help build truly alternative and desirable agricultural systems.

Messung und Systematisierung in der Soziologie

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Froese
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Central Problem ◽  
The Social

AbstractThis essay is a systematic investigation of the problems concerning the measurement of theoretical qualities in the social sciences. If someone wants to measure theoretical qualities like attitudes, intelligence or aggressivity the first and most difficult task is to formulate an operationalisation. To show such operationalisations being correct is the central problem of empirical research. In this essay it is shown that no adequate methods exist to demonstrate operationalisations as true ore false statements. As long as the problem of operationalisation is treated and analysed as a problem of isolated statements it seems to be absolutely unsolvable. The problem of the correctness of operationalisations must be interpreted as the problem of the correctness of the theories in which they are used. Whether an operationalisation is accepted or not depends only on the empiricai success of the theory in which it is contained. This implies that we can only measure theoretical qualities if we have successful theories working with these theoretical qualities.

scholarly journals What Can Experiments Tell Us About How to Improve Government Performance?

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Gisselquist ◽  
Miguel Niño-Zarazúa
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Government Performance ◽  
Development Interventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Core Questions ◽  
Key Questions

AbstractIn recent years, experimental methods have been both highly celebrated, and roundly criticized, as a means of addressing core questions in the social sciences. They have received particular attention in the analysis of development interventions. This paper focuses on two key questions: (1) what have been the main contributions of RCTs to the study of government performance? and (2) what could be the contributions, and relatedly the limits? It draws inter alia on a new systematic review of experimental and quasi-experimental studies on governance to consider both the contributions and limits of RCTs in the extant literature. A final section introduces the studies included in this symposium in light of this discussion. Collectively, the studies push beyond polarized debates over experimental methods towards a new middle ground, considering both how experimental work can better address identified weaknesses and how experimental and non-experimental techniques can be combined most fruitfully.

scholarly journals Fevers, movements, passions and dead cities in northern Goiás

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Dumans Guedes
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Mining Company ◽  
Complex Relation ◽  
Brazilian State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hydroelectric Plants

In this paper I show how people living in a small town in the Brazilian state of Goiás describe the "economic" processes that have been shaping and transforming their lives over recent decades: the gold fever in the 1980"s, the construction of three large hydroelectric plants and the complex relation between this city and the mining company that "created" it. In so doing, I focus on the ideas of movement, passion and fever, looking to demonstrate how such categories relate these processes to other experiences and domains. In pursuing this aim, I also look to establish a counterpoint to the ways through which issues such as the social effects of large development projects or the modernization of "traditional" areas have usually been described in the social sciences.

scholarly journals Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Camerer ◽  
Anna Dreber ◽  
Felix Holzmeister ◽  
Teck Hua Ho ◽  
Juergen Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
True Positive Rate ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
True Positive ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Rate

Being able to replicate scientific findings is crucial for scientific progress. We replicate 21 systematically selected experimental studies in the social sciences published in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015. The replications follow analysis plans reviewed by the original authors and pre-registered prior to the replications. The replications are high powered, with sample sizes on average about five times higher than in the original studies. We find a significant effect in the same direction as the original study for 13 (62%) studies, and the effect size of the replications is on average about 50% of the original effect size. Replicability varies between 12 (57%) and 14 (67%) studies for complementary replicability indicators. Consistent with these results, the estimated true positive rate is 67% in a Bayesian analysis. The relative effect size of true positives is estimated to be 71%, suggesting that both false positives and inflated effect sizes of true positives contribute to imperfect reproducibility. Furthermore, we find that peer beliefs of replicability are strongly related to replicability, suggesting that the research community could predict which results would replicate and that failures to replicate were not the result of chance alone.

Responsibility and Mental Health

Philosophy ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 37 (140) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
H. D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Additional Weight ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

This book by Dr Barbara Wootton (now Baroness Wootton) has already been widely acclaimed as an exceptionally shrewd and timely assessment of the methods and achievements of the social sciences today. She herself has much experience of social work and of the systematic investigation of social problems. She believes in social science and expects a great deal from it. This lends additional weight to the critical side of her work. Her strictures, although sometimes severe, are not those of the hostile critic out from the start to demolish and discredit. Her concern is plainly to see the subject established on as firm a basis as possible and set on a course which will give it the maximum usefulness.

scholarly journals Tears evoke the intention to offer social support: A systematic investigation of the interpersonal effects of emotional crying across 41 countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 104137
Author(s):  
Janis H. Zickfeld ◽  
Niels van de Ven ◽  
Olivia Pich ◽  
Thomas W. Schubert ◽  
Jana B. Berkessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Interpersonal Effects

scholarly journals A review of experiments in tourism and hospitality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giampaolo Viglia ◽  
Sara Dolnicar
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Research ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality

Well-designed and executed experiments prove cause-and-effect relationships. The ability to draw causal conclusions is critical to knowledge development in any field of research. In this article, we discuss the benefits of experimental designs over alternative research approaches for the social sciences, discuss advantages and disadvantages of different types of experiments, review existing experimental studies specific to tourism and hospitality, and offer guidance to researchers who wish to conduct such studies. Properly executed experiments using actual behaviour of real stakeholders as a dependent variable lead to conclusions with high external validity. Our discussion of practical implementation issues culminates in a checklist for researchers. The article launches the Annals of Tourism Research Curated Collection on experimental research in tourism.

scholarly journals ARE SOCIOLOGISTS READY FOR ‘ARTIFICIAL SOCIALITY’? CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR STUDYING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

2018 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Andrey V. REZAEV ◽  
Natalia D. TREGUBOVA
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Disciplinary Boundaries ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Social

Current sociology doesn’t have a settled view on what to do with a phenomenon that in the literature has been titled as “artificial intelligence” (AI). Sociological textbooks, handbooks, encyclopedias, and sociology classes’ syllabi typically either don’t have entries about AI at all or talk about it haphazardly with a stress on AI’s social effects and without discerning the underlying logic that moves the prodigy on. This paper is an invitation to a professional conversation about what and how social sciences can/should study “artificial intelligence”. It is based on a discussion of the preliminary results of an on-going three-year research project that has been launched at the ISA Congress in Toronto. The paper examines AI in relation with ‘artificial sociality’. It argues that research on AI-based technologies is flourishing mainly outside established disciplinary boundaries. Thus, social sciences have to look for new theoretical and methodological frameworks to approach AI and ‘artificial sociality’.

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